GEOtop 2.0

Gin

o S

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ini, D

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g+

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= B

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0

GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance

S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, M. Dall’Amico and R. Rigon

Dec. 10 2013 - AGU Fall Meeting S. Francisco

The inconceivable effectiveness of mathematics in natural sciences. E. Wigner

It is difficult to avoid the impression that a miracle confronts us here, quite comparable in its striking nature to the miracle that the human mind can string a thousand arguments together without getting itself into contradictions, or to the two miracles of laws of nature and of the human mind's capacity to divine them.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unreasonable_Effectiveness_of_Mathematics_in_the_Natural_Sciences

!3

A theory that describes whole hydrology ?

The miracle is hard to see in Hydrology where heterogeneity mixes with complexity, and phenomena across several scales.

The basics

!4

At the catchment scale: ancestors

Freeze and Harlan, Jour. of Hydrology, 1969

SHE, Abbot et al. 1986

Catchment hydrology

Dunne Saturation Overland Flow

Unsaturated Layer

Surface Layer

Saturated Layer:!

Horton Overland Flow

Modified from Abbot et al., 1986

Endrizzi et al.

!5

In What GEOtop is different ?

Water mass budgetR

igon

et

al, 2

00

6; B

erto

ldi

et a

l., 2

00

6

Endrizzi et al.

Par

flow

, Asb

y an

Fal

gou

t, 1

99

6

Hyd

rogeo

sph

ere,

Th

erri

en a

nd

Su

dic

ki, 1

99

6

Cat

flow

, Zeh

e et

al., 2

00

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InH

M, V

and

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waa

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nd

Loag

ue,

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hy,

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icon

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tRIB

S, I

van

ov

et a

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4

DH

SVM

, Wig

most

a et

al., 1

99

4

!6


Energy budgetR

igon

et

al, 2

00

6

Endrizzi et al.

BA

TS,

Dic

kin

son

et

al.,

19

86

,

Noah

LSM

, Ch

en e

t al

., 1

99

6,

LSM

, Bon

an, 1

99

6

SEW

AB

, Meg

elkam

p e

t al

., 1

99

9

CLM

, Dai

et

al.,

20

03

!7


Snow height, density, temperature)Freezing Soil - Permafrost

Snow and freezing soil: see also me on Thursday talk

Zanotti et al, 2004; Dall’Amico et al., 2011

Endrizzi et al.

CR

OC

US,

Bru

n e

t al

., 1

99

2

Alp

ine3

D, L

enh

ing e

t al

., 2

00

6

!8

Many models do the water budget

Many models do the energy budget

Many model do the snow budget

How many models do the whole stuff together ?

Obviously is also matter of the degree of

physical simplification (i.e. the equations) used.

To study the interactions all is modelled together

Endrizzi et al.

!9

Endrizzi et al.

Endrizzi et al.

see also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/GEOtop

http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/search/label/GEOtop

!10

Richards equation +

van Genuchten parameterization +

Mualem derived conductivityEner

gy

bu

dget

(wit

h s

om

e as

sum

pti

on

s)

Flux-gradient relationship

(Monin - Obukov)

Diffusive approximation to shallow

water equation

Double layer vegetation

Rad

iati

on

Snow

met

amorp

his

m

Equations

Endrizzi et al.

!11

Se :=�w � �r

⇥s � �rC(⇥) :=

⇤�w()⇤⇥

Se = [1 + (��⇥)m)]�n

~Jv = K(✓w)~r h

K(�w) = Ks

⇧Se

⇤�1� (1� Se)1/m

⇥m⌅2

<latexit sha1_base64="tYHCApFiY8slQcKMwQxwGacE74A=">AAAA+3icSyrIySwuMTC4ycjEzMLKxs7BycXNw8XFy8cvEFacX1qUnBqanJ+TXxSRlFicmpOZlxpaklmSkxpRUJSamJuUkxqelO0Mkg8vSy0qzszPCympLEiNzU1Mz8tMy0xOLAEKBcQLKBvoGYCBAibDEMpQZoACoHJDdElMRqiRnpmeQSBCG4e0koahuYNHQGhyStfknfsPQoQZGaHyggyo4BQAVIE48g==</latexit>






Equations

Endrizzi et al.

!12

The “ What Else ?” Principle

I said: “Why to use Richards’ equation … do they work at hillslope scale ?”

