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Transcript of Geosynchronous orbit .
Computer network Wireless technologies
1 Communications satellites – Satellites communicate via microwave radio
waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are
stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km
(22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of
receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Types
1 Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the
purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites
typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Orbit types
1 The commonly used altitude classifications are Low Earth orbit
(LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth
orbit is any orbit below 2000 km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit
higher than that but still below the altitude for geosynchronous orbit at 35786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the altitude for
geosynchronous orbit.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Altitude classifications
1 Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude
from 2,000 km (1,200 mi) to just below geosynchronous orbit at
35,786 km (22,236 mi). Also known as an intermediate circular orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Altitude classifications
1 High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of
geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Eccentricity classifications
1 Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at
the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude
of a geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Synchronous classifications
1 Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Such a
satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite - Synchronous classifications
1 Geostationary orbit (GEO): A geosynchronous orbit with an
inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would
appear as a fixed point in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite Internet access - Geostationary unsuitable for low-latency applications
1 A geostationary orbit (or geostationary Earth orbit/GEO) is a
geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with
a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital
eccentricity of approximately zero (i.e
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite Internet access - Satellites launched
1 The EchoStar XVII satellite with JUPITER High-Throughput Technology, built by Space
Systems/Loral, was launched July 5, 2012 by Arianespace and was placed in its
permanent geosynchronous orbital slot of 107.1° West longitude. The satellite
services the HughesNet Gen4 satellite Internet service. Employing a multi-spot
beam, bent-pipe architecture, this Ka-band satellite has over 100 Gbit/s of throughput
capacity.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
GLONASS - CDMA signals
1 Additional satellites may use Molniya orbit, Tundra orbit, geosynchronous
orbit, or inclined orbit to offer increased regional availability,
similar to Japanese QZSS system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space tower
1 The concept of a structure reaching to geosynchronous orbit was first
conceived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who proposed a compression
structure, or "Tsiolkovsky tower".
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space elevator
1 A space elevator is a proposed type of space transportation system. Its main component is a ribbon-like cable (also called a tether)
anchored to the surface and extending into space above the level of geosynchronous
orbit. As the planet rotates, the centrifugal force at the upper end of the tether
counteracts gravity, and keeps the cable taut. Vehicles can then climb the tether and
reach orbit without the use of rocket propulsion.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Non-rocket spacelaunch - Hypersonic skyhook
1 Without the two end ballasts, a space elevator would still be in
geosynchronous orbit, and thus stationary relative to the ground
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space fountain
1 A space fountain is a proposed form of space elevator that does not require the structure to be in
geosynchronous orbit, and does not rely on tensile strength for support
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Latency (engineering) - Satellite transmission
1 The signal travels from the newsreader via communication
satellite situated in geosynchronous orbit to the reporter and then goes all the way back to geosynchronous
orbit and then to the studio, resulting in a journey of over one hundred
thousand kilometers
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space-based solar power - SERT
1 The program looked both at systems in sun-synchronous orbit and geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space-based solar power - Non-conventional launch methods
1 Some possible technologies include ground launch systems such as Star Tram, mass drivers or launch loops, which would launch using electrical power, or the geosynchronous orbit
space elevator
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space-based solar power - Timeline
1 1968: Dr. Peter Glaser introduces the concept of a "solar power satellite" system with square miles of solar collectors in high geosynchronous
orbit for collection and conversion of sun's energy into a microwave beam
to transmit usable energy to large receiving antennas (rectennas) on
Earth for distribution.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space Network - Satellite generations
1 Additional spare TDRSs may be in
geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevator - Cable material
1 If the material can support a free breaking length of only one tenth
this, the section needed at a geosynchronous orbit will be e10 (a factor of 22026) times the ground
section.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevator - Climbers
1 Another design constraint will be the ascending speed of the climber. As geosynchronous orbit is at 35,786
km (22,236 mi), assuming the climber can reach the speed of a very fast car or train of 300 km/h
(180 mph) it will take 5 days to climb to geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevator - Construction
1 Earlier designs imagined the balancing mass to be another cable
(with counterweight) extending upward, with the main spool
remaining at the original geosynchronous orbit level
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges
1 For early systems, transit times from the surface to the level of
geosynchronous orbit would be about five days. On these early systems, the time spent moving through the Van Allen radiation belts would be
enough that passengers would need to be protected from radiation by shielding, which adds mass to the climber and decreases payload.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Computer networking -
