Germanic and Medieval Europe

Germanic and Medieval Germanic and Medieval EuropeEurope

Chris AndersonChris Anderson

Randolph-Henry High SchoolRandolph-Henry High School

Germanic RuleGermanic Rule

By AD 500—the By AD 500—the Roman Empire had Roman Empire had been destroyed by been destroyed by Germanic invasionsGermanic invasions

Many things Many things happened after the happened after the Germanic peoples Germanic peoples took powertook power

Trade decreasedTrade decreased Cities, bridges, and Cities, bridges, and

roads fell into roads fell into disrepairdisrepair

Law & order Law & order vanishedvanished

Education almost Education almost disappeareddisappeared

Money was no Money was no longer usedlonger used

Life did not extend Life did not extend beyond the villagebeyond the village

Germanic RuleGermanic Rule

Western Europe had become a very Western Europe had become a very backward placebackward place

The period when the Germanic tribes The period when the Germanic tribes first took over the west is called:first took over the west is called: The Dark AgesThe Dark Ages Middle AgesMiddle Ages Medieval PeriodMedieval Period

The era contained elements of The era contained elements of Germanic, Roman, and Christian Germanic, Roman, and Christian culturescultures

Merovingian RulersMerovingian Rulers

AD 400sAD 400s—the —the FranksFranks emerged as emerged as the most powerful Germanic groupthe most powerful Germanic group

The Franks settled in Gaul—modern The Franks settled in Gaul—modern day France and Western Germanyday France and Western Germany

The early Frankish rulers were called The early Frankish rulers were called Merovingian KingsMerovingian Kings

The Merovingian Kings held power The Merovingian Kings held power until the 700suntil the 700s


A.) ClovisA.) Clovis 481—Clovis became leader of the Franks481—Clovis became leader of the Franks 496—Clovis converted to Christianity to 496—Clovis converted to Christianity to

please his wifeplease his wife The conversion identified him with Rome The conversion identified him with Rome

and his peopleand his people He was very strong because of his He was very strong because of his

militarymilitary Upon his death, his kingdom was divided Upon his death, his kingdom was divided

among his sonsamong his sons

Clovis


B.) Charles MartelB.) Charles Martel 714—Charles Martel became Mayor 714—Charles Martel became Mayor

of the Palace—the leading of the Palace—the leading government official under the kinggovernment official under the king

732—Martel defended France from 732—Martel defended France from Muslim invasion at the Muslim invasion at the Battle of Battle of ToursTours

Charles Martel


C.) Pepin the ShortC.) Pepin the Short Pepin was Charles Martel’s sonPepin was Charles Martel’s son 741—Pepin became Mayor of the 741—Pepin became Mayor of the

PalacePalace Pepin wanted to be king, but he had Pepin wanted to be king, but he had

no royal bloodno royal blood He used his influence with the He used his influence with the

Frankish bishops and the Pope to bring Frankish bishops and the Pope to bring about dynastic changeabout dynastic change


The Pope made The Pope made Pepin king of the Pepin king of the Franks—King Pepin IFranks—King Pepin I

Pepin agreed to Pepin agreed to defend the Catholic defend the Catholic Church against its Church against its enemiesenemies

754—Pepin helped 754—Pepin helped to drive the to drive the Lombards out of Lombards out of RomeRome

Pepin received a Pepin received a lot of Lombard land lot of Lombard land near Romenear Rome

Pepin gave the Pepin gave the land to the Popeland to the Pope

The land became The land became the Papal Statesthe Papal States


D.) CharlemagneD.) Charlemagne 768—Charlemagne became king of 768—Charlemagne became king of

the Franksthe Franks Charlemagne was Pepin’s sonCharlemagne was Pepin’s son Charlemagne has also been calledCharlemagne has also been called

Charles the GreatCharles the Great Carolus MagnusCarolus Magnus

His dynasty has been called the His dynasty has been called the Carolingian DynastyCarolingian Dynasty

Charlemagne


CharlemagneCharlemagne He increased the size of the empireHe increased the size of the empire The kingdom came to include:The kingdom came to include:

GermanyGermany FranceFrance Northern SpainNorthern Spain Most of ItalyMost of Italy


