GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English...
Transcript of GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English...
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D
American University
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10. Word Order
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German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure.
English uses word order to indicate word function
German uses cases instead → sentence structure matters far less in the German language.
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I shall illustrate this with examples soon. Either one of the case sequences below is correct.
Nominativ Dativ AkkusativNominativ Akkusativ Dativ Akkusativ Nominativ Dativ Dativ Nominativ AkkusativAkkusativ Dativ Nominativ
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10.1 Main Clause
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10.2 Subordinate Clause/ Conjunctions
10.3 Jetzt üben wir!
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D
American University
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10.1 Main Clause
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Das Kind fängt den Ball.
Den Ball fängt das Kind → The ball catches the child
Doing the same in English is clearly not doable as it changes the meaning. Word order is not negotiable in the English language. In German it is. This is why:
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10.1.1 Sentence Elements, Cases, Word Order
–––10.1.2 Position of the Finite (conjugated) Verb
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.1.1 Sentence Elements, Cases, Word Order
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Which element is in first position in the following sentences? Cases are key, - let’s identify them.
1. Der Lehrer gibt dem Schüler gestern in der Schule den Test zurück.
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2. Den Test gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler gestern in der Schule zurück.
3. Dem Schüler gibt der Lehrer gestern in der Schule den Test zurück
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4. Gestern gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler in der Schule den Test zurück.
(time)
5. In der Schule gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler gestern den Test zurück.
(place)
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subject wer oder was? → der Lehrer → nominative
direct object who or what? → den Test → accusative
indirect object to/for whom? → dem Schüler → dative
time gestern
place In der Schule
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Basic Rules to remember:
• Conjugated or finite verb is always in second position (not necessarily the 2d word).
• Infinite verb forms (infinitive, past participle) are at the end of the sentence.
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• Subject is often the first sentence element but other sentence elements (direct/indirect object, place or time elements) can take that first position as well. If that is the case the subject follows the finite verb.
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• Verb and subject rotate around each other and always next to each other.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.1.2 Position of the Finite Verb
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Hier ist mein Freund ↔ Mein Freund ist hier ↔ Ist mein Freund hier ?
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Look at the sentence below, add the verb (war) please.
Unser Urlaub im Sommer in Hamburg war interessant.
1. Im Sommer unser Urlaub in Hamburg interessant.
2. In Hamburg unser Urlaub im Sommer interessant.
3. Unser Urlaub im Sommer in Hamburg interessant.
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To summarize the flexibility when it comes to word sequence in the German language:
Sie fliegen morgen um 9 Uhr nach NY
Morgen um 9 Uhr fliegen Sie nach NY
Nach NY fliegen Sie morgen um 9 Uhr
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.1.3 Conjunctions: Und, Aber, Oder
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When two clauses are connected by a coordinating conjunction, both follow normal subject-verb word order. Always use a comma before aber.
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1. Wir lernen Deutsch und studieren in Deutschland, aber wir vermissen Familie.
2. Er arbeitet, aber (er) macht nicht sehr viel und (er) sitzt nur am Computer.
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3. Es ist Montag und es geht ihm gut, aber er versteht das Problem nicht.
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One last example to practice. Correct the mistakes (only one sentence is correct) and rearrange the verbs reisen and sind in the three incorrectly written sentences below:
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Wir oft reisen und gern in Berlin sind
Oft wir reisen und gern sind in Deutschland
Wir gern sind in Berlin und reisen oft
in Berlin sind wir gern und reisen oft
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.2 Subordinate Clauses/Conjunctions
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Subordinating conjunctions (weil, wenn, als) do affect word order. Any verb other than the main conjugated one in 2d position is kicked further down the sentence, remember?
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Du bist krank. Gute Besserung! Ruf uns an, wenn du wieder gesund bist.
Du hattest Fieber, als du krank warst.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.2.1 Position of the Conjugated Verb
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Subordinate conjunctions kick the verb all the way to the end of the sentence.
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Er versteht nicht, weil es ist kompliziert (falsch) → Er versteht nicht, weil es kompliziert ist.
Sie sind müde, weil sie schlafen nicht (falsch) → Sie sind müde, weil sie nicht schlafen.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.2.2 Questions and Answers
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Bist du krank, weil du Fieber hast? Ja, ich habe Fieber, weil ich krank bin.
Es ist so warm, weil die Sonne scheint, aber auch, weil es August ist.
Sie macht Urlaub an der Nordsee, weil sie das Meer liebt und gerne hier ist.
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Warum spricht er so gut Deutsch? Er spricht gut Deutsch, weil er viel studiert.
Indirect question - Indirekte Frage:
Darf ich fragen, warum er so gut Deutsch spricht? Sie will wissen, warum es so warm ist.
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GERMANLANGUAGE
–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.
American University
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10.3 Jetzt üben wir!
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Write sentences using the elements provided, be mindful of all verb placements.
Schreiben Sie Sätze und achten Sie auf die Platzierung der Verben.
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/ du /
Sagst du heute gar nichts weil du bist müde ?
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Sie freut sich immer sehr, wenn ich mache guten Salat
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Gehen wir heute Abend ins Kino, wenn du hast Zeit ?
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Correct the mistakes below in sentences with subordinating conjunctions:
Beispiel: Du fährst nicht Auto, weil du bist noch nicht alt genug bist.
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Du bist nicht fit, wenn du isst zu viel .
Ihr habt Fußball gespielt, als das Wetter war gut .
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Er kann nicht kommen, weil er macht Hausaugaben _______.
Wir lernen abends nicht, wenn wir sind müde_____.