1 *Communications satellites– Satellites communicate via
microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's
atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in
geosynchronous orbit above the equator. These Earth-orbiting
systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite phone - Low Earth orbit
1 Since the satellites are not geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous, they must fly complete
orbits
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Network performance - Satellite telephony
1 A telecom satellite in geosynchronous orbit imposes a path length of at least 71000km between
transmitter and receiver.Roddy, 2001, 67 - 90 which means a
minimum delay between message request and message receipt, or
latency of 473 ms. This delay can be very noticeable and affects satellite
phone service regardless of available throughput capacity.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Orbital elevator - Climbers
1 Climber speed is constrained on the upper end by Coriolis force, power available and ensuring the climber's accelerating force does not break the cable. On the lower
end, speed is constrained by the need to move material up and down economically and expeditiously. At the speed of a very fast car or train of 300km/h (180mph) it
will take about five days to climb to geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Orbital elevator - Construction
1 Earlier designs imagined the balancing mass to be another cable
(with counterweight) extending upward, with the main spool
remaining at the original geosynchronous orbit level
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Orbital elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges
1 For early systems, transit times from the surface to the level of
geosynchronous orbit would be about five days. On these early systems, the time spent moving through the Van Allen radiation belts would be
enough that passengers would need to be protected from radiation by shielding, which adds mass to the climber and decreases payload.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Receiver (radio) - Types of radio receivers
1 *Satellite television receivers, used to receive television programming from communication satellites in
geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Unmanned space vehicle - Robotic spacecraft service vehicles
1 * MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle — an in-space propellant depot|refueling depot and service
spacecraft for communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
Launch planned for 2015.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Global commons - Outer space
1 In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of Congo|Congo,
Democratic Republic of Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in
Bogotá, Colombia to make the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries,
also known as the Bogotá Declaration, a claim to control the segment of the
geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not
internationally accepted.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Interstellar space - Legal status
1 In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the Congo|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in
Bogotá, Colombia. They made the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries,
also known as the Bogotá Declaration, where they made a claim to control the segment of
the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims
are not internationally accepted.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Solar thermal rocket - Solar-thermal design concepts
1 Even the lower specific impulse represents a significant increase over
that of conventional chemical rockets, however, an increase that
can provide substantial payload gains (45 percent for a Low Earth
orbit|LEO-to-Geosynchronous orbit|GEO mission) at the expense of
increased trip time (14 days compared to 10 hours).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ion thruster - Operational missions
1 Ion thrusters are routinely used for station-keeping on commercial and military communication satellites in
geosynchronous orbit, including satellites manufactured by Boeing
and by Hughes Aerospace. The pioneers in this field were the Soviet Union, who used SPT thrusters on a variety of satellites starting in the
early 1970s.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ion thruster - Operational missions
1 AEHF-2 used a chemical engine to raise perigee to 10150 miles and is then proceeding to geosynchronous
orbit using electric propulsion.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Solar power satellite - Timeline
1 *'1968': Dr. Peter Glaser introduces the concept of a solar power satellite
system with square miles of solar collectors in high geosynchronous
orbit for collection and conversion of sun's energy into a microwave beam
to transmit usable energy to large receiving antennas (rectennas) on
Earth for distribution.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Global navigation satellite systems - CDMA signals
1 The new satellites will be deployed into three additional planes, bringing the total to six planes from the current three, aided by System for Differential Correction and
Monitoring (SDCM) which is a GNSS augmentation|GNSS augmentation system based on a network of ground-based control stations and communication satellites
Luch 5A and Luch 5B.[http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/3-2.pdf
SDCM status and plans], Grigory Stupak, 7th ICG Meeting, November 2012 Additional satellites may use Molniya orbit, Tundra orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or inclined orbit to offer increased regional availability,
similar to Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Inclined orbit - Special case: geosynchronous inclined orbit
1 In the case of an inclined geosynchronous orbit, although the satellite remains geosynchronous
(that is, completing one orbit around the earth every 24 hours), it is no
longer geostationary
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Beidou navigation system - Description
1 BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the
older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new
system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5
geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-
1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous
orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Luch 5A
1 'Luch 5A' ( meaning ray and sometimes Romanisation of Russian|
transliterated as Loutch-5A) is a Russian Luch (satellite)|Luch relay
satellite which will transmit data from the Russian Orbital Segment of the
International Space Station, and from other satellites in low Earth orbit. It
will be in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit
1 The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an
observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit
returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one
sidereal day
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit
1 A special case of geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit, which is a circular geosynchronous orbit at
zero inclination (that is, directly above the equator)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics
1 All Earth geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or elliptical, have a semi-major axis of
.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics
1 In the special case of a geostationary orbit, the ground track of a satellite is a single point on the equator. In
the general case of a geosynchronous orbit with a non-zero
inclination or Eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity, the ground track is a more or less distorted figure-eight, returning to the same places once
per sidereal day.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1 Elliptic orbit|Elliptical geosynchronous orbits can be and are designed for
communications satellites in order to keep the satellite within view of its assigned
ground stations or receivers. A satellite in an elliptical geosynchronous orbit appears to oscillate in the sky from the viewpoint of
a ground station, tracing an analemma (figure 8) in the sky. Satellites in highly
elliptical orbits must be tracked by steerable ground stations.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1 The Infrared Space Observatory was in a highly-elliptical geosynchronous orbit with an orbital height of apogee 70,600km and perigee 1,000km. It
was controlled by two ground stations.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1 An active geosynchronous orbit is a hypothetical orbit that could be maintained if forces other than
gravity were also used, such as a solar sail. Such a statite could be
geosynchronous in an orbit different (higher, lower, more or less elliptical, or some other path) from the conic section orbit dictated by the laws of
gravity.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1 A further form of geosynchronous orbit is proposed for the theoretical space elevator, in which one end of
the structure is tethered to the ground, maintaining a longer orbital period than by gravity alone if under
tension.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous orbit - History
1 The first communications satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit was
Syncom 2, launched in 1963. However, it was in an inclined orbit,
still requiring the use of moving antennas. The first communications
satellite placed in a geostationary orbit was Syncom 3. Geostationary
orbits have been in common use ever since, in particular for satellite
television.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation - Satellites
1 'GSAT-8' is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully
launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in
geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Fregat - Fregat-SB
1 Fregat-SB was launched for the first time on 20 January 2011, when it
lifted the Elektro-L weather satellite into geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Luch 5B
1 'Luch 5B' ( meaning ray and sometimes Romanisation of Russian|
transliterated as Loutch-5B) is a Russian Luch (satellite)|Luch relay
satellite which will transmit data from the Russian Orbital Segment of the
International Space Station, and from other satellites in low Earth orbit. It
will be in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Tundra orbit
1 A 'Tundra orbit' (Russian language|Russian: Тундра) is a type of Highly
Elliptical Orbit|highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a high
inclination (usually near 63.4°) and an orbital period of one solar day
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geostationary Earth Orbit
1 A geostationary orbit is a particular type of
geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System - Description
1 Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will cross the equator at 55° East and two at
111.75° East
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
VSAT
1 VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in
mesh networking|mesh topology) or master earth station hubs (in star
topology).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Colonization of Phobos - Energy
1 Therefore, other than proposed demonstration projects for power
delivered to Earth, the first priority for SPS electricity is likely to be
locations in space, such as communications satellites, fuel
depots or orbital tugboat boosters transferring cargo and passengers between Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) and
other orbits such as Geosynchronous orbit (GEO), lunar orbit or Highly-
Eccentric Earth Orbit (HEEO).Mining the Sky
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Launch loop - Capacity and capabilities
1 To access circular orbits using a launch loop a relatively small 'kick motor' would need to be launched with the payload which would
fire at apogee and would circularise the orbit. For geosynchronous orbit|GEO
insertion this would need to provide a delta-v of about 1.6km/s, for Low Earth orbit|LEO to circularise at 500km would require a delta-v of just 120m/s. Conventional rockets require delta-vs of roughly 10 and 14km/s to reach
LEO and GEO respectively.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Commercialization of space - History
1 On April 6, 1965, the Hughes Aircraft Company placed the Intelsat I
communications satellite geosynchronous orbit over the
Atlantic Ocean
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Lunar space elevator - History
1 The idea of space elevators has been around since 1960 when Yuri Artsutanov wrote a Sunday
supplement to Pravda on how to build such a structure and the utility of geosynchronous orbit. His article
however, was not known in the West.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
ELDO - Launches
1 After F-10 was cancelled, it was decided that Woomera launch site was not suitable for
putting satellites into geosynchronous orbit. In 1966, it was decided to move to the
French site of Kourou in South America. F11 was fired from here in November 1971, but
the failure of the autopilot caused the vehicle to break up. The launch of F12 was
postponed whilst a project review was carried out, which led to the decision to
abandon the Europa design.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
European Data Relay System
1 The 'European Data Relay System' ('EDRS') system will be a constellation of
geosynchronous orbit|GEO satellites intended to relay information and data
between satellites / spacecraft and Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs and ground stations. The system will allow almost full-time communication even with satellites
