Georgia’s Best Management Practices - Greenwood...

Georgia’s

BestManagementPractices

Georgia’s


For ForestryFor Forestry

Georgia’s


For Forestry

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The purpose of this manual is to inform landowners, foresters, timber buyers,loggers, site preparation and reforestation contractors, and others involved with silvicultural operations about commonsense, economical, and effective practices to minimize nonpoint source pollution (soil erosion and stream sedimentation) andthermal pollution. These minimum practices are called Best Management Practicesand are commonly referred to as BMPs. They were initially developed in 1981 by a Forestry Nonpoint Source Pollution Technical Task Force as required by the FederalWater Pollution Control Act. That act mandated states to develop a program toprotect and improve the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters so they remain “fishable” and “swimmable” for today’s and future generations.

Due to changes in technology and the rules and regulations governing landdisturbing activities, the forestry community and regulators encouraged a revisionof the BMPs. A task force was convened in 1997 to revise the original BMPs andcombine them with the 1989 wetland BMPs into one comprehensive document.This manual represents the collective best efforts to establish sound, responsible,guiding principles for silvicultural operations in the State of Georgia.

Note: Words in Italics are found in the glossary.

Legal justice scale denotes mandated law or requirement.

A “no” symbol indicates practices to avoid.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Georgia Environmental Protection Division, the Georgia Forestry

Commission, and the Georgia Forestry Association wish to express appreciationto those organizations and individuals that contributed to the development and review of this publication. These individuals are listed under Contributorsand Sources of Information (See page 64).

THE PUBLICATION OF THIS DOCUMENT WAS SUPPORTED BY THE GEORGIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISIONAND WAS FINANCED IN PART THROUGH A GRANT FROM THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY UNDER

THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 319(h) OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, AS AMENDED.

JANUARY 1999

ForewordGeorgia’s Best Management Practicesfor Forestry

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Section 1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Section 2.1 Streamside Management Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Section 2.2 Special Management Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings,Maintenance, and Retirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Section 4.0 Timber Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Section 5.0 Site Preparation and Reforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Section 6.0 Management and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Section 7.0 Additional Management Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Section 8.0 Appendix Containing Federal, State, and Local Laws . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Contributors and Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

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Table of Contents

Georgia’s 23.6 million acres of commercial forests provide a variety of benefits for the people of the state and region. In addition to forest products,forests provide clean water, clean air, soil conservation, wildlife habitat,

flora and fauna, and opportunities for recreation, aesthetics, education, and research.These forests are managed by landowners with varying objectives and their individ-ual management decisions may be designed to support a broad variety of specificfocused benefits related to the list above and others from Section 7.0, pg 44.Figure 1-A shows the percentage of land in the state. Figure 1-B indicates commer-cial ownership of that land.

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Section 1:Introduction

Figure 1-A. Georgia’s Land Use Figure 1-B. Georgia’s Commercial Forest Ownership

BMPs are the most appropriate or applicable forest practices or activities toattain a silvicultural goal while protecting the chemical, physical, and biologicalintegrity of the state’s waters. Therefore, this document emphasizes the protectionof water resources. Georgia has 44,056 miles of perennial streams (approximately4,000 miles of which are designated as mountain trout waters), 23,906 miles of intermittent streams and 603 miles of ditches and canals. The state also has 425,382acres of public lakes and reservoirs, 4.8 million acres of wetlands (9% tidally affect-ed), 854 square miles of estuaries and 100 miles of coastline.

Non-ForestedAcres35%

CommercialForest Land

64%

ReservedTimberland

1%

Industry25%

Private68%

Public7%

This document emphasizes the protection of waterresources when conducting forestry operations, through BMPs incontrolling or minimizing soil erosion and stream sedimentation.

By using proper forest management and sound conservationpractices and techniques, including BMPs, forests can continue to provide benefits for future generations. Failure to follow BMPsmay result in civil and criminal fines and penalties. Some countiesalready require plan reviews, permits, fees, performance bondsand compliance audits (See Section 8.0, pg 46). Therefore, it is in the best interest of everyone involved in silvicultural operations to properly planand supervise their operations by consistently following BMPs to prevent any potential water quality problems. Unanticipated problems should be corrected as soon as possible.

Since 1978, the Georgia Forestry Commission (GFC) has been designated bythe Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD) as the lead agency tocoordinate the forest water quality program. A statewide coordinator and districtcoordinators in each of the twelve GFC districts conduct their program. The program’s primary responsibilities include: educating the forestry community onBMPs through training and demonstrations; conducting BMP use and effectivenessmonitoring surveys; and investigating and mediating forestry water quality complaints.

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For more information about BMPs, contact the Georgia Forestry Commission, P.O. Box 819, Macon, Ga. 31202, 1-800-GA-TREES or visit our web site at

www.gfc.state.ga.us

“It is in the best interest of everyoneinvolved in silviculturaloperations to properlyplan and supervisetheir operations byconsistently following BMPs to prevent any potential water quality problems.”

Any forest management activity, regardless of potential impact on water quali-ty, should be thoroughly planned. Whether the activity involves landownersselling timber for the first time or seasoned timber buyers, the planning

process should consider the objectives of the proposed activity and potentialimpacts of all actions that disturb the soil surface or impact water quality. The plan-ning process should help identify sensitive areas and applicable BMPs to be usedduring timber sales, road construction, stream crossings, harvesting, site preparation,reforestation, and herbicide applications. The planning process should help identifyterms and conditions of a written contract for any forestry practice. While BMPs donot specifically require written plans, it is generally a sound practice to maintain writ-ten records of any forest management activity on the land.