CharlemagneCharlemagne He knew he needed to restore He knew he needed to restore

literacy to his kingdomliteracy to his kingdom He made his royal court into a center He made his royal court into a center

of learningof learning By 800, Charlemagne’s empire By 800, Charlemagne’s empire

included all of civilized Western included all of civilized Western EuropeEurope


CharlemagneCharlemagne 800—Charlemagne traveled to Rome to 800—Charlemagne traveled to Rome to

defend the Pope against upset Roman noblesdefend the Pope against upset Roman nobles Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor

of the Romans on Christmas Dayof the Romans on Christmas Day Charlemagne wanted the title but was unsure of the Charlemagne wanted the title but was unsure of the

Pope’s crowning of him—would seem like the Pope Pope’s crowning of him—would seem like the Pope had power over himhad power over him

His crowning helped to better the relationship His crowning helped to better the relationship between the Pope and the Holy Roman between the Pope and the Holy Roman EmperorEmperor


CharlemagneCharlemagne Charlemagne used counts to help Charlemagne used counts to help

rule his vast empirerule his vast empire The counts solved the local problems The counts solved the local problems

and helped to get soldiers for and helped to get soldiers for Charlemagne’s armyCharlemagne’s army


CharlemagneCharlemagne Charlemagne personally held his Charlemagne personally held his

empire togetherempire together 814—Charlemagne dies leaving his 814—Charlemagne dies leaving his

son in power—son in power—LouisLouis the Piusthe Pius Louis was very weakLouis was very weak After Louis’ death, he left the After Louis’ death, he left the

kingdom to his 3 sonskingdom to his 3 sons


CharlemagneCharlemagne Louis’ 3 sons constantly fought over Louis’ 3 sons constantly fought over

control in the kingdomcontrol in the kingdom 843—the 3 brothers agreed to divide 843—the 3 brothers agreed to divide

the empire in the the empire in the Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun Charles the Bald—Western Part (France)Charles the Bald—Western Part (France) Louis the German—Eastern Part Louis the German—Eastern Part

(Germany)(Germany) Lothair—Holy Roman Empire (N. Italy Lothair—Holy Roman Empire (N. Italy

and S. Germany)and S. Germany)

By the end of the 800s, By the end of the 800s, Charlemagne’s empire lay in ruinsCharlemagne’s empire lay in ruins

The nobles had gained lots of powerThe nobles had gained lots of power Feuds occurred between the nobles Feuds occurred between the nobles

and kingsand kings Muslims took over Sicily, Sardinia, and Muslims took over Sicily, Sardinia, and

CorsicaCorsica Slavs took central EuropeSlavs took central Europe Magyars invadedMagyars invaded Vikings invadedVikings invaded

VikingsVikings Traveled in long, deck less ships—usually with Traveled in long, deck less ships—usually with

only 1 sailonly 1 sail Known for surprise attacks and quick retreatsKnown for surprise attacks and quick retreats Motto: if they could not steal it, they would Motto: if they could not steal it, they would

burn itburn it All of Europe was afraid of the VikingsAll of Europe was afraid of the Vikings They were after money and adventureThey were after money and adventure They showed little or no mercy on their They showed little or no mercy on their

victimsvictims They explored and settled new landsThey explored and settled new lands

Early Medieval EuropeEarly Medieval Europe

Feudalism Feudalism dominated early Medieval dominated early Medieval EuropeEuropeFeudalism was a highly decentralized form of Feudalism was a highly decentralized form of

government stressing mutual alliances government stressing mutual alliances between monarchs and nobles in which land between monarchs and nobles in which land is given away in exchange for loyalty and is given away in exchange for loyalty and military servicemilitary service

Feudalism started in France and moved to Feudalism started in France and moved to other parts of Europe in the 1000sother parts of Europe in the 1000s

In Feudalism, land was given to warriors In Feudalism, land was given to warriors as paymentas payment

Everything on the land was also given to Everything on the land was also given to the warriorsthe warriorsThe peasants that lived on the landThe peasants that lived on the landAny animals--domesticated and wildAny animals--domesticated and wildAny buildings on the landAny buildings on the land

Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel Feudalism was developed by Charles Martel while he was fighting the Muslimswhile he was fighting the Muslims

Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved Martel noticed the Muslims had an improved saddle—the Muslim saddle had stirrups, saddle—the Muslim saddle had stirrups, European saddles did notEuropean saddles did not

Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his Martel wanted to add the new saddle to his military and create a true cavalrymilitary and create a true cavalry

He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so he He had no money to pay the new soldiers, so he gave them land insteadgave them land instead The soldiers then could use the products from the The soldiers then could use the products from the

land to get a weapon, a horse, and a saddle with land to get a weapon, a horse, and a saddle with stirrupsstirrups

Trade farm products—food—for the materials they Trade farm products—food—for the materials they neededneeded

They could trade animals or hunting privileges for the They could trade animals or hunting privileges for the things they neededthings they needed


Feudalism involved 2 peopleFeudalism involved 2 peopleThe LordThe Lord gave the land away gave the land awayThe VassalThe Vassal received the land received the land

The land that is given away is called a The land that is given away is called a fieffiefThe vassal had to provide certain services The vassal had to provide certain services

to the lord in exchange for the landto the lord in exchange for the land


1.) Provide a certain number of knights1.) Provide a certain number of knightsMost important dutyMost important dutyThe vassal would give away his land as The vassal would give away his land as

payment to knightspayment to knightsThus the vassal could become a lordThus the vassal could become a lord

2.) Serve on the lord’s court2.) Serve on the lord’s court3.) Provide food and housing if the lord 3.) Provide food and housing if the lord

ever visitedever visited


4.) Give $ to the lord if his son became a 4.) Give $ to the lord if his son became a knight or his eldest daughter became knight or his eldest daughter became marriedmarried

5.) Pay the lord’s ransom if he were ever 5.) Pay the lord’s ransom if he were ever capturedcaptured


Most of the obligations were never carried Most of the obligations were never carried outout

Most vassals would raised knights not to Most vassals would raised knights not to give to the lord, but to fight the lord to get give to the lord, but to fight the lord to get more landmore land

Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots Feudalism lack of centralization led to lots of war between the lords and vassalsof war between the lords and vassals

The Catholic Church—unsuccessfully—The Catholic Church—unsuccessfully—tried to limit the number of wars with many tried to limit the number of wars with many lawslaws

The Catholic Church tried to limit the number of The Catholic Church tried to limit the number of wars by passing lawswars by passing laws 1.) 1.) Peace of GodPeace of God: made it illegal for anyone to fight : made it illegal for anyone to fight

in Churchesin Churches 2.) 2.) Truce of GodTruce of God: outlawed battles on holidays and : outlawed battles on holidays and

weekendsweekends 3.) 3.) Other LawsOther Laws: other laws only allowed fighting to : other laws only allowed fighting to

occur on 80 days of the yearoccur on 80 days of the year

The Church could not enforce these laws; The Church could not enforce these laws; thus, the battles and warfare continuedthus, the battles and warfare continued

At the top of the Feudal system was the At the top of the Feudal system was the KingKing

At the bottom was the KnightAt the bottom was the KnightPeasant were not part of the Feudal Peasant were not part of the Feudal

system because they owned nothingsystem because they owned nothing


CastlesCastlesLords were only powerful if they could Lords were only powerful if they could

protect themselvesprotect themselvesThey built castle for defenseThey built castle for defenseCastles were a complex of different Castles were a complex of different

buildingsbuildings

Inside the walls was a main building that Inside the walls was a main building that was used for storage and housing troops, was used for storage and housing troops, the lord, and his familythe lord, and his family

Castles had their own wellsCastles had their own wellsCastles had their own Churches, stables, Castles had their own Churches, stables,

and storage buildingsand storage buildingsSome had water filled moats to protect the Some had water filled moats to protect the

castles from attackcastles from attack


The NobilityThe NobilityThe nobility included:The nobility included:

KingsKingsLordsLordsKnightsKnights ladiesladies

Nobles had easy lives when compared to Nobles had easy lives when compared to the peasantsthe peasants

Their castles were cold, dark, damp, and Their castles were cold, dark, damp, and dreary placesdreary places


The NobilityThe NobilityNobles had lots of power in their landsNobles had lots of power in their lands

Collect taxes and rentCollect taxes and rentAdminister justiceAdminister justice

Female nobles had very few rightsFemale nobles had very few rightsForced into fixed marriagesForced into fixed marriagesCould marry at age 12Could marry at age 12Main duty—to have and raise kidsMain duty—to have and raise kids


The NobilityThe NobilityNoblemen participated in tournaments to Noblemen participated in tournaments to

keep their skills sharpkeep their skills sharpNoblemen also enjoyed hunting, falconry, Noblemen also enjoyed hunting, falconry,

and archeryand archery


The KnightThe KnightKnights came from the noble classesKnights came from the noble classes1.) @ age 7, training began1.) @ age 7, training began

The boy was a page and learned skillsThe boy was a page and learned skills2.) @ 15 the boy became a squire2.) @ 15 the boy became a squire