in Low Earth orbit which often have a very reduced visibility from any ground station.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Guiana Space Centre - Facilities
1 Kourou is located approximately north of the equator, at a latitude of
5°10'. At this latitude, the Earth's rotation gives a velocity of
approximately when the launch trajectory heads eastward. The
proximity to the equator also makes maneuvering satellites for
geosynchronous orbits simpler and less costly.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Guiana Space Centre - Launch safety
1 The Guiana Space Centre (as per CNES) also holds the Îles du Salut, a former penal colony including the
infamous Devil's Island. Now a tourist site, the islands are under the
launching trajectory for geosynchronous orbit and have to be
evacuated during launches.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Spaceport - Spaceports beyond Earth
1 Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.[] The 2012
Space Studies Program of the International Space University studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from
Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for
Space (OASIS).http://www.oasisnext.com/, OASIS official website Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing
the Node 1 spaceport with space tug services in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to geosynchronous orbit by
as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Defense Research and Development Organization - Anti-satellite weapon
1 The defence ministry in 2010 had even drafted a 15-year Technology Perspective and Roadmap, which
held development of ASAT weapons for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both Low Earth orbit|
LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher
geosynchronous orbit as a thrust area in its long-term integrated
perspective plan under the management of DRDO.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps - The steps of the project
1 # AsgardBuild a space station in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Statite
1 Typically, a statite would use the solar sail to hover in a location that
would not otherwise be available as a stable geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - History of artificial satellites
1 Early satellites were constructed as one-off designs. With growth in
Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous (GEO)
communication satellite|satellite communication, multiple satellites began to be built on Comparison of
satellite buses|single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design
was the HS-333 GEO commsat, launched in 1972.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Types
1 *'Communications satellites' are satellites stationed in space for the
purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites
typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Orbit types
1 The commonly used altitude classifications are Low Earth orbit
(LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth
orbit is any orbit below 2000km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit
higher than that but still below the altitude for geosynchronous orbit at
35786km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the altitude for
geosynchronous orbit.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications
1 * 'Medium Earth orbit (MEO)': Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from to just below geosynchronous
orbit at . Also known as an intermediate circular orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications
1 * 'High Earth orbit (HEO)': Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Eccentricity classifications
1 ** 'Geosynchronous transfer orbit': An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit
(LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications
1 * 'Geosynchronous orbit (GSO)': Orbits with an altitude of
approximately . Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8)
in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications
1 ** 'Geostationary orbit (GEO)': A geosynchronous orbit with an
inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would
appear as a fixed point in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevators in fiction - Novels and fairy tales
1 * The Gordon Mamon Casebook, five SF murder-mystery stories (Murder
On The Zenith Express, Single Handed, The Fall Guy, The Hunt For
Red Leicester, and A Night To Remember) by Simon Petrie, set on a
string of hotel modules ascending and descending a space elevator that connects Earth with a mega-hotel in
geosynchronous orbit.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
1 :'Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)' - Geocentric orbits with altitudes at
apogee ranging between and that of the geosynchronous orbit at .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
1 :'Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)' - Geocentric circular orbit with an
altitude of . The period of the orbit equals one sidereal day, coinciding
with the rotation period of the Earth. The speed is approximately .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
1 :'High Earth Orbit (HEO)' - Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee higher
than that of the geosynchronous orbit. A special case of high Earth orbit is the highly elliptical orbit,
where altitude at perigee is less than .[http://gcmd.nasa.gov/User/suppguide/platforms/orbit.html Definitions of geocentric orbits from the Goddard
Space Flight Center]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Eccentricity classifications
1 ::'Geosynchronous transfer orbit' - A geocentric-elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous
orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications
1 :'Geosynchronous orbit (GEO)' - Orbits with an altitude of
approximately . Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8)
in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications
1 :::'Geostationary orbit (GSO)': A geosynchronous orbit with an
inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would
appear as a fixed point in the sky.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Fengyun
1 'Fēngyún' (), abbreviated 'FY', are China's weather satellites. China
has launched polar orbit and geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellites since 1988. On January 11, 2007 China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1C) in a 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test|test of an
anti-satellite missile.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Fengyun
1 The satellites in the FY-1 series are polar-orbiting sun-synchronous orbits. The satellites in the FY-2
series are in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Iranian Space Agency - Orbital launches
