GEOSYNTHETICS ENGINEERING: IN THEORY AND PRACTICE · ** Soil: grain size distribution, shear...
Transcript of GEOSYNTHETICS ENGINEERING: IN THEORY AND PRACTICE · ** Soil: grain size distribution, shear...
GEOSYNTHETICS ENGINEERING: IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
Prof. J. N. Mandal
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai , Mumbai 400076, India. Tel.022-25767328email: [email protected]
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Module - 2LECTURE - 7
AN OVERVIEW OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
RECAP of previous lecture…..
Introduction Geosynthetics scope and definitions
Categories of geosynthetics
Raw materials for production of geosynthetics
Composition of geosynthetics
Manufacturing of Geogrid
Different types of geosynthetics
FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Separation
Filtration
Drainage
Reinforcement
Protection (Cushion)
Barrier / containment
Erosion control
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
SEPARATION:
Geosynthetic can separate two layers of soil and therebyprevent intermixing.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
FILTRATION:
Geosynthetics can allow water to pass across the planewhile prevent or retain the soil particles.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
DRAINAGE:
Geosynthetics can allow water to pass along its plane.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
REINFORCEMENT:
Geosynthetics can reinforce the soil mass and improve thestability of structures in terms of strength and deformationswith respect to unreinforced soil.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
PROTECTION (CUSHION):
Geosynthetics can protect from abrasion and perforation. Asfor example, the geotextile can act as a cushion overgeomembrane and prevent or reduce any kind of damage tothe geomembrane layer during construction.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
BARRIER / CONTAINMENT/ WATER PROOFING:
Some geosynthetics can be used as relatively impermeablebarrier to prevent liquids or gases. It can also be used asnoise barrier.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
EROSION CONTROL:
Geosynthetics can be employed to prevent or reduceerosion of soil due to rainfall and surface water runoff.
EROSION CONTROLProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
GEOSYNTHETIC FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
Geosynthetic placed between ballasts and sub-grade soil in a rail road
SEPARATION
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Geosynthetic placed between aggregate and foundation soil in a paved road
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
FILTRATION
Geosynthetic placed between earth and gabion for filtration
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Geosynthetic placed between earth and rock in an earth rock-fill dam
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
DRAINAGE
Geosynthetic placed in an earth fill dam as a chimney drain
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Gravel wrapped with geotextile in a trench drainProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
A geotextile and a geomembrane are placed in tunnel lining system (Rock -shotcrete-geotextile-geomembrane and
concrete)Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
REINFORCEMENT
Reinforced soil steep slope with several layers of geogrids
A wrap around facing reinforced soil wallSegmental reinforced soil
retaining wallProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
PROTECTION
Geosynthetic containing sand, rock to protect against scouring
Geosynthetic placed around pile jacketing
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
BARRIER/ CONTAINMENT
Geosynthetic placed between an existing crack pavement and an asphalt overlay to minimize the reflection cracking
or delay the propagation of cracks
Geosynthetics (geomembrane or geosynthetic clay liners) canact as relatively impermeable barrier to impede flow of fluids orgases in landfills, waste containment, encapsulation of swellingsoils, asphalt pavement overlays and reflection cracking.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
EROSION CONTROLGeosynthetics blanket and mat can control erosion from theearth banks, slopes and silt fences. The mat may be made ofpolymer, jute, coir and wooden fibers.
Geosynthetic placed between subgrade earth bank and rip-
rap for rock protection
Geosynthetic placed at bottom of underwater excavation to
prevent erosionProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
SCREENWhen the flowing fluid (water, wind) carries particles insuspension, geosynthetic stops the fine particles and allowfluid to pass through. Although the accumulated particlesincrease fluid pressure, screen can withstand the pressure.
Silt fence can be placed to block the water current silt and/ or wind blow sand to stabilize dunes
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Vertical silt placed in water to prevent the suspended particles from polluting the downstream water
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
It can be used as daily cover on the working surface ofmunicipal solid waste landfills to protect it from birds,animals and winds.
Cylindrical shaped double layer geosynthetics called asgeotextile tube filled with hydraulic fill can be used forshoreline protection or to dewater the sludge for waterpurification.
Geosynthetics have several other applications:
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Reinforced soil walls and steep slopes: The primaryfunction is reinforcement and secondary function is drainage.