Assists a knight in battleAssists a knight in battle3.) @ 21 the boy became a knight3.) @ 21 the boy became a knight


The KnightThe KnightKnights followed a code called Knights followed a code called chivalrychivalry

Had to be braveHad to be braveFight fairlyFight fairlyKeep promisesKeep promisesDefend the ChurchDefend the ChurchTreat noblewomen with respectTreat noblewomen with respect


The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe nobles were wealthy because of the The nobles were wealthy because of the

work the peasants were doingwork the peasants were doingThe peasants lived on and worked the The peasants lived on and worked the

nobles’ landsnobles’ landsManorial SystemManorial System—an agricultural system —an agricultural system

that provided both the lord and peasant that provided both the lord and peasant with food, shelter, and protectionwith food, shelter, and protection


The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemManors were the lands and buildings that Manors were the lands and buildings that

were farmed and used by both the lord were farmed and used by both the lord and the peasantsand the peasantsLord’s houseLord’s housePastures and fieldsPastures and fieldsForestsForestsPeasant villagePeasant village


The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe manor’s peasants agreed to provide The manor’s peasants agreed to provide

services to the lord in return for the lord’s services to the lord in return for the lord’s protectionprotectionThe peasants farmed the land to produce The peasants farmed the land to produce

food for themselves and the lordfood for themselves and the lordThe peasants served as the tool producers—The peasants served as the tool producers—

blacksmiths, carpenters, millers, etc.blacksmiths, carpenters, millers, etc.


The Manorial SystemThe Manorial SystemThe manors had to be self-sufficient—The manors had to be self-sufficient—

making everything the manor neededmaking everything the manor neededMost peasants never left the manorMost peasants never left the manorSome peasants were serfs—similar to Some peasants were serfs—similar to

slaves, but they could not be bought or slaves, but they could not be bought or soldsold


Agricultural AdvancesAgricultural Advances2 new agricultural improvements occurred 2 new agricultural improvements occurred

in the Middle Ages that led to more food in the Middle Ages that led to more food productionproduction1.) New Plow1.) New Plow

HeavierHeavierMade deeper cuts in the soilMade deeper cuts in the soil

2.) Three Field System2.) Three Field SystemCrop rotationCrop rotation


Peasant LifePeasant LifePeasants lived very hard livesPeasants lived very hard livesLife expectancy—40Life expectancy—40Disease and hunger were rampantDisease and hunger were rampantHousing was small—1 room with a dirt Housing was small—1 room with a dirt

floorfloorRarely at meatRarely at meatEnjoyed holidays—lots of entertainment Enjoyed holidays—lots of entertainment

and foodand food

Medieval ChurchMedieval Church

During the Medieval period, the During the Medieval period, the Catholic Church proved to be very Catholic Church proved to be very powerfulpowerful

The Catholic Church became the The Catholic Church became the center of life for nearly all Western center of life for nearly all Western EuropeansEuropeans

The primary job of the Church was The primary job of the Church was spiritualspiritual

The Church became involved in The Church became involved in politics and social issuespolitics and social issues


The Pope became the most powerful The Pope became the most powerful figure in Europefigure in Europe

Nearly all of Europe fell under the Nearly all of Europe fell under the Pope’s controlPope’s control• All the people were Catholic, giving the All the people were Catholic, giving the

Pope control over peasants, nobles, and Pope control over peasants, nobles, and kingskings

The Church taught that all people The Church taught that all people were sinnerswere sinners


The only way to The only way to reach salvation reach salvation was by gaining the was by gaining the Grace of GodGrace of God

To gain God’s To gain God’s grace, one had to grace, one had to participate in the participate in the sacramentssacraments

SacramentsSacraments BaptismBaptism PenancePenance EucharistEucharist ConfirmationConfirmation MatrimonyMatrimony Anointing of the Anointing of the

sicksick Holy OrdersHoly Orders


Most Europeans were very religious Most Europeans were very religious even though they truly did not even though they truly did not understand Christianityunderstand Christianity

The Mass was said in Latin—a The Mass was said in Latin—a language that only the clergy language that only the clergy understoodunderstood

Many of the priests were uneducatedMany of the priests were uneducated Most people learned about Most people learned about

Christianity by looking at religious Christianity by looking at religious paintings, statues, and stained glasspaintings, statues, and stained glass

Church OrganizationChurch Organization PopePope

ArchbishopArchbishop BishopBishop

Parish PriestParish Priest


There were 2 types of Catholic ClergyThere were 2 types of Catholic Clergy 11.) Secular Clergy.) Secular Clergy

• Pope, Bishops, PriestsPope, Bishops, Priests 2.) Regular Clergy2.) Regular Clergy

• Monks and nunsMonks and nuns


520—520—StSt. . BenedictBenedict created a created a monastery in Italymonastery in Italy

He issued very strict rules for monks He issued very strict rules for monks to followto follow• Monks could never marryMonks could never marry• Monks could not own propertyMonks could not own property• Monks had to be obedientMonks had to be obedient

St. Benedict


Monastic LifeMonastic Life Monks were very simple peopleMonks were very simple people Clothing was simple—a long, loose Clothing was simple—a long, loose

robe made from dark, coarse robe made from dark, coarse materialmaterial

Ate 1 to 2 meals a dayAte 1 to 2 meals a day Most monks had to take vows of Most monks had to take vows of

silencesilence Lived in monasteriesLived in monasteries


Monastic LifeMonastic Life Women also participated in a life Women also participated in a life

devoted to religiondevoted to religion These women were nunsThese women were nuns Nuns lived in conventsNuns lived in convents Nuns are known for their gown and Nuns are known for their gown and

veilveil


Monastic LifeMonastic Life Monks and nuns lived isolated from Monks and nuns lived isolated from

the rest of the peoplethe rest of the people Yet, they played a large part in the Yet, they played a large part in the

peoples’ livespeoples’ lives The monks preserved classical The monks preserved classical

Roman and Greek texts by hand Roman and Greek texts by hand copying the workscopying the works


Monastic LifeMonastic Life Monasteries and convents provided Monasteries and convents provided

schools for the youngschools for the young They were hospitals for the sickThey were hospitals for the sick They were hotels for the travelersThey were hotels for the travelers Monks and nuns taught the people Monks and nuns taught the people

new skills in carpentry, farming, and new skills in carpentry, farming, and weavingweaving


Power of the ChurchPower of the Church The Catholic Church was powerful The Catholic Church was powerful

both spiritually and politicallyboth spiritually and politically The rich gave $ to the ChurchThe rich gave $ to the Church

• Most bishops and abbots came from the Most bishops and abbots came from the wealthy families wealthy families

The Church was becoming very The Church was becoming very corrupt from the $ and power it hadcorrupt from the $ and power it had

Church leader cared less about Church leader cared less about salvation and more about $salvation and more about $


Church ReformChurch Reform People began to call for reform because People began to call for reform because

the Church was becoming too secularthe Church was becoming too secular Monasteries led the reformMonasteries led the reform A College of Cardinals would choose the A College of Cardinals would choose the

popespopes 1073—the Pope (Pope Gregory VII) 1073—the Pope (Pope Gregory VII)

outlawed the Practice of Lay Investiture—outlawed the Practice of Lay Investiture—when secular rulers appointed Church when secular rulers appointed Church officialsofficials


Church ReformChurch Reform 1215: Pope Innocent III tried to 1215: Pope Innocent III tried to

reform the clergyreform the clergy• He condemned drunkenness, feasting, He condemned drunkenness, feasting,

hawking, and dancing among the clergyhawking, and dancing among the clergy Innocent III issued Church laws to Innocent III issued Church laws to

stop heresy—the denial of the stop heresy—the denial of the Church’s teachingsChurch’s teachings• Heretics could be killed or Heretics could be killed or

excommunicatedexcommunicated


Church ReformChurch Reform Innocent also Innocent also

started the started the InquisitionInquisition—a —a Church court Church court designed to find, designed to find, arrest, judge, and arrest, judge, and sentence hereticssentence heretics

The Inquisition The Inquisition punished heretics punished heretics in several waysin several ways

1.)imprisonment1.)imprisonment 2.)excommunication2.)excommunication 3.)taking of property3.)taking of property 4.)execution4.)execution

Medieval ChurchMedieval Church Church ReformChurch Reform Friars—wandering preachers—also Friars—wandering preachers—also

attempted to make reforms in the Churchattempted to make reforms in the Church There were two groups of friarsThere were two groups of friars

• 1.) Franciscans1.) Franciscans Founded by Francis of Assisi in 1210Founded by Francis of Assisi in 1210 Followed the simple life of JesusFollowed the simple life of Jesus Had a respect for nature Had a respect for nature

• 2.) Dominicans2.) Dominicans Founded by the Spanish priest Dominic in 1215Founded by the Spanish priest Dominic in 1215 Lived a life of poverty and serviceLived a life of poverty and service