1 Iran plans to send one-ton satellites into an orbit of 1,000 kilometers and
is setting up a new launch site|launch base for this purpose. Iran is
also planning to launch satellites into orbits of up to Geosynchronous orbit|
36,000 kilometers in 2016.http://presstv.com/detail/230008.htmlhttp://www.payvand.com/news
/12/feb/1110.htmlhttp://presstv.com/detail/225942.html
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Interplanetary spaceflight - Reasons for interplanetary travel
1 Other practical motivations for interplanetary travel are more speculative, because our current technologies are not
yet advanced enough to support test projects. But science fiction writers have a fairly good track record in predicting future
technologies — for example Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous
communications satellites (Arthur C. Clarke) and many aspects of computer technology
(Mack Reynolds).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space weather - Spacecraft anomalies
1 A recent study indicates that spacecraft charging is the
predominant space weather effect on spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space Elevator Games
1 A space elevator is a theoretical system using a super-strong ribbon going from the surface of the Earth to a point beyond geosynchronous
orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Xichang Satellite Launch Center - Future of the center
1 With the completion of the upgrade of Wenchang Satellite Launch Center
scheduled for 2013, all the Geosynchronous orbit|GEO missions will be transferred to this new space
center
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevator economics - Cost estimates for a space elevator
1 The gravitational potential energy of any object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), relative to the surface of the earth, is about 50 MJ (15
kWh) of energy per kilogram (see geosynchronous orbit for details). Using
wholesale electricity prices for 2008 to 2009, and the current 0.5% efficiency of power beaming, a space elevator would require United States Dollar|USD 220/kg just in
electrical costs. Dr. Edwards expects technical advances to increase the efficiency to 2%.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ariane 4 - Launches
1 The inaugural flight of Ariane 4 took place in 1988. Since then has
accomplished 116 flights with a success rate of more than 97%. The
final launch of Ariane 4 rocket occurred on 15 February 2003,
placing Intelsat 907 into geosynchronous orbit.Space and
Tech: [http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/flash2003/flash2003-009.shtml Last
Ariane 4 Successfully Launches Intelsat 907], February 15, 2003
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space Elevator Competitions
1 The center of gravity of the ribbon would be exactly in geosynchronous
orbit, so that the ribbon would always stay above the anchor point
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
SpaceX
1 Historic achievements by SpaceX, among others, include: the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket (Falcon 1) to reach orbit (28 September 2008); the first privately funded company to successfully launch (by Falcon 9), orbit and recover a spacecraft (Dragon) (9 December 2010); the first private company to send a
spacecraft (Dragon) to the International Space Station (25 May 2012); and the first private
company to send a satellite into geosynchronous orbit 2013 in spaceflight#December|
(3December2013).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Advanced Common Evolved Stage
1 ACES is intended to boost satellite payloads to geosynchronous orbit or,
in the case of an interplanetary space probe, to or near to escape
velocity
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Yuri Artsutanov
1 He suggested using the satellite as the base from which to construct the tower since a
geosynchronous satellite will remain over a fixed point on the
equator.[http://www.navworld.com/newsletters/issue5.htm The Navigator Quarterly News Letter
(September 2002)] By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from the geosynchronous
orbit to the surface of Earth while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of mass of the cable at the same height above the Earth
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Centaur (rocket stage)
1 'Centaur' is a rocket stage designed for use as the upper stage of space launch vehicles. Centaur boosts its satellite payload to geosynchronous
orbit or, in the case of an interplanetary space probe, to or
near to escape velocity. Centaur was the world's first high-energy upper
stage, burning liquid hydrogen (Liquid hydrogen|LH2) and liquid
oxygen (Liquid oxygen|LOX).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space debris - External removal
1 The Advanced Common Evolved Stage family of upper-stages is being explicitly designed to have the potential
for high leftover propellant margins so that derelict capture/deorbit might be accomplished, as well as with
propellant depot|in-space refuelling capability that could provide the high Delta-v|delta-V required to deorbit even heavy objects from geosynchronous
orbits.Frank Zegler and Bernard Kutter, [http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/publications/DepotBasedTransportationArchitecture2010.pdf Evolving to a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture], AIAA
SPACE 2010 Conference Exposition, 30 August-2 September 2010, AIAA 2010–8638.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation - United States: Satellite Platforms
1 US SIGINT satellites have included the CANYON series
Rhyolite/Aquacade series, succeeded by the Magnum
(satellite)|Vortex/Magnum/Orion and Mentor (satellite)|Mentor. Where the preceding satellites were in close to
geosynchronous orbit, JUMPSEAT/TRUMPET satellites were in
Moliyna orbits giving better polar coverage.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Maintenance philosophy - Automatic Corrective Action
1 This is not possible for geosynchronous orbit, where all
functions must be accomplished by one vehicle that performs all
functions must maintain stable position over one specific spot over
the earth surface. Satellites intended to operate in geosynchronous orbit must incorporate active recovery
that prevents total failure when one or more parts fail.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Surrey Satellite Technology - Platforms
1 :Low-cost communications, versatile, navigation and exploration platform. The SSTL-900 is designed for MEO, Geosynchronous orbit|GEO, High
Earth orbit|HEO and interplanetary orbits. Flight heritage achieved as
Europe’s first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Materials science in science fiction
1 *Extrapolation: In The Fountains of Paradise, Arthur C. Clarke wrote
about space elevators - basically long cables extending from the Earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit.
