GEOSYNTHETICS IN DAMS€¦ · GEOSYNTHETICS IN DAMS Dr. G. Venkatappa Rao Department of Civil...
Transcript of GEOSYNTHETICS IN DAMS€¦ · GEOSYNTHETICS IN DAMS Dr. G. Venkatappa Rao Department of Civil...
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GEOSYNTHETICS IN DAMS
Dr. G. Venkatappa Rao
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Geosynthetics
Modern civil engineering construction
materials
Modify/Improve soil/geologic material
behaviour
Developed/Synthesized for specific
function or application in construction
More than 1billion sq m annual use
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Geosynthetics –The wide variety
Geotextiles –Woven, non-woven Filter
fabrics
Geogrids
Geomembranes
Geocomposites
Geonets, Geofibres,mesh mattings,
Geopipes
Woven geotextile
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Non-woven Geotextile
Geogrid Manufacture
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Uniaxial Geogrid
Uniaxial Geogrid
Geogrid Biaxial
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Geonet
Geonet
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Geocomposites
Geosynthetics – composition
Polypropylene
H D P E
Polyester
PVC
Synthetic Rubber
Natural fibres – Jute, coir
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COIR GEOTEXTILES
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Geosynthetics – the functions
Separation
Drainage
Filteration
Reinforcement
Moisture barrier
Cushion
Separation function
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Drainage function
Filtration function
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Reinforcement function
REINFORCEMENT FUNCTION
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Slope Failure
Reinforced Slopes
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Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Geosynthetic Basal Mattress
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Geomembrane Seepage Barrier
Possible Applications Of Geotextiles As
Filters In Fill Dams.
Filter location Purpose of filter
a. Downstream slope protection Control of erosion by rainfall
b. Downstream surface drains. Removal of surface seepage.
c. Upstream slope protection. Control of erosion by wave
action and by outward flow
during drawdown.
d. Temporary internal drainage. Dissipation of excess pore
pressure during construction of
wet fills.
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Possible Applications Of Geotextiles As
Filters In Fill Dams (contd.)
e. Upstream internal fill boundary e.g.
upstream core boundary or foundation
contact.
Prevention of
unacceptable
migration of fines in
upstream direction
f. Downstream interface-no-continuous
flow from reservoir e.g. beneath weight
block.
Prevention of
unacceptable
migration of fines
g. Downstream internal interface-
continuous flow from reservoir, e.g.
down-stream core boundary or
foundation interface near core.
Prevention of internal
erosion, including
effects of
concentrated flow in
cracks etc.
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Use of Geomembranes
In Fill Dams
Enhanced watertightness in concrete
dams
In Rehabilitation of concrete and masonry
dams
Protective layers
Cushion
Anchorage
ICOLD – Geotextiles & Geomembranes
in Dams
1. Geomembrane
2. Geomembrane
underdrain
3. Chimney Drain
4. Finger Drain
outlet
5. Protecting &
weighing
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CASE HISTORIES
Information Sources: CBIP – ICOLD, Geosynthetics in Dam Engineering (Eds.
Varma, C. V. J.; Rao, A. R. G.;Venkatappa Rao, G. ), 1995
CBIP – Use of Geosynthetics in India – Experiences and Potential, A State of Art Report (Eds. Venkatappa Rao, g.; Saxena, K. R. ) Pub. No. 209, 1989
ICOLD – Water-tight Geomembranes for Dams – State of Art, Bulletin No. 78, 1991
IGS - Geosynthetics Case Histories (Eds. Raymond, G. P.; Giroud, J. P. ) 1993
Venkatappa Rao, G. , Erosion Control with Geosynthetics, CBIP , 1995
Engineering with Geosythetics (Eds. Venkatappa Rao, G; Suryanarayana Raju, G. V. S.) Tata McGraw Hill, 1990
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GEOTEXTILE FILTERS UNDER
U/S RIP RAP
For improved erosion protection
First use of Geotextiles in an Earth Dam
(1970)
Valcros Dam, France, 135 m LONG, 17 m
HIGH, (SILTY SAND)
Valcros Dam, France
A B C
250 smm stone, 400 mm
thick
Geotextile 400
gsm
250mm stone, 400 mm
thick
6 - 40 mm gravel, 150 mm
thick
Geotextile 400
gsm
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Placing the Geotextile filter in
the upstream facing of Valcros
dam
Valcros Earth Dam in France
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Geotextile Antipiping Barrier
Tucurui Dam, Brazil
• Max. Height 103 m
• Foundation – Metabasic
• Tubular Cavities 2 - 200 mm
• Permeability – very high
• Causes High erosion
Foundation rocks with
high permeability
Geotextile Filter for Self-Healing
Diaphragm Semi Impermeable core – “ Dry trench “ soil cement diaphragm wall .
Use Geotextile as a self –healing element in case of leakage.
FORMITZ Dam, Germany (1974-78), 33 m high
3 layer non-woven Geotextile. 1100 gsm, 9 mm thick
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Geotextile for Filter & Erosion Control in
Dam “ Dry trench “ soil cement diaphragm wall .