M.P. said: “What else do you want to use (Topmodel) ? ”

I went home, and after comparing the alternatives, I decided to use Richards equations ?*

The same story applies more or less to the other processes.

* See also Cordano and Rigon, 2008, to see that alternatives are indeed often simplifications of RE. See also http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/06/ezio-todini-70th-symposium-my-talk.html

Guidelines

Endrizzi et al.

http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2013/06/ezio-todini-70th-symposium-my-talk.html

!13

The Occam’s Rasor ?

“Lex parsimoniae"

It states that among competing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected

We all either try to formulate laws at one scale by guessing them, using the available knowledge, or try to deduce them by a mix of algebraic treatment of the basic laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation, and educated simplifications.

Guidelines

Endrizzi et al.

!14

https://code.google.com/p/geotop/

Is it feasible ? Is it usable ?

Does it works ?

We did it !

Endrizzi et al.

Is there ! It is Open source

https://code.google.com/p/geotop/

!15

It is useful ?

e.g Beven, 2000, 2001 (for instance … but also many of my closest friends) criticized this approach of making models

Yes, it is!

Better wrong than “not even wrong”

R. Rigon

!16


applicationsof

High Resolution Joint Water and Energy Balance Modeling and Observation in a Prealpine Environment

by Hingerl, L., Kunstmann, H., Mauder, M., Wagner, S. and Rigon R., submitted to Journal of Hydrometeorology 2013

A mountain catchment

Endrizzi et al.


!17

Figure 2: The catchment of the Rott with the position of the discharge gauge in Raisting,

the TERENO-observatory “Fendt” and the climate stations used for the meteorologic

forcing in the model.

33

Root river in Germany - TERENO experiment

Endrizzi et al.

Zacharias et al., 2011 - http://teodoor.icg.kfa-juelich.de/

A mountain catchmentH

inger

l et

al., 2

01

3

Closing the hydrological budget after (Mauder et al., 2006)

http://teodoor.icg.kfa-juelich.de/

!18

05

1015

2025

30

Dis

char

ge [m

³/s]

Prec

ipita

tion

[mm

]

11.2009 01.2010 03.2010 11.201005.2010 07.2010 09.2010

4030

2010

0

measuredsimulated

Figure 5: Simulated and measured discharge at the gauge in Raisting for the hydrologic

year 2010.

05

1015

2025

30

Dis

char

ge [m

³/s]

Prec

ipita

tion

[mm

]

11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 11.201105.2011 07.2011 09.2011

4030

2010

0

measuredsimulated

Figure 6: Simulated and measured discharge at the gauge Raisting for the hydrologic year

2011.

36

Endrizzi et al.

A mountain catchmentH

inger

l et

al., 2

01

3

“Traditional approach” by calibrating discharges

!19

Endrizzi et al.

Energy fluxes - NO calibrationH

inger

l et

al., 2

01

3

!20

Soil

tem

pera

ture

[C°]

−10

010

2011.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011

simulated 6cmmeasured 6cm

Soil

tem

pera

ture

[C°]

−10

010

20

11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011


Soil

tem

pera

ture

[C°]

−10

010

20

11.2010 01.2011 03.2011 05.2011 07.2011 09.2011 11.2011


Fig. 9. Simulated soil temperatures for di↵erent depths compared to measurements fromthe TERENO prealpine observatory Fendt.

44

Temperature is among the prognostic variablesH

inger

l et

al., 2

01

3

Endrizzi et al.

!21

a)

c)

Fig. 13. Energy balance for the land-use types coniferous forest (a), pasture (b) and set-tlement (c) showing absolute monthly means of simulated energy fluxes and the longwaveand shortwave net radiation for the hydrologic year 2011. The upper panels of the plotshows incoming and outgoing radiation and fluxes above the canopy, the middle panels theabsorbed and emitted amount by the canopy, and the bottom panels the energy balance atthe soil surface.

48

Hin

ger

l et

al., 2

01

3

This is coniferous forest. But there is also pasture and settlements

Netto shortwave radiation

Netto longwave radiation

Sensible heat flux

Latent heat flux

Soil heat flux

Fig. 13. Energy balance for the land-use types coniferous forest (a), pasture (b) and set-tlement (c) showing absolute monthly means of simulated energy fluxes and the longwaveand shortwave net radiation for the hydrologic year 2011. The upper panels of the plotshows incoming and outgoing radiation and fluxes above the canopy, the middle panels theabsorbed and emitted amount by the canopy, and the bottom panels the energy balance atthe soil surface.