Rise of European Rise of European MonarchiesMonarchies

During the early medieval period, During the early medieval period, kings were rulers only in name--they kings were rulers only in name--they had very little powerhad very little power

in the 1100’s, many monarchs in in the 1100’s, many monarchs in Europe began building powerful Europe began building powerful states with powerful governmentsstates with powerful governments

Medieval EnglandMedieval England England was repeatedly invaded by England was repeatedly invaded by

Germanic tribes from the 400’s until Germanic tribes from the 400’s until the 1000’sthe 1000’s• Angles, Saxons, and JutesAngles, Saxons, and Jutes• Danes, VikingsDanes, Vikings

one king was able to help England one king was able to help England defend itself from Viking invasion in the defend itself from Viking invasion in the 800’s--800’s--King Alfred the Great (871-King Alfred the Great (871-899)899)

Alfred was an active learner, Alfred was an active learner, founding schools and hiring founding schools and hiring translators to translate bookstranslators to translate books

Alfred also commissioned a Alfred also commissioned a history of England to be created--history of England to be created--Anglo-Saxon ChronicleAnglo-Saxon Chronicle

King Alfred

The The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was was

continuously updated for 250 yearscontinuously updated for 250 years England did not fare so well after England did not fare so well after

Alfred’s death--his successors were Alfred’s death--his successors were very weakvery weak

1066: England will be invaded and 1066: England will be invaded and change hands after King Edward dieschange hands after King Edward dies• after Edward’s death, three (3) persons in after Edward’s death, three (3) persons in

Europe lay claim to the English throneEurope lay claim to the English throne

Norman InvasionNorman Invasion

William, Duke of NormandyWilliam, Duke of Normandy was one was one man who claimed to be the next king of man who claimed to be the next king of EnglandEngland• he was a cousin to King Edward and a he was a cousin to King Edward and a

vassal to the king of Francevassal to the king of France William assembled a large force of men William assembled a large force of men

(6,000) and set sail for England(6,000) and set sail for England Harold GodwinsonHarold Godwinson was another was another

claiming the throneclaiming the throne

Norman InvasionNorman Invasion

Harold and William fought over the Harold and William fought over the throne at the throne at the Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings in in 10661066• William wins the battle and the throneWilliam wins the battle and the throne• he becomes King William I of Englandhe becomes King William I of England• he will also be called William the he will also be called William the

ConquerorConqueror

*Although king of England, William *Although king of England, William

still wants to keep the loyalty of his still wants to keep the loyalty of his Norman vassals back in FranceNorman vassals back in France

to keep their loyalty, he gives to keep their loyalty, he gives them land that once belong to them land that once belong to Anglo-Saxon churches and noblesAnglo-Saxon churches and nobles

William also sets up a new system William also sets up a new system of tax collectionof tax collection

to get an accurate estimate of how to get an accurate estimate of how much tax he could collect, he much tax he could collect, he commissioned a census to count commissioned a census to count every person, farm, town, farm every person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st for animal, etc. in England--a 1st for Europe--Europe--Doomsday BookDoomsday Book**1066: The Year of Conquest 1066: The Year of Conquest & & Making of England: 6th EditionMaking of England: 6th Edition

William the Conqueror

William will start a new dynasty of rulers in William will start a new dynasty of rulers in EnglandEngland

Henry I (1100-1135): Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandsonWilliam’s grandson• Henry I greatly increases the power of the Henry I greatly increases the power of the

monarchmonarch• he created a system of royal courts--he was he created a system of royal courts--he was

known as the “Lion of Justice”known as the “Lion of Justice” Henry II (1154-1189):Henry II (1154-1189): he was the he was the

grandson of Henry Igrandson of Henry I• he will continue to improve on the judicial systemhe will continue to improve on the judicial system

Henry II establishes Henry II establishes common lawcommon law--law --law that applied to everyonethat applied to everyone

he set up a grand jury to meet with he set up a grand jury to meet with judgesjudges• this grand jury gave names to judges of this grand jury gave names to judges of

suspected criminalssuspected criminals he also created a petit jury used to find he also created a petit jury used to find

the guilt or innocence of a person who the guilt or innocence of a person who was on trialwas on trial

he will restructure England’s militaryhe will restructure England’s military he will improve England’s tax systemhe will improve England’s tax system

Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Henry ran into problems with the Catholic

Church in EnglandChurch in England Henry had appointed one of his friends-Henry had appointed one of his friends-

Thomas BeckettThomas Beckett--as archbishop of Canterbury--as archbishop of Canterbury• Henry does this as a way to get a powerful friend Henry does this as a way to get a powerful friend

into the Churchinto the Church Eventually, Henry II will order his friend to be Eventually, Henry II will order his friend to be

murderedmurdered• Beckett does not back Henry when Henry tries to Beckett does not back Henry when Henry tries to

keep others from taking the throne--thus Beckett is keep others from taking the throne--thus Beckett is murderedmurdered

The rulers that followed Henry were not The rulers that followed Henry were not

as strong as heas strong as he his sons--Richard I and Johnhis sons--Richard I and John

• John looses English land to the FrenchJohn looses English land to the French• John does many things that anger the John does many things that anger the

people--raising taxespeople--raising taxes• 1215--the angry English 1215--the angry English forceforce John to sign John to sign

the the Magna CartaMagna Carta• the the Magna Carta Magna Carta was a charter that placed was a charter that placed

limits on the king’s powerlimits on the king’s power

What the What the Magna Carta Magna Carta did:did:

1.) the king could not raise taxes 1.) the king could not raise taxes without the consent of the Great without the consent of the Great CouncilCouncil

2.) outlawed imprisonment without a 2.) outlawed imprisonment without a fair trial by one’s peersfair trial by one’s peers

Another important facet of English government will Another important facet of English government will arise in the late 1100 and early 1200’s--arise in the late 1100 and early 1200’s--ParliamentParliament

the rise of Parliament was hinged on the rising the rise of Parliament was hinged on the rising middle class in Englandmiddle class in England• this middle class made their money from business, not this middle class made their money from business, not

farmingfarming the king of England--Henry III--added knights and the king of England--Henry III--added knights and

townspeople to the Great Council, eventually called townspeople to the Great Council, eventually called ParliamentParliament

Parliament soon included members from the clergy, Parliament soon included members from the clergy, nobles, and townspeople--making Parliament almost nobles, and townspeople--making Parliament almost a direct representation of the English peoplea direct representation of the English people

In the 15th century (1400’s) Parliament In the 15th century (1400’s) Parliament will have been divided into two houses or will have been divided into two houses or chambers:chambers:

1.) House of Lords:1.) House of Lords:

-constructed of nobles and -constructed of nobles and clergyclergy

2.) House of Commons:2.) House of Commons:

-constructed of knights and -constructed of knights and townspeople townspeople

Henry II

Richard I

John

FranceFrance

France will also develop a very strong France will also develop a very strong monarchy during the Medieval Periodmonarchy during the Medieval Period

France’s government, however, will not France’s government, however, will not be like the representative government be like the representative government that had been created in Englandthat had been created in England

French lands will break up during French lands will break up during the time period before the 1000’sthe time period before the 1000’s

each of these lands was ruled by each of these lands was ruled by different lords who were independent different lords who were independent of each otherof each other

987: Hugh Capet will seize the 987: Hugh Capet will seize the throne of Francethrone of France

the dynasty created by Capet would the dynasty created by Capet would last for 300 years—Capetian Dynastylast for 300 years—Capetian Dynasty

this dynasty greatly strengthened the this dynasty greatly strengthened the French monarchy by slowly making the French monarchy by slowly making the French lords come under the kings’ French lords come under the kings’ controlcontrol

Hugh Capet

1100’s: As the French monarchs became 1100’s: As the French monarchs became more power, the number of French towns more power, the number of French towns increaseincrease

1108: King Louis VI becomes king1108: King Louis VI becomes king– he will use the French townspeople to help he will use the French townspeople to help

strengthen the royal governmentstrengthen the royal government– he gave townspeople and members of the he gave townspeople and members of the

clergy high positions in his courtclergy high positions in his court

Louis VI also gave towns the right to Louis VI also gave towns the right to govern themselves--making the towns no govern themselves--making the towns no longer under feudal obligationslonger under feudal obligations

the townspeople were now loyal to the the townspeople were now loyal to the king, not the feudal lordsking, not the feudal lords

1180: Phillip II (1180-1223) becomes king of 1180: Phillip II (1180-1223) becomes king of FranceFrance

he doubles the size of Francehe doubles the size of France– he does this through marriage and by retaking land he does this through marriage and by retaking land

from Englandfrom England

he will also take land away from feudal lordshe will also take land away from feudal lords

he appoints local officials who are loyal to the he appoints local officials who are loyal to the kingking– both of the above greatly weaken the power of the both of the above greatly weaken the power of the

feudal lordsfeudal lords

Philip II

1226: Louis IX becomes king of France1226: Louis IX becomes king of France

he will pass certain laws that further weaken he will pass certain laws that further weaken the feudal lordsthe feudal lords– royal courts had power over the feudal courtsroyal courts had power over the feudal courts– only the king had the right to mint coinsonly the king had the right to mint coins– he banned private wars and certain weaponshe banned private wars and certain weapons