Plans should consider:• history of the site including past land use;• sensitive areas such as perennial and intermittent streams, ephemeral areas, lakes,

ponds, wetlands, steep slopes, highly erosive or hydric soils, active gully systems, etc.;

• regulations and/or permitting requirements; and,• location, type, timing and logistics of each activity.

Useful resources for planning forest operations include United States GeologicSurvey (USGS) topographic maps, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)county soil survey maps with interpretations, aerial photographs, and tax maps.They can help locate tract boundaries and sensitive areas. Because no map is 100 percent accurate, they should be used as a reference to identify potentiallysensitive areas that must then be verified and plotted during field reconnaissanceto minimize impacts on them before silvicultural operations begin. Except for taxmaps, the GFC maintains these documents at all District Offices. The NRCS maintains soil and topographic maps at local field offices where field personnelcan assist in map and resource information interpretation.

Water quality protection begins with recognizing watercourses and water bodies.According to the federal Clean Water Act, “waters of the U.S.” include lakes, rivers,perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs or natural ponds. Georgia law (OCGA12-7-3.13) defines “waters of the state” to mean all rivers, streams, creeks, branches,lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells, and other bodies of surface

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Section 2:Planning for Water Quality

or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming part of the bound-aries of the state that are not entirely confined and retained completely upon theproperty of a single individual, partnership or corporation.

Identifying stream types (perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral) is important in pre-scribing the level of protection through the implementation of BMPs listed in thismanual. USGS topographic maps and NRCS county soil maps can be used as a ref-erence to identify stream types. Where available they should be cross-referencedand field verified (See Figure 2-A).

Stream TypesPerennial streams flow in a well-defined channel throughout most of the year

under normal climatic conditions. Some may dry up during drought periods or due toexcessive upstream uses. They are usually identified as solid blue lines on USGS topo-graphic maps and as either solid black or black lines separated by one dot on NRCSsoil maps. Aquatic organisms are normally present and easily found in these streams.

Intermittent streams flow in a well-defined channel during wet seasons of theyear but not for the entire year. They generally exhibit signs of water velocity suffi-cient to move soil material, litter and fine debris. They are usually identified as bluelines separated by three dots on USGS topographic maps and as black lines sepa-rated by two or more dots on NRCS soil maps. Aquatic organisms often are difficultto find or not present at all in these streams.

Ephemeral areas, commonly referred to as drains, draws, or dry washes, typically have no well-defined channels and flow only during and for short periodsfollowing precipitation. They typically flow into intermittent or perennial streams. Leaf,straw, and other forest litter is typically present in the ephemeral area. They are usually not identified on topographic maps or NRCS soil maps. Aquatic organismsare not present in these areas.

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Topo map showing no streams Soils map showing streams

Figure 2-A. Comparison of Topo Map and Soils Map of Same Tract

The landowner or manager may be familiar with a stream’s flow characteristicsand make the determination of stream type. In some cases there may be uncer-tainty. For example, ephemeral areas may be difficult to locate when they are notactively flowing. In such situations, consult a qualified professional.

Other Sensitive AreasSome water bodies and upland areas have particular characteristics or

regulatory requirements that require different management approaches. Theseinclude, but are not limited to mountain trout streams, protected river corridors, water supply reservoirs/watersheds, ditches, canals, sloughs, wetlands, braided streams, gulliedareas, and protected mountain tops. In such situations, consult a qualified professional.Forest health issues such as fire management, integrated pest management and diseasecontrol may also require a qualified professional to prescribe appropriate actions.Forest managers, landowners, foresters, timber buyers, loggers, site preparation, andreforestation contractors should clearly identify water bodies, sensitive areas andstreamside management zones (SMZs) in the field and then decide which BMPs apply,when and where to apply them to carefully design access roads, log decks, and streamcrossings. They should supervise these operations to make sure BMPs are followedwhere necessary so that water quality is not compromised.

Benefits of PlanningThe benefits of a well written plan and or written contract include: better com-

munications of expectations between the landowner and forestry professionals;maximum return from the harvest; potential long term benefits in terms of produc-tivity; better infrastructure; economic efficiency; minimal environmental impacts;compliance with Federal, State and local laws; and avoidance of fines or penalties.For information regarding sample contracts and management planning, contactthe GFC. Planning for the protection of water quality makes good sense.

2.1 STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES (SMZs)

Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) are buffer strips adjacent to perennial or intermittent streams or other bodies of water (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc.) thatshould be managed with special considerations to protect water quality. Trees and other vegetation in the SMZ provide shade that buffers water temperatures,

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Section 2:Planning forWater Quality

woody debris vital to the aquatic ecosystem, natural filtration ofsediment and other pollutants (nutrients and pesticides), and travelcorridors and habitat for wildlife. SMZs also provide some floodprotection by dissipating the velocity of moving water.

When planning and laying out harvest or treatment areas, SMZs should beidentified on maps or aerial photos and clearly designated in the field with paint orflagging. Identify local, state or federal regulations that may supersede or mandatethe use of BMPs, such as those for protected water-supply reservoirs/watersheds or pro-tected river corridors.

2.1.1 Perennial and Intermittent Stream SMZ Width RecommendationsThere is no uniform formula to determine the appropriate width of an SMZ.

In general, however, the steeper the slope and more erosive the soil, the widerthe SMZ. Slopes should be determined from a point 100 feet perpendicular tothe streambank. Therefore, SMZ widths may vary along a stream’s course and onopposite sides of the same stream. SMZs should be measured along the groundfrom the stream bank on each side of the stream and not from the centerline