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04/08/23 1
Geothermal Energy?
Heat from within the earth.
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Tectonic Plate Movements
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
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Global Geothermal Sites
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg
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Earth
l
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GeothermalGeothermal
Greek word
Geo = earth Therme = heat
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Resources of Geothermal Energy
Hydro-thermal Petro-thermal Geopressure
Magma ResourcesVal canoes
Dry-steam Wet-steamHot-Water Fields
Hot dry rocksPorous rocks
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Advantages of Geothermal
http://www.earthsci.org/mineral/energy/geother/geother.htm
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Power –Plant System
There are three designs for geothermal power plants, all of which pull hot water and steam from the ground, use it, and then return it as warm water to prolong the life of the heat source
Dry steam Power Plant Flash Steam Power Plant Binary Cycle Power Plant
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Dry Steam Plant
. In the simplest design, the steam goes directly through the turbine, then into a condenser where the steam is condensed into water.
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Dry Steam Schematic
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
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Flash Steam Power Plant
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/geo/geo.asp
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Flashed System
In a second approach, very hot water is depressurized or "flashed" into steam which can then be used to drive the turbine.
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Single Flash Steam Schematic
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
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Binary System
In the third approach, called a binary system, the hot water is passed through a heat exchanger, where it heats a second liquid—such as isobutane—in a closed loop. The isobutane boils at a lower temperature than water, so it is more easily converted into steam to run the turbine.
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Geysers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser
Clepsydra Geyser in Yellowstone
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Hot Springs
Hot springs in Steamboat Springs area.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/geothermal/geothermal.html
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FumarolesClay Diablo Fumarole (CA) White Island Fumarole
New Zealand
http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_white_island_fumerole.htmlhttp://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/cdf_main.htm
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Methods of Heat Extraction
http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html
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Binary Cycle Schematic
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
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Hot Dry Rock Technology
Wells drilled 3-6 km into crust– Hot crystalline rock formations
Water pumped into formations Water flows through natural fissures picking
up heat Hot water/steam returns to surface Steam used to generate power
http://www.ees4.lanl.gov/hdr/
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Hot Dry Rock Technology
Fenton Hill plant http://www.ees4.lanl.gov/hdr/
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Technology vs. TemperatureReservoirTemperature
ReservoirFluid
CommonUse
Technologycommonly chosen
High Temperature >220oC
(>430oF).
Water orSteam
Power Generation
Direct Use
Flash Steam Combined (Flash
and Binary) Cycle Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers Heat Pumps
IntermediateTemperature
100-220oC(212 - 390oF).
Water Power Generation Direct Use Binary Cycle
Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers Heat Pumps
Low Temperature 50-150oC
(120-300oF).
Water Direct Use Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/technology.htm
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Geothermal Performance
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004
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Environmental Impacts
Land– Vegetation loss – Soil erosion – Landslides
Air– Slight air heating– Local fogging
Ground– Reservoir cooling– Seismicity (tremors)
Water – Watershed impact– Damming streams– Hydrothermal eruptions – Lower water table– Subsidence
Noise
Benign overall
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/assessment.htm
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Cost Factors
Temperature and depth of resource Type of resource (steam, liquid, mix) Available volume of resource Chemistry of resource Permeability of rock formations Size and technology of plant Infrastructure (roads, transmission lines)
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/cost_factor.htm
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Costs of Geothermal Energy
Costs highly variable by site– Dependent on many cost factors
High exploration costs High initial capital, low operating costs
– Fuel is “free” Significant exploration & operating risk
– Adds to overall capital costs– “Risk premium”
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/
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Costs of Geothermal Energy
Costs highly variable by site– Dependent on many cost factors
High exploration costs High initial capital, low operating costs
– Fuel is “free”
Significant exploration & operating risk– Adds to overall capital costs
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/
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Geothermal Development
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/assessment.htm
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Cost of Water & Steam
Cost (US $/ tonne
of steam)
Cost (US ¢/tonne
of hot water)
High temperature (>150oC)
3.5-6.0
Medium Temperature (100-150oC)
3.0-4.5 20-40
Low Temperature (<100oC)
10-20
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/assessment.htm
Table Geothermal Steam and Hot Water Supply Cost where drilling is required
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Cost of Geothermal PowerUnit Cost(US ¢/kWh) High Quality
Resource
Unit Cost (US ¢/kWh)
MediumQuality
Resource
Unit Cost (US ¢/kWh)
Low QualityResource
Small plants(<5 MW)
5.0-7.0 5.5-8.5 6.0-10.5
MediumPlants
(5-30 MW)
4.0-6.0 4.5-7 Normally not suitable
Large Plants (>30 MW)
2.5-5.0 4.0-6.0 Normally not suitable
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/assessment.htm
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Geothermal Prospects
Environmentally very attractive Attractive energy source in right locations Likely to remain an adjunct to other larger
energy sources– Part of a portfolio of energy technologies
Exploration risks and up-front capital costs remain a barrier
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Application
Generation of electric power Industrial Process heat Food processing Space heating for building Bathing facilities
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Environmental Effects
Air pollution
emission of poisonous gases such as H2S,AMMONIA,METHANE,CARBON DIOXIDE etc.
Noise Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Land subsidence caused by fluid withdrawal
Dense fog on local atmosphere.
Radio-active material escaping
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Thank You!!!