Embankments: The primary function is separation andsecondary functions are filtration, drainage and reinforcement.
Railroads: The primary functions are separation andfiltration.
Unpaved roads: The primary function is separation andsecondary functions are filtration, drainage and reinforcement.
Paved roads: The primary function is separation andsecondary functions are filtration, drainage and reinforcement.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Repaving: The primary function is water proofing andsecondary function is reinforcement.
Drainage: The primary function is filtration and secondaryfunctions are separation and drainage.
Hydraulic construction: The primary function is filtrationand secondary function is separation.
Sports fields: The primary function is separation andfiltration.
Tunnels: The primary functions are drainage and protection.
Geomembrane containment: The primary function isprotection and secondary functions are drainage andreinforcement.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
DESIGN OF GEOSYNTHETIC
Evaluate the geotechnical properties by soil exploration
Evaluate the properties of geosynthetic materials (i.e.physical, mechanical, hydraulic and environmental etc.)
Determination of geosynthetic functions such as separation,reinforcement, drainage, filtration, protection, containment anderosion control
Try trial design and compare with various alternativemethods
Analyze the proper models and evaluate their parametersProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Develop most safe and cost effective appropriate design.
Determine the exact required properties of geosyntheticsand their installation techniques.
Look at the availability of geosynthetics or modify thedesign if required.
Monitor the construction site.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Civil engineers have to face lot of challenges to get theengineering solutions for any project:
Maximum use of local materials and manpower to reducecost and time
Tight time schedules
Various site constraints like space, alignments, social andpolitical problems
Long term performance and higher cost benefit ratio over alarger period of time
Least maintenance cost, and
Least environmental impactProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Geosynthetics type and functions
Functions
Type of Geosynthetics
Separation Reinforcement Filtration Drainage Containment
Geotextile
Geogrid
Geonet
Geomembrane
Geosynthetic clay liner
Geopipe
Geofoam
Geocomposite
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications and functions of geotextile
XGeomembrane containments
XXTunnels
XRetaining walls
XVertical drains
XEmbankments
XXSports fields
XDrainage
XHydraulic
construction
XXRailroads
XRepairing
XUnpaved roads
ProtectionReinforcementDrainageFiltrationSeparationGeotextile functions/ Areas
of application
secondary functionX primary functionProf. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
ApplicationsGeosynthetic parameters
Unpaved roads
Rail road
Hydraulic construction
Drainage
Sports field
Embankment
Retaining wall
Tunnel Geomembrane
containment
Puncture resistance (N)
X X X X X X X
Tensile elongation (%)
X X X X X X X
Drop test X X X
Effective opening size (mm)
X X X X X X
Thickness (mm) X X X X X X X X X
Permeability in the plane, Kh (cm/sec)
X X X X X X
Permeability normal to the
plane, Kv (cm/sec)
X X X X X X X
Tear resistance (N) X
Tensile strength (kN/m)
X
Burst pressure resistance (kN/m2)
X
Design parameters and applications of Geosynthetics
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Geosynthetics
(g/ m2)
90 110 130 140 180 200 235 280 350 400 500 600 700
800
Road construction
Railroads x x
River bank protection
x x x x
Costal protection
x x
Drainage x x x x
Tunnel construction
x X x x x x x x
Geomembrane protection
x X x x
Retaining walls x X x
THE CORRECT CHOICE OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Generally, the amount of geosynthetics selected depends onthe applied load and soil conditions for various projects.
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
* Separation, Filtration, drainage reinforcement, protection, sealing
** Soil: grain size distribution, shear strength, permeability, water: Rate of flow, flow conditions
Stress: Static, dynamic
*** Mechanical: Puncture resistance Burst-strength, tear-resistance, tensile strength
Hydraulic: Kv = permeability,
Dw = effective opening width.
Design chart for geotextile
Project analysis
Use of geotextile
Determination of geotextile functions *
Determination of required safety factor
Determination of onsite parameters **
Calculation of minimum required values
Determination of actual geotextile minimum values ***
Calculation of actual safety factor
Comparison of safety factors factual, required
Yes/ No
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Please let us hear from you
Any question?
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Prof. J. N. Mandal
Department of civil engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai , Mumbai 400076, India. Tel.022-25767328email: [email protected]
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay