Germplasm collections,conservation, health documentation and distribution
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Transcript of Germplasm collections,conservation, health documentation and distribution
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Germplasm collections, conservation, health
documentation and distribution
EC monitoring of Agrobiodiversity and Root and Tuber Systems Programs
May 27-29
IITA-Nigeria
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Germplasm Collections
Over 28 000 Accessions
Major food crops of Africa
Seed cropsCowpea
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild relatives
Maize
Soybean
African yam bean
Clonal cropsYam
Cassava
Musa
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Germplasm collections
Crops Number of accessions
with passport data
Cowpea 15113
Bambara 1812
Wild vigna 1507
Soybean 1701
Maize 863
African yam bean 66
Cassava 3078
Yam 3200
Musa 150
Total 27490
Germplasm
‘in trust’
53%
Miscellaneous legumes 600
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Germplasm origin
Vigna
GIS unit -IITA
Cowpea V. unguiculata
Nigeria – Burkina faso - India
Available data 99%
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Germplasm origin
Vigna
Bambara ground nut
V. subterranea
Nigeria – Cameroon –Ghana – Cote d’Ivoire – Zambia –Zimbabwe
GIS unit -IITA
Available data 92%
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Wild Vigna 53 species
Germplasm origin
Vigna
Nigeria – Congo – South Africa
GIS unit -IITA
Available data 92%
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Germplasm origin
Soybean Glycine max
GIS unit -IITA
USA Available data: 93%
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Germplasm origin
Maize Zea mays
Benin - TogoGIS unit -IITA
Available data: 82%
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Germplasm origin
Yam 8 species
rotundata 67%
alata 25%
bulbifera 2%
cayenensis 2%
dumentorum 1.6%
esculenta 0.7%
preusii 0.3%
manganotiana0.25%
Nigeria -Togo
GIS unit -IITA
Available data +99%
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Germplasm origin
Manihot esculenta
Nigeria
GIS unit -IITA +Brazil and Australia
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International Treaty and IITA obligations
1. Conserve
2. Document
3. Distribute
4. Safe duplicate
5. Enrich with new diversity
6. Improve conservation
Germplasm maintained in TRUST for the international community
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Germplasm conservation
Seed cropsCowpea
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild relatives
Maize
Soybean
African yam bean
Clonal cropsYam
Cassava
Musa
Seed bank
Field and
In vitro bank
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Seed crop - Germplasm flow
Distribution
Storage
Safe
duplication
21 000 accessions
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Seed crop – Germplasm flow
Distribution
Storage Regeneration
Safe
duplication
Low stock
Viability loss
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Seed crop – Germplasm flow
Distribution
Storage Regeneration
Safe
duplication
Low stock
Viability loss
Indexing
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Seed crop - Regeneration and processing
2007
Crop Processed/
Stored
Cowpea 1314
Bambara 249
Winged bean 257
Green gram 183
Sword bean 4
African Yam B 170
Wild vigna 257
Soybean 230
Maize 19
Total 2683
Research: Genetic integrity
Cowpea Gene flow study in progress
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Seed crop - Virus Indexing
2007
Crop Indexed Virus-free % clean
Cowpea 1532 (553 core) 1129 73%
Bambara 245 (93 core) 140 57%
Winged Bean 79 19 24%
Total 1856 1288 69%
Virus tested: Cucumber mosaic virus, cowpea
mottle virus, southernbean mosaic virus, cowpea
yellow mosaic virus, bean common mosaic virus
Indexed by: ELISA, PCR, ICR-PCR or IC-RT-PCR
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Seed crop - Safe duplication
Svalbard (Norway)
• International seed vault
• Polar circle
• Built in permafrost
• Open 4 times a year
Crop Processed/
Stored
Cowpea 4778
Bambara 269
Wild vigna 294
Soybean 673
Maize 499
Total 6513
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Seed crop - Safe duplication
Legumes
Maize
Saskatoon Research
Centre - Canada
CIMMYT - Mexico
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Clonal crops
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Clonal crops –
Germplasm flow
GENEBANKSubculture
In vitro introduction
6 to 24
months
Field bank
1 to 2 years
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GENEBANK
Indexing
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Bar coding
In progress
Field bank
Clonal crops
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Germplasm flow
GENEBANK
Indexing
Distribution
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Field bank
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Germplasm flow
GENEBANK
Indexing
Distribution
Black boxBENIN
NIGERIA
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Safe duplication
Field bank
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Germplasm flow
GENEBANK Subculture
(Unit 2)
Indexing
Distribution
Black boxBENIN
NIGERIA
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Field bank
Repatriations
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Germplasm flow
GENEBANK Subculture
(Unit 2)
Repatriations
Indexing
Distribution
Black boxTransfersBENIN
NIGERIA
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Field bank
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Germplasm flow
GENEBANK Subculture
(Unit 2)
Repatriations
Indexing
Distribution
Black boxTransfersBENIN
NIGERIA
Subculture
In vitro introduction
Field bank
Cryobanking
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Clonal germplasm - Conservation
2007
Crops Field
maintenance
In vitro
Introduction
In vitro
Maintenance
Safe
duplication
transferred
Presently
duplicated
Yam 3200 553 1544 259 1110
Cassava 3078 476 2367 558 1895
Musa 150 0 150 0 0
Total 6428 1029 4177 817 3005
Research: Yam meristeming
Yam somaclonal variation
Low cost in vitro culture
Sanitation
Cryopreservation
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Clonal crop – Cryopreservation
2007
Cassava
2 Cryopreservation approaches tested on 50 accessions
• Vitrification (DMSO/Glycerol/Ethylene glycol)
• Encapsulation dehydration
• Validation in progress
Musa
Technology transfer – Leuven
Cryobanking by the end of 2008
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Clonal germplasm – Indexing
2007
Crop Indexed Virus-free % clean
Cassava 204 172 84%
Yam 192 42 21%
Total 396 214 54%
Virus tested:
Yam mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, disoscorea alata bacilliform virus
African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic virus
Indexed by: ELISA, PCR
Research:
Virus detection at early stage (in vitro seedling)
Sanitation
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IITA WEB SITE http://www.iita.org
•Search engine
Passport and characterization data
•On line germplasm request
•On line inventory system
(in progress)
Germplasm Documentation
SINGER DATA BASE
SEARCH ENGINE (passport data only)
http://www.singer.grinfo.net
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IITA/CGIAR genebanks – Multilateral system (MLS) Benefit Sharing
Germplasm available without restriction for food and agriculture research
Distribution with SMTA if Annex 1 crop
Distribution
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Breadfruit Artocarpus Cassava Manihot (Esculenta only)
Asparagus Asparagus Banana / Plantain - Musa(-textilis)
Oat Avena Rice Oryza
Beet Beta Pearl Millet Pennisetum
Brassica complex Brassica et al. Beans Phaseolus (-polyanthus)
Pigeon Pea Cajanus Pea Pisum
Chickpea Cicer Rye Secale
Citrus Citrus Potato Solanum (- phureja)
Coconut Cocos Eggplant Solanum
Major aroids Colocasia, Xanthosoma (include
cocoyam, taro)
Sorghum Sorghum
Carrot Daucus Triticale Triticosecale
Yams Dioscorea Wheat Triticum et al.
Finger Millet Eleusine Faba Bean / Vetch Vicia
Strawberry Fragaria Cowpea et al. Vigna
Sunflower Helianthus Maize Zea(-perennis, diploperennis, luxurians)
Barley Hordeum FORAGESSweet Potato Ipomoea
Grass pea Lathyrus
Lentil Lens
Apple Malus
Annexe 1 = 64
crops and
forages
Crops that
humanity
depends on
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Distribution
Crops Agreement
Cowpea et al SMTA
Soybean MTA
Maize SMTA
Cassava SMTA
Yam SMTA
Musa SMTA
African yam bean MTA
Ensuring Safe-movement of Germplasm
BreedingGenebank
Germplasm Health TestingRelease pathogen
free-materialGermplasm
Visual inspection / blotter test / sedimentation
ELISA / PCR / EM / Grow-out tests
Seed treatment & fumigation
(optional)
Material transfer Agreement
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75% distributed in Nigeria over 20 yrs+ / 5% to the US
IITA - GIS Unit
Germplasm Distribution
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0
10002000
3000
40005000
6000
7000
80009000
10000
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Year
Accessio
ns d
istr
ibu
ted
Germplasm Distribution
IITA genebank germplasm distribution 1985-2007
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Germplasm Distribution
Genebank distribution 2003-2007
User type
Commercial Company
Individual
CGIAR (other than IITA)
Unknown
NARS
University
IITA60%
17%
12%
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Germplasm new acquisition
GIS Unit IITA
Gap identification
Obvious
eco-geographical gaps
MAIZE
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Germplasm new acquisition
GIS Unit IITA
Gap identification
(from FAO data April 08)
Obvious
eco-geographical gaps
Cote d’Ivoire
Mozambique
South Africa
Non
IT parties
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Collaboration with National Partners
• University of Agriculture Abeokuta – Nigeria
• 1 Master and 1 PhD students
• University of Nigeria Nsukka – Nigeria
• 1 master student
• Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) - Cote d’Ivoire
• Expertise for genebank upgrading project
• National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology
(NACGRAB), Ibadan, Nigeria
• Consultation and training
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Global Conservation Network
CGIAR level – Collective activities
•Common registry
•Genebanking best practices
•Performance indicators
Global Crop Diversity TRUST
•Global conservation strategies
•Safe duplication of national collections
Yam – Benin, Togo
Cocoyam – Ghana, Cuba
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THANK YOU
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Germplasm origin
Musa
Musa cuminata
M. balbisian
M. schizocarpa
M. basjoo
M. laterita
M. peekeli
GIS unit -IITA
Available data < 83%