These require a material with enormous tensile strength and light
weight. Carbon nanotubes are strong enough in theory, so the idea is
plausible; while one cannot be built today, it violates no physical
principles.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Gerard O'Neill - Entrepreneurial efforts
1 Geostar launched GSTAR-2 into
geosynchronous orbit in 1986
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Steven J. Ostro - Notable asteroids observed by Ostro include
1 *99942 Apophis - a near-Earth asteroid that will pass within
geosynchronous orbit in 2029. astrometry|Radar astrometry from observations by Ostro's group have
been essential to predicting Apophis' trajectory.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Thuraya - Satellites
1 It is located in geosynchronous orbit at 44 deg-E longitude, inclined at 6.3 degrees
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Thuraya - Satellites
1 The launch vessels set out from port again on 2008-01-02, and launch
occurred successfully at 11:49 GMT on 2008-01-15. The Thuraya 3
satellite is technically the same as Thuraya 2, but located in
geosynchronous orbit at 98.5 deg-E longitude, inclined at 6.2 degrees.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates - History
1 * 2011 – announced funding partner and inaugural launch customer
(Intelsat) for the MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle, a
refueling depot and service spacecraft for communication
satellites in geosynchronous orbit—slated to be the first in-space propellant depot in spaceflight
history. Launch planned for 2015.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Propellant Depot
1 Intelsat has recently contracted for an Space Infrastructure Servicing|initial demonstration mission to
refuel several satellites in geosynchronous orbit, beginning in
2015.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Propellant Depot
1 A low earth orbit (LEO) depot's primary function would be to provide propellant to a transfer stage headed
to the moon, Mars, or possibly a geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Moons of Pluto - Formation and resonances
1 It may be that these orbits originated as forced resonances when Charon was tidally boosted into its current
geosynchronous orbit, and then released from resonance as Charon's
orbital eccentricity was tidally damped
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA - Potential uses
1 If an NRO telescope is used, the mission might move from the
planned L2 point orbiting the sun to geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Reaction control system
1 For stationkeeping, some spacecraft (particularly those in geosynchronous
orbit) use high-specific impulse engines such as arcjets, ion
thrusters, or Hall effect thrusters
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Mercury (satellite)
1 The satellites collect Signals intelligence|SIGINT from near-geosynchronous orbits
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Extraterrestrial real estate - Ownership of empty space
1 The 1976 Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the 'Bogotá Declaration', signed by several countries located
on the Earth's equator, attempted to assert sovereignty over those
portions of the geosynchronous orbit that continuously lie over the
signatory nation's territory
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite bus
1 They are commonly used for geosynchronous orbit|
geosynchronous satellites, particularly communications
satellites, but are also used in spacecraft which occupy lower orbits, occasionally including low Earth orbit
missions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Commsat - Television
1 As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of
relatively few signals of large Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth to many
receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite
types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast
satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geostationary transfer orbit
1 A 'geosynchronous transfer orbit' or 'geostationary transfer orbit' ('GTO') is a Hohmann transfer orbit used to
reach geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous or geostationary
orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geostationary transfer orbit
1 If only the Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity of the orbit is reduced to zero, the result is a geosynchronous
orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Eutelsat - Satellites
1 Eutelsat commercializes capacity on 37 satellites located in
geosynchronous orbit between 116 degrees West and 172 degrees East.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Kwajalein Atoll - 21st century
1 It could launch Falcon 9s into polar orbit|polar and geosynchronous orbit.
Due to a disagreement about building a new launch pad on
Omelek, between either the US military and or the RMI, Space X
moved their main facilities to the US and no longer uses the facilities in
the atoll.[http://spacex.com/falcon9.php
SpaceX Falcon 9]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous satellite
1 Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the Tundra
orbit|Tundra elliptical orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Asteroid M - History
1 They have all been positioned in a low geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Asteroid M - Third version
1 In X-Men, vol. 2 #1 (October 1991), it is stated that the asteroid is in geosynchronous orbit and 250
kilometers above the Earth. The asteroid also has selective inhibitor
fields that may keep mutants or superhumans from using their
powers. This version of the asteroid has medical and science facilities, an observation deck, sleeping quarters,
and a swimming pool.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Gravity-gradient stabilization
1 The technique was first successfully used in a near-geosynchronous orbit on the DODGE (satellite)|Department
of Defense Gravity Experiment (DODGE) satellite in July 1967.