Louis IX was also very religiousLouis IX was also very religious– he was made a saint in 1297he was made a saint in 1297– he was a very moral and chivalrous kinghe was a very moral and chivalrous king

Phillip IV (aka. Phillip the Fair) also Phillip IV (aka. Phillip the Fair) also strengthened the power of the French kingstrengthened the power of the French king– he gained even more territory for France by he gained even more territory for France by

defeating both Flanders and Englanddefeating both Flanders and England– he began taxing the clergyhe began taxing the clergy– he created the Estates-General--composed of he created the Estates-General--composed of

nobles, clergy, and townspeoplenobles, clergy, and townspeople

French kings will have almost absolute French kings will have almost absolute power in Francepower in France

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

France and England were France and England were becoming very strong states during becoming very strong states during the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages

the HRE (modern day Germany), the HRE (modern day Germany), however, still stayed very weakhowever, still stayed very weak

the HRE was heavily entangled in the HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of the Pope and Italythe politics of the Pope and Italy

In the 1000 and 1100, German kings posed real In the 1000 and 1100, German kings posed real threats to the Pope’s power threats to the Pope’s power

King Otto I will try to take over parts of ItalyKing Otto I will try to take over parts of Italy

961: Otto is able to take over Lombardy, a 961: Otto is able to take over Lombardy, a province in Italyprovince in Italy

962: Pope John XII will ask Otto for help in 962: Pope John XII will ask Otto for help in fighting the Romans who were against the popefighting the Romans who were against the pope

in return for Otto’s help, Pope Johan made Otto in return for Otto’s help, Pope Johan made Otto Emperor of the Romans--Holy Roman EmperorEmperor of the Romans--Holy Roman Emperor

With this new title, Otto and his followers With this new title, Otto and his followers had certain powershad certain powers they could approve of disapprove the election they could approve of disapprove the election

of popesof popes

the problem with this new power was that the problem with this new power was that the HRE could depose popes while the the HRE could depose popes while the pope had the right to depose kings--a pope had the right to depose kings--a struggle over who had real power will struggle over who had real power will develop between the HRE and popesdevelop between the HRE and popes

Holy Roman Emperors had troubles Holy Roman Emperors had troubles developing a strong German state developing a strong German state because the powerful German princes because the powerful German princes would not relinquish their powerwould not relinquish their power

many civil wars break out in the HREmany civil wars break out in the HRE

these wars weaken the power of the these wars weaken the power of the EmperorsEmperors in the HREin the HRE

1073: a major dispute occurred between the HRE and the pope1073: a major dispute occurred between the HRE and the pope

Henry IV was HRE and the pope was Pope Gregory VIIHenry IV was HRE and the pope was Pope Gregory VII

Pope Gregory outlaws lay investiture--the process of lay kings Pope Gregory outlaws lay investiture--the process of lay kings appointing the clergyappointing the clergy Gregory wanted to free the Church from secular controlGregory wanted to free the Church from secular control

Henry IV refused to follow the pope because he needed to have Henry IV refused to follow the pope because he needed to have power over the bishops to keep power over the feudal lordspower over the bishops to keep power over the feudal lords

upon this, Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henryupon this, Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry

Gregory also tries to get the German nobles to select another Gregory also tries to get the German nobles to select another rulerruler

Henry will give in to the Pope and traveled to Henry will give in to the Pope and traveled to Rome to repent (1077)Rome to repent (1077)

the struggle between the HRE and the pope will the struggle between the HRE and the pope will continue until the early 1100’scontinue until the early 1100’s

1122: the HRE and pope reach a compromise in 1122: the HRE and pope reach a compromise in the city of Worms, Germanythe city of Worms, Germany this meeting stated that the HRE was allowed to name this meeting stated that the HRE was allowed to name

bishops and give bishops landbishops and give bishops land the pope, however, had the power to refuse to approve the pope, however, had the power to refuse to approve

unworthy candidates for bishop shipunworthy candidates for bishop ship

Germanic and Medieval Europe

Documents

Transcript of Germanic and Medieval Europe