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Getting an Getting an AA in Science in Science
Taking Taking ownership or controlownership or control of the information of the information learned in class and taking learned in class and taking responsibilityresponsibility for for your workyour work This means:This means:
• Practicing (reviewing, restating, preparing)Practicing (reviewing, restating, preparing)
• Applying (creating, thinking, using)Applying (creating, thinking, using)
• Planning (studying, completing projects and homework, Planning (studying, completing projects and homework, being prepared-pencils, books)being prepared-pencils, books)
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Intro to PhysicsIntro to Physics
What is physics?What is physics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vYI2NcVsXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd4PlvzMsaQ
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Motion & ForcesMotion & ForcesChapter 2 Chapter 2
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MotionMotion What does motion mean?What does motion mean?
How can we tell if something is in motion? How can we tell if something is in motion? Is this marble in motion? Is this marble in motion?
How do you know? How do you know? How can we provide evidence?How can we provide evidence?
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MotionMotion
Motion:Motion: a change in position, measured by a change in position, measured by distance and time. distance and time.
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Frame of Reference Frame of Reference
• Determining if an object changes position Determining if an object changes position requires a requires a frame of referenceframe of reference..
• Frame of reference is the object or point from Frame of reference is the object or point from which movement is determined which movement is determined
What is the frame of reference for this video? How
do I know the skater is in
motion?
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Frame of Reference Frame of Reference
Movement is relative to an object that Movement is relative to an object that appearsappears stationary stationary
Earth is the most common frame of Earth is the most common frame of referencereference
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Motion of the MarbleMotion of the Marble We can tell if the marble is in motion by We can tell if the marble is in motion by
measuring its change in position along the measuring its change in position along the ruler (our frame of reference). ruler (our frame of reference).
Right now, the marble is NOT in motion. It Right now, the marble is NOT in motion. It is not changing position. How can we get is not changing position. How can we get it to change position?it to change position?
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How to make things moveHow to make things move
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEs9J2IQIZY
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ForceForce A force is a push or a pullA force is a push or a pull Forces can affect motionForces can affect motion in in
several ways.several ways. Forces can make objects:Forces can make objects:
• Start movingStart moving• Move fasterMove faster• Move slowerMove slower• Stop movingStop moving• Change directionChange direction• Change shapeChange shape
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What forces are at work…What forces are at work…
During a rocket launch?During a rocket launch? Upwards force (thrust) from Upwards force (thrust) from
enginesengines Downwards force from Downwards force from
gravitygravity Downwards force (drag) Downwards force (drag)
from air resistancefrom air resistance
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What forces are at work…What forces are at work…
pushing a truck?pushing a truck? Forwards force Forwards force
from pushingfrom pushing Backwards force Backwards force
from frictionfrom friction Downwards force Downwards force
from gravityfrom gravity Upwards force Upwards force
from ground.from ground.
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What forces are at work…What forces are at work…Kicking a football?Kicking a football?
Upwards force from kickUpwards force from kickDownwards force from gravityDownwards force from gravityBackwards force from air frictionBackwards force from air friction
Fkick
Fgrav
Fair
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FrictionFriction FrictionFriction
force that opposes motion between 2 surfacesforce that opposes motion between 2 surfaces
It depends on the:It depends on the:• types of surfacestypes of surfaces
• force between the surfacesforce between the surfaces
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FrictionFriction
Friction is greater...Friction is greater... between rough surfacesbetween rough surfaces when there’s a greater force between the when there’s a greater force between the
surfaces (e.g. more weight)surfaces (e.g. more weight)
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How strong is the force?How strong is the force? Forces are measured in NewtonsForces are measured in Newtons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCxP24qj2UQ
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Wrong kind of force…Wrong kind of force…
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Measuring Forces that cause Measuring Forces that cause motionmotion
Units are Newtons Units are Newtons (N)(N)
Forces are Forces are measured using a measured using a springspring scalescale or or forceforce metermeter..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFu1advEnhw
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Forces occur in pairsForces occur in pairs
The force pairs can be balanced or The force pairs can be balanced or unbalancedunbalanced
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Balanced ForcesBalanced Forces
Balanced forces Balanced forces cause NO change cause NO change in motionin motion
Balanced forces Balanced forces are equal in size are equal in size and opposite in and opposite in directiondirection
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Balance forces = no motionBalance forces = no motion
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Unbalanced ForcesUnbalanced Forces
Unbalanced forces always cause a Unbalanced forces always cause a change in motion, speed, or directionchange in motion, speed, or direction
Which way will the boy in the middle be Which way will the boy in the middle be pulled?pulled?
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Unbalanced ForcesCauses Motion
Adding Forces Subtracting Forces
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Unbalanced ForcesCauses motion
Adding Forces
5 NObject
5 N
Notice that all the forces are pointed in the same direction. Hence they add together.
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Subtracting Forces
• Two forces can subtract to produce a net force in the direction of the larger force.– Negative motion occurs (Slow Down)
10 N 5 N= 5 N
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Unbalanced ForcesCauses Motion
Subtracting Forces
5 N5 NObject
5 N
Notice that all the forces are unequal and pointed in the opposite direction. Hence they
are unbalanced and in opposition to each other – or one partially cancels the other.
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Which game will result in a Which game will result in a winning team? winning team?