[http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dodge.htm Gunter's Space Page:
DODGE]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Gravity-gradient stabilization
1 It was first used for low Earth orbit and tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in the
Applications Technology Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from 1966
until 1969.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite broadcasting - Early milestones
1 The world's first commercial communications satellite, called
Intelsat I and nicknamed Early Bird, was launched into geosynchronous
orbit on April 6, 1965
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
List of broadcast satellites
1 A number of weather satellites are also present in geosynchronous
orbitshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
ICO Global Communications - G1 satellite
1 It is currently in a nominal geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Very-small-aperture terminal
1 VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in
mesh networking|mesh topology) or master earth station hubs (in star
topology).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
IRNSS - Time-frame
1 Seven satellites with the prefix IRNSS-1 will constitute the space
segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites of the
IRNSS constellation, on 1 July 2013. IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 at 17:14 IST on board the
PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
IRNSS - Description
1 Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will cross the equator at 55°East and two at
111.75°East
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
IRNSS - IRNSS-1A
1 IRNSS-1A was the first navigational satellite in the Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System series of satellites to be placed in
geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Atlas-Centaur - Early development and testing
1 More than a year later, the second test took place in November 1963 a few days after President Kennedy's
assassination. The redesigned Centaur stage functioned without
any problems, reaching a low Earth orbit, firing its engine again, and
moving to a geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Defense Support Program - History
1 Further delays forced the launch back to November 11, 2007, when the satellite
launched at 01:50:00 GMT (20:50 EST on 10 November). This satellite died in space
sometime during 2008, for reasons unknown. It is now adrift in geosynchronous
orbit and remains a potential hazard to other craft. The Department Of Defense
sent a MiTEx spacecraft to inspect DSP 23 sometime in 2008.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
SkyTerra - History
1 AMSC initially provided Geosynchronous orbit|GEO based
satellite services based on its MSAT satellite.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Atlas II
1 It was designed to launch payloads into low earth orbit, geosynchronous
transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Atlas II - Features
1 The total thrust capability of the Atlas II of 490,000 pounds force
(2,200kN) enabled the booster to lift payloads of 6,100 pounds (2,767kg) into geosynchronous orbit of 22,000
miles (35,000km) or more
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Titan IV - General characteristics
1 **up to into a geosynchronous orbit when launched from Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla.;
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Interplanetary space - Legal status
1 In 1976, eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the Congo|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in
Bogotá, Colombia. They made the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries,
also known as the Bogotá Declaration, where they made a claim to control the segment of
the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims
are not internationally accepted.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
SM-65D Atlas
1 It was later developed as a launch vehicle to carry a payload to low
Earth orbit on its own, and later to geosynchronous orbit, to the Moon,
Venus, or Mars with the RM-81 Agena|Agena or Centaur (rocket
stage)|Centaur multistage rocket|upper stage.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Rocketplane Kistler - K-1 launch vehicle
1 Rocketplane Kistler's primary project was the K-1 launch vehicle, a
reusable launch system which was intended to get as high as
geosynchronous orbit, and was hoped to compete with relatively expensive, one-shot rockets for
servicing of the International Space Station.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Hughes Network Systems - HughesNet
1 Latency is a serious issue with any Geostationary orbit#Communications|
communication to satellites in geosynchronous orbit, since it takes
approximately a quarter second at the speed of light to travel from earth to the satellite and back. This compares poorly with conventional fiber optic land lines,
which typically take a thirtieth of a second or less to cross a continent.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Delta B
1 Syncom-1 was intended to be the first satellite to be placed into a
geosynchronous orbit, however the spacecraft malfunctioned prior to
reaching this orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Lockheed Martin Space Systems - History
1 In June 2014 the company was contracted by the United States Air Force on a fixed-price basis to build the fifth and sixth Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
(GEO) satellites, known as GEO-5 and GEO-6, for the Space Based Infrared
System at a cost of $1.86 billion
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Delta M
1 Of the thirteen launches, twelve carried geosynchronous orbit|
geosynchronous communications satellites
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits
1 One particular supersynchronous orbital regime of significant Value
(economics)|economic value to Earth commerce is a band of circular orbit|
near-circular Geocentric orbit|Geocentric orbits beyond the
Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous belt—with perigee
altitude above , approximately above synchronous orbit|
synchronous altitudehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits
1 An additional common use of supersynchronous orbits are for the launch and transfer orbit|transfer orbit trajectory of new commsats
intended for geosynchronous orbits.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
R-7 (rocket family) - History
1 Guiana will be used primarily for commercial launches to
geosynchronous orbit, taking advantage of the launch site's
proximity to the equator.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Atlas III - Launches
1 The maiden flight of the Atlas III occurred on May 24, 2000, launching the Eutelsat 36A|
Eutelsat W4 communications satellite into a geosynchronous orbit. All Atlas III launches were made from Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36|Space Launch Complex 36B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The Atlas III made its sixth and last flight on February
3, 2005, with a classified payload for the United States National Reconnaissance
Office.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
1 As the orbital period of a satellite increases, approaching the Earth rotation|rotational period of the Earth (in other words, as its average orbital speed slows towards the
rotational speed of the Earth), its sinusoidal ground track will become compressed
longitudinally, meaning that the nodes (the points at which it crosses the equator) will
become closer together, until at geosynchronous orbit they lie directly on top
of each other
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
1 A satellite whose orbital period is equal to the rotational period of the