48

Endrizzi et al.

We close the budget

!22


applicationsof

Modeling the variability of snow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture along inner alpine elevation gradient

Small mountain catchment ecohydrology

X - 40 DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY

Figure 1. Study area is a side slope in the upper Vinschgau watershed in South Tyrol, Italy

D R A F T May 17, 2013, 9:20am D R A F T

Endrizzi et al.


Della Chiesa, S., Bertoldi, G., Niedrist, Obojes, .G., Albertson, J. D., Wohlfahrt,G.,

Tappeiner U.

!23

Well, it is not my merit

but the guys here added (off-line) a dynamic vegetation model and study alpine

grassland along a transect at varying elevation from 1000 m to 2000 m


Endrizzi et al.

There are effects of temperature and precipitation quantity and phase

varying with height, of variable snow cover, climate interannual variability

… There is irrigation.

DELLA CHIESA ET AL.: ELEVATION GRADIENT GRASSLAND DRY ALPINE VALLEY X - 43

Apr/11 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct050

100150200250300350400450

ET c

umul

ative

[mm

]

ET obsET mod

Figure 4. Observed and modeled time series a) and Cumulative b) ET at the B1500 station for

the period where EC tower data was available (from end April till October 2011). Notice missing

values were discarded. Dashed lines show cutting dates.


Del

la C

hie

sa e

t al

., 2

01

3

ET at 1500 m

!24


Endrizzi et al.

Del

la C

hie

sa e

t al

., 2

01

3


Figure 6. E↵ects of the two di↵erent years and elevation gradient on SWE a), cumulative ET

b) and SWC frequency distribution ✓ 5cm depth c). The black dashed line represents to water

limitation point. Notice that SWC results refer to the snow free period only.


Snow Water Equivalent at different elevations

What can we observe ?






!25


Endrizzi et al.

Del

la C

hie

sa e

t al

., 2

01

3

This reflects in different soil moisture distributions

different at different elevations and different years






This has influences on the ecosystems. Details in the paper

!26

Could have been used another model instead of GEOtop

Certainly we needed a model with all the hydrological components

simulated. A model where lateral subsurface and surface redistribution is

accurately described. A model were snow is modelled. A model were

temperature is an explicit prognostic variable… SO …

Endrizzi et al.

So far


!27

Richards equation +

van Genuchten parameterization +

Mualem derived conductivityEner

gy

bu

dget

(wit

h s

om

e as

sum

pti

on

s)

Flux-gradient relationship

(Monin - Obukov)

Diffusive approximation to shallow

water

Double layer vegetation

Rad

iati

on

Snow

met

amorp

his

m

Going to a conclusion: are the equations right ?

Endrizzi et al.

!28

Going to a conclusion: what happens at the interfaces

Vegetation-ABL

Surface Water-Groundwater

Snow

-AB

L in

tera

ctio

ns

Endrizzi et al.

!29

Some misconceptions about distributed modelling

“Distributed model are overparameterised”

“Model parameters cannot be identified”

“These models require too high computational time”

“They cannot be used for ungauged basins”

“Reality is simpler than that (and we learn just from simple models)”

see also http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/abs/469038a.html

To sum up our position

not completely wrong but not completely true.

eat the apple before talking!

Endrizzi et al.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7328/abs/469038a.html

!30

Looking at larger sites

Dall’Amico et al.

!31

And operationally

Snow height by Mountain-eering

Dall’Amico et al.

More details on the cryospheric processes

in session C44B 02 - On thursday

!32

Several options for going ahead

Making of GEOtop a library

Embedding in Object Modeling system vs. 3

Parallelizing it

Going ahead

Endrizzi et al.

Making easier its use

Data assimilation and real time

Develop the R and Java (uDig) interfaces

!33

Process-wise

Re-think the processes schemes

Going ahead

Endrizzi et al.

Change them, without loosing the old work

Test, Test, Test

Create a community

Actually it includes 4 core research groups: Quebec (was Zurich),

Trento (CUDAM and Mountain-eering), Bozen, KIT (Garmisch) and some group

!34

applicationsof

So can we go on ? Formetta et al. to be submitted to EM&S, 2013

Endrizzi et al.

Splitting GEOtop

<latexit sha1_base64="tYHCApFiY8slQcKMwQxwGacE74A=">AAAA+3icSyrIySwuMTC4ycjEzMLKxs7BycXNw8XFy8cvEFacX1qUnBqanJ+TXxSRlFicmpOZlxpaklmSkxpRUJSamJuUkxqelO0Mkg8vSy0qzszPCympLEiNzU1Mz8tMy0xOLAEKBcQLKBvoGYCBAibDEMpQZoACoHJDdElMRqiRnpmeQSBCG4e0koahuYNHQGhyStfknfsPQoQZGaHyggyo4BQAVIE48g==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="tYHCApFiY8slQcKMwQxwGacE74A=">AAAA+3icSyrIySwuMTC4ycjEzMLKxs7BycXNw8XFy8cvEFacX1qUnBqanJ+TXxSRlFicmpOZlxpaklmSkxpRUJSamJuUkxqelO0Mkg8vSy0qzszPCympLEiNzU1Mz8tMy0xOLAEKBcQLKBvoGYCBAibDEMpQZoACoHJDdElMRqiRnpmeQSBCG4e0koahuYNHQGhyStfknfsPQoQZGaHyggyo4BQAVIE48g==</latexit>

!35

Towards GEOtop 3.0

OMS v3 - David et al., 2013

Endrizzi et al.

and embedding it in OMSFo

rmet

ta e

t al

., 2

01

3

!36

Drake river soil moisture

Formetta et al. to be submitted to EM&S, 2013

Endrizzi et al.

and embedding it in OMSFo

rmet

ta e

t al

., 2

01

3

!37

Endrizzi et al.

and embedding it in OMS

Formetta et al., 2013

!38

Thank you

Ulr

ici, 2

00

0 ?

Riccardo Rigon

presentation available at about http://hydrology.blogspot.com

For giving information about hydrology and receiving news about positions,

conferences, session, subscribe to [email protected]

http://hydrology.blogspot.com

mailto:[email protected]

!39

Another Application

A lab case

Rigon et al.

Soil Moisture, Water Setention Curves, (Landslides,) and all that

!40

Thanks to Neaples Group: the IWL3 experiment

R. Greco1, L. Comegna1, E. Damiano1, A. Guida1,2, L. Olivares1, and L. Picarelli1

1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Design Edilizia e Ambiente, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy 2Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, via Maiorise, Capua (CE) 81043, Italy

GEOtop in the lab

Rigon et al.

!41

Tes t

nr.

Soi l Thickness (cm)

Slope Length (cm)

Initial porosity n0

Rainfal l intensity (mm/h)

Init ial mean suction (kPa)

Duration of test (min)

D3 10.0 100 0.75 55 17.5 36

D4 10.0 120 0.76 56 41.0 30

The inclination of the slope is 40°. !The test are carried out with constant and spatially homogeneous rainfall intensity.

Several devices (tensiometer, pore pressure transducer, TDR and laser

GEOtop in the lab

Rigon et al.

!42

. !!

first displacementfailure

first displacement

factor of safety here is 1.2

Suctions and pressures

-5 cm

-10 cm

Analysis of the data

Rigon et al.

!43

Water Content


Rigon et al.

!44

Water Content talks

Hydraulic conductivity was measured in the lab. The value given was around one order of magnitude less than the artificial rainfall

So we expect an Hortonian flux: saturation at the top and movement downward.

Which we do not have!


Rigon et al.

!45

So we expect an Hortonian flux: saturation at the top and movement downward.

red line is more ore less what we expect just after the beginning of irrigation in a Hortonian interpretation of infiltration


Rigon et al.

!46

What about the Darcy scale here ?

Questions

Rigon et al.

!47

Water Content talks

Is irrigation really stationary ? What happens after the 28th minute ? Lateral flow triggers ?


Rigon et al.

!48

Two hydraulic conductivities

One hypothesis we did is that, despite the homogeneity of the

preparation of the experiment, hydraulic conductivity (at

saturation) at the bottom is different from hydraulic conductivity at

the top of the mock-up.

Due to packing of particles ? Due to some unavoidable imperfection

in preparation ? Due to avoidable imperfection of the preparation ?

What else ?

Let’s go !

Rigon et al.

!49

Suction talks

Both suction and water content data were used to calibrate van Genuchten parameters. Also the hydraulic conductivity is among

Se :=�w � �r

⇥s � �r

Se = [1 + (��⇥)m)]�n

Also hydraulic conductivity at saturation is a calibration parameter

K(�w) = Ks

⇧Se

⇤�1� (1� Se)1/m

⇥m⌅2

Which parameters ?

Rigon et al.

!50

Calibrated Parameters

alfa n m0.052 1.805 0.445983

Ksat_layer superficiale (0-5cm) = 0.178 mm/s

Ksat_layer di fondo (5-10cm) = 0.117 mm/s

Which parameters ?

Endrizzi et al.

!51

Suctions

Rigon et al.

!52

Averaging does not get the right result

even if water contents are reproduced fairly well until the 21th minute

Water content

Rigon et al.

!53

Lesson Learned

The relation assumed between Soil Water Retention Curves and

hydraulic conductivity could not be correct :

!• does van Genuchten parameterisation needs to be substituted ?

• does Mualem theory really works ?

• Well, in some some the model does not work. However, in the

science perspective, certainly it does !

Who says that we do not learn from comps models ?

Rigon et al.

!54

Journal Papers

Bertoldi, G., Notarnicola, C., Leitinger, G., Endrizzi, S., Della Chiesa, S., Zebisch, M., & Tappeiner, U. (2010). Topographical and ecohydrological controls on land surface temperature in an Alpine catchment. Ecohydrology, 3(doi:10.1002/eco.129), 189–204. !Bertoldi, G., Rigon, R., & Over, T. M. (2006). Impact of Watershed Geomorphic Characteristics on the Energy and Water Budgets. Journal of Hydrometeorology,, 7, 389–403. !Bertoldi G.; Della Chiesa, S; Notarnicola, C.; Pasolli, L.; Niedrist, G; Tappeiner, U. (2013), Estimation of soil moisture patterns in mountain grasslands by means of SAR RADARSAT 2 images and hydrological modeling, submitted to Journal of Hydrology

Dall’Amico, M.; Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S; and Rigon, R. (2011), An energy-conserving model of freezing variably-saturated soil, The Cryosphere.

Della Chiesa, S.; Bertoldi, G.; Niedrist, Obojes, N.G.; Albertson, J. D.;

Wohlfahrt,G.; Tappeiner (2013), Modeling the variability of snow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture along inner alpine elevation gradient , submitted to Ecohydrology.

!!

The Bibliography

Rigon et al.

!55

Journal Papers

Endrizzi S. and Marsh P. Observations and modeling of turbulent fluxes during melt at the shrub-tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations, (2010) Hydrology Research

Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Investigating the effects of lateral water flow on spatial patterns of ground temperature, depth of thaw and ice content, Peer reviewed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Permafrost, 25–29 June 2012, Salekhard, Russia, 91–96, 2012

Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Dall’Amico M., Rigon R., GEOtop 2.0.: Simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects, Geosci. Model Dev., 2013 (submitted)

Fiddes J., Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Large area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global datasets: a permafrost test case, (2013), The Cryosphere (submitted)

Formetta, G., Rigon R., David, O., Green, T. R., Capparelli, G. (2013), Integration of a spatial hydrological model (GEOtop) into the Object Modeling System (OMS), To be submitted to EM&S !!

The Bibliography

Rigon et al.

!56

Journal Papers

Gubler S., Endrizzi S., Gruber S., Purves R. S., Sensitivity and uncertainty of modeled ground temperatures and related variables in mountain environments, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1319–1336, 2013.

!Gebremichael, M., Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., & Over, T. M. (2009). On the scaling characteristics of observed and simulated spatial soil moisture fields, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 16, 141–150.

!Hingerl L., Kunstmann H., Mauder M., Wagner S., Rigon R. (2013), High Resolution Joint Water and Energy Balance Modeling and Observation in a Prealpine Environment, 2013, submitted to Journal of Hydrometeorology.

!Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., & Over, T. M. (2006). GEOtop: A Distributed Hydrological Model with Coupled Water and Energy Budgets. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7, 371–388. !!

The Bibliography

Rigon et al.

!57

Journal Papers

Simoni, S., Zanotti, F., Bertoldi, G., & Rigon, R. (2007). Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS. Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.10.

!Zanotti, F., Endrizzi, S., Bertoldi, G., & Rigon, R. (2004). The GEOtop snow module. Hydrol. Proc., 18, 3667–3679. DOI:10.1002/hyp.5794. !!!!

The Bibliography

Rigon et al.

!58

A fool with a tool is still a

fool

Epilogue

Rigon et al.

GEOtop 2.0

Education

Transcript of GEOtop 2.0