How do you know?How do you know?
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Balanced Forces
Balanced
Push
i.e. Pushing a Car
No motion
Balanced
Pull
i.e. Tug-of-war
No motion
10N10N
10N10N
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Un-Balanced Forces
Additive Un-Balanced
Same Direction
i.e. sled
Faster
motion
Subtractive Un-Balanced
Opposite Direction
i.e. football tackle
Slower
motion
10N10N
10N10N
10N
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Why do I care?Why do I care?• Understanding an object’s motion can help
you understand how to interact with the world around you.
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Review of balanced and Review of balanced and unbalanced forcesunbalanced forces
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEJOybRxclk
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Stop hereStop here
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Universal Law of GravitationUniversal Law of Gravitation
Mass and gravity have a directly Mass and gravity have a directly proportional relationship.proportional relationship.
The distance between the centers of The distance between the centers of masses of the two objects and gravity masses of the two objects and gravity have an inversely proportional have an inversely proportional relationship.relationship.
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GravityGravity
GravityGravity force of attraction between any two force of attraction between any two
objects in the universeobjects in the universe
increases as...increases as...
• mass increasesmass increases
• distance decreasesdistance decreases
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GravityGravity
Who experiences more gravity - the astronaut or Who experiences more gravity - the astronaut or the politician?the politician?
less distance
more mass
Which exerts more gravity - Which exerts more gravity -
the Earth or the moon?the Earth or the moon?
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GravityGravity Would you weigh more on Earth or Would you weigh more on Earth or
Jupiter?Jupiter?
greater gravitygreater gravity
greater weightgreater weight
greater massgreater mass
Jupiter because...Jupiter because...
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Gravity pulls down on you…
The ground pushes back up…
THIS KEEPS YOU WHERE YOU ARE!If these football players push on each other equally as hard,
will either one move?
Gravity pulls down
Ground pushes up
Balanced Forces (Balanced Forces = No Motion)
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Newton’s First LawNewton’s First Law Newton’s First Law of MotionNewton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest will remain at An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion rest and an object in motion will continue moving at a will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted constant velocity unless acted upon by a net or unbalanced upon by a net or unbalanced forceforce..
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Two Key PointsTwo Key Points
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Newton’s First LawNewton’s First Law Newton’s First Law of MotionNewton’s First Law of Motion
““Law of Inertia”Law of Inertia”
InertiaInertia tendency of an object to resist any change tendency of an object to resist any change
in its motionin its motion increases as increases as massmass increases increases
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Can you explain how this trick works, using newton’s first law of motion?
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Newton’s Second LawNewton’s Second Law
Newton’s Second Law of MotionNewton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object is The acceleration of an object is directly proportionaldirectly proportional
to the net force acting on it and to the net force acting on it and inversely inversely proportionalproportional to its mass. to its mass.
F = ma
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Newton’s Second LawNewton’s Second Law
F = maF: force (N)m: mass (kg)a: accel (m/s2)
1 N = 1 kg ·m/s2
am
F
a
Fm
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CalculationsCalculations What force would be required to accelerate a 40 What force would be required to accelerate a 40
kg mass by 4 m/skg mass by 4 m/s22??
GIVEN:
F = ?
m = 40 kg
a = 4 m/s2
WORK:
F = ma
F = (40 kg)(4 m/s2)
F = 160 N
m
F
a
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CalculationsCalculations A 4.0 kg shotput is thrown with 30 N of force. A 4.0 kg shotput is thrown with 30 N of force.
What is its acceleration?What is its acceleration?
GIVEN:
m = 4.0 kg
F = 30 N
a = ?
WORK:
a = F ÷ m
a = (30 N) ÷ (4.0 kg)
a = 7.5 m/s2
m
F
a
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ConcepTestConcepTest
Is the following statement true or false?Is the following statement true or false? An astronaut has less mass on the moon An astronaut has less mass on the moon
since the moon exerts a weaker gravitational since the moon exerts a weaker gravitational force.force.
False! Mass does not depend on gravity, weight False! Mass does not depend on gravity, weight does. The astronaut has less does. The astronaut has less weightweight on the on the moon.moon.
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Newton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law
Newton’s Third Law of MotionNewton’s Third Law of Motion When one object exerts a force on a When one object exerts a force on a
second object, the second object exerts second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.an equal but opposite force on the first.
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Newton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction PairsAction-Reaction Pairs
The hammer exerts a The hammer exerts a force on the nail to the force on the nail to the right.right.
The nail exerts an equal The nail exerts an equal but opposite force on but opposite force on the hammer to the left.the hammer to the left.
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Newton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction PairsAction-Reaction Pairs The rocket exerts a The rocket exerts a
downward force on the downward force on the exhaust gases.exhaust gases.
The gases exert an equal The gases exert an equal but opposite upward force but opposite upward force on the rocket.on the rocket.
FG
FR
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Newton’s Third LawNewton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction PairsAction-Reaction Pairs
Both objects accelerate.Both objects accelerate. The amount of acceleration depends on the The amount of acceleration depends on the
mass of the object and the force applied.mass of the object and the force applied. Force = mass x acceleration F=maForce = mass x acceleration F=ma
Small mass Small mass more acceleration more acceleration Large mass Large mass less acceleration less acceleration