Earth is said to be in a geosynchronous orbit. Its ground
track will have a figure eight shape over a fixed location on the Earth,
crossing the equator twice each day. It will track eastward when it is on
the part of its orbit closest to perigee, and westward when it is
closest to apogee.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
1 A special case of the geosynchronous orbit, the geostationary orbit, has an Orbital eccentricity|eccentrity of zero (meaning the orbit is circular), and an inclination of zero in the ECEF|
Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed Cartesian coordinate system|
coordinate system (meaning the orbital plane is not tilted relative to
the Earth's equator)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-49
1 The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve an Intelsat Intelsat VI|VI satellite (Intelsat 603, which failed to leave low earth orbit two years before), attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its
intended geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-49 - Mission highlights
1 The Intelsat 603 satellite, stranded in an unusable orbit since launch
aboard a Commercial Titan III rocket in March 1990, was captured by
crewmembers during an EVA (extra-vehicular activity) and equipped with
a new perigee kick motor. The satellite was subsequently released into orbit and the new motor fired to
put the spacecraft into a geosynchronous orbit for operational
use.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-32 - Mission summary
1 Syncom IV-F5 was deployed on the second flight day, and a third-stage Minuteman solid perigee kick motor propelled it into a geosynchronous
orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-51-I - Mission summary
1 All three achieved their planned geosynchronous orbits and became
operational.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-51-I - Mission summary
1 After a second EVA by Fisher and van Hoften, the satellite's control lever
was repaired, permitting commands from the ground to activate the
spacecraft's systems and eventually send it into its proper geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Greg Jarvis - Career
1 In 1976, the MARISAT F-3 was placed in
geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Subsynchronous orbit - Economic importance in commercial spaceflight
1 The Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous-belt
subsynchronous orbital regime is regularly used in spaceflight. This
orbit is typically used to house working communication satellites
that have not yet been deactivated, and may be still be used again in Geostationary orbit|geostationary
service if the need arises.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-43 - Mission Highlights
1 The primary payload, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-5 (TDRS-5 or TDRS-E), attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), was deployed
about six hours into flight, and the IUS propelled the satellite into
geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-43 - Mission Highlights
1 TDRS E, which became TDRS-5 on orbit, was successfully boosted to
geosynchronous orbit at more than 22,000 miles () above Earth by two firings of the Inertial Upper Stage
(IUS) booster, the last of which occurred approximately 12½ hours
into the mission. TDRS then deployed its antennas and solar panels, and separation from the IUS took place
less than 45 minutes later.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
STS-51-C - Mission summary
1 It is believed that the payload was an Magnum (satellite)|Magnum/ORION ELINT satellite into geosynchronous
orbit
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STS-38 - Classified payload
1 During STS-38, Atlantis deployed USA-67.[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/Master
Catalog?sc=1990-097B NASA Space Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990-097B USA-67] ELINT
Program According to Aviation Week, this was a secret Magnum (satellite)|Magnum ELINT (ELectronic INTtelligence) gathering satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit
like those launched by STS-51-C and STS-33, launched to monitor the events during the
first Gulf War in 1990
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
1 * Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km (1,240 miles) to just
below geosynchronous orbit at . Also known as an intermediate circular
orbit. These are most commonly at , or , with an orbital period of 12
hours.
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
1 * Both Geosynchronous orbit (GSO) and Geostationary orbit (GEO) are
orbits around Earth matching Earth's sidereal rotation period. All
geosynchronous and geostationary orbits have a semi-major axis of .
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
1 All geostationary orbits are also geosynchronous, but not all geosynchronous orbits are
geostationary. A geostationary orbit stays exactly above the equator,
whereas a geosynchronous orbit may swing north and south to cover more
of the Earth's surface. Both complete one full orbit of Earth per
sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the sun).
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
1 * High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits above the altitude of
geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,240 miles).
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List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications
1 * Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): An orbit around the Earth with a period equal to one sidereal day, which is Earth's average rotational period of
23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds
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List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications
1 ** Geostationary orbit (GEO): A circular geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite appears as a
fixed point in the sky. All geostationary orbits must be geosynchronous, but not all geosynchronous orbits are
geostationary.
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Jamesburg Earth Station
1 The 10-story high, dish, driven by a Vertex-RSI 7210 drive system, served for about 35 years as the West Coast Earth station#Telecommunications
port|Teleport of ATT/COMSAT's communications Satellite Network, and was the earth station serving
Intelsat satellites parked in geosynchronous orbit over the Pacific
Oceanhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
High Earth orbit
1 A 'high Earth orbit' is a geocentric orbit with an altitude
entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit ().
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Synchronous orbit - Nomenclature
1 The more general case, when the orbit is inclined to the Earth's
equator or is non-circular is called a geosynchronous orbit
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STS-33 - Mission summary
1 Experts believe that this was a secret Magnum (satellite)|Magnum ELINT (ELectronic INTtelligence) satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit,
similar to that launched by STS-51-C in 1985, making this mission
essentially a duplicate of that earlier mission
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Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
1 The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an
observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit
returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one
sidereal day
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Geosynchronous Earth Orbit - Orbital characteristics
1 Circular Earth geosynchronous orbits have a radius of . All Earth
geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or elliptical, have the same
semi-major axis.
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