Use Geotextile - in Self healing element (1100 gsm)
- as filter U/s( 600 gsm)
- as filter around relief well (900 gsm) and tow drain
SCHONSTADT DAM, GERMANY, 22 M HIGH (1986)
Geomembranes for Waterproofing
In Rockfill Dam
First Use in (1978)
OSPEDALE Dam, Corsica, France
20 m High
4.8 mm thick PVC with 400 gsm protective
geotextile
COST REDUCTION 30 %
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Codole Dam – U/s Geomembrane
Water Proofing for Rock-fill Dam
Bovilla Dam, Italy
Max. Height, 81 m
Crest Length, 140 m
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Bovilla Dam, Cross-Section
Bovilla Dam - Water Proofing
Systems
Geomembrane, 3 mm, PVC
Geotextiles, 700 gsm,
Polypropylene
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Geomembrane for Raising
Embankment
Pactola Dam, South Dakota (USBR)
Earth & Rock fill Dam 167 m high
Core – Earth
4.5 m Raise for increased PMF
Replace clay core & graded filter by 1mm HDPE
Geomembrane+ 400 gsm GT
Suits crest Highway geometry, tourist traffic
1 m$ SAVINGS
Rehabilitation Of Concrete & Masonry
Dams – Geomembrane Water
Proofing
Seepage Problems Th’ Dam body
Alternate 1-Reinforced Gunite,Steel plate
Alternate 2-Geomembrane –
Simple installation,
Rapid,
Low cost ,
Ease of future maintenance
contd.
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Rehabilitation of concrete & Masonry
Dams – Geomembrane Water proofing
(contd.)
Lago Nero Dam, Italy (1929 – 1934)
Concrete Gravity Dam – Height 40 m
Major Remedial Works 1979
PVC Membrane 1.93 mm
Support - Polyester Geotextile 200 gsm
Machanical fastening ny plates/anchor
ADOPTED FOR OTHER DAMS IN ITALY,FRANCE,PORTUGAL 1976 - 1991
Lago Nero Concrete Dam
Upstream Facing
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Lago Nero Concrete Dam
Lago Nero Concrete Dam
Upstream Facing After the
Rehabilitation Works.
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Geocomposite Sliding Layer for
Concrete Core Dam
To reduce wall friction.
& Resulting high compressive stresses due to
differential settlement between concrete core
and rockfill.
Bockhartsee Dam, Austria, world’s first large
Rockfill Dam with concrete core diaphragm wall.
239.5 m long, 31 m high
1.55 H: 1 V Upstream
1.5 H: 1 V Downstream
contd.
Geocomposite Sliding Layer for
Concrete Core Dam- Bockhartsee Dam,
Austria
600 mm thick
concrete wall
Contd.
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Geocomposite Sliding Layer for
Concrete Core Dam- Bockhartsee Dam, Austria -
Details
• Geotextile 700 gsm Polypropylene, needle punched
• 4 mm thick bitumen
• 60 gsm glass fleece
• 0.01 mm polypropylene separation foil
Rehabilitation with D/s Geotextile
Wrapped Drain 17 m high YANGDACHENG Dam, China (1980)
Homogenous Earth Dam – 2250 m long
Seepage observed on D/s slope,
Drainage ditch clogged
600 mm dia R. C. pipe with 2%
Open area.
Wrapped with Geotextiles
Savings 86%
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Rehabilitation with D/s Geotextile
Wrapped Drain - Details
Geocomposite Shaft Drain Replaces granular drain in homogeneous earth dams
10 m high La Parade Hill Dam, France- 1987
Polypropylene Nonwoven geotextile 170-500-170gsm
50 % cost of granular Drain
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Maraval Dam – France (1976)
Maraval Dam
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Davis Creek Dam : USA
Moochalabra Dam - Australia
1. Steel Mesh
2. Rockfill
3. Granular filter
4. Clay Core
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Geogrids for Crack Prevention in
Dam Cores
Transverse cracking may occur in core at
the top of the dam.
Canales Dam, Spain (1986)
Height = 158 m
Cracking may occur – 65 m length
5 m depth
Strain > 0.25%
contd.
Canales Dam, Spain
• Geogrids @ 150 mm, 6 m below crest, 8 m wide
• Expected crack opening < 10 mm
• Distance between cracks 6.5 m
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Geomembrane for Canal Extensive Seepage Loss in Desert Regions
Kirkuk, Iraq – 120 km long - Gypsum
100 mm concrete
300 gsm G T
2 mm GM
Fine gravel
Coarse gravel
Similar Indian experience at Indira Nehar, Rajasthan
CANAL BED SCOUR Geotextile
lined rip rap
Mitteland Canal, Germany
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Projects In India Using Geoextiles In
Earth Dams
1. Medha Creek Dam, Gujarat Filter layer slope
protection
2. Hiran Dam-II, Gujarat Filter layer
3. Ramman Hydroelectricity project,
West Bengal
Filter layer
4.
Dharoi Earth Dam, Gujarat U/s & d/s slope
Protection
5. Salal Hydroelectric project,
Jammu
Filter layer around
the relief well.
Also in Farakka canal Bed Protection
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Salal Project, Jammu
CONCLUSION
Geosynthetics are immensely useful in
concrete, earth and rock-fill dams.
• Better performance ensured
• May reduce costs
CAVEAT:
• Identify function clearly
• Specify unambiguously
GUARANTEE GREEN COVER
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THANK YOU
Main functions of
geosynthetics in Dams
Main
Typical
function
products
E+R
C+M
RCC
Dams
B
GM,GCM
NC,RB
RB
NC
D
GT,GN,GCD
NC,RB
RB
NC
P
GT,GN
NC,RB
RB
NC
F
GT
NC,RB
-
-
R
GT,GG,GCR
NC,RB
-
-
E
GT,GA,GL,BT,BA,BL
NC,RB
-
-
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Concepcion RCC Dam in
Honduras
Hans Strijdom Zoned rockfill
Dam
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Blue Ridge Parkway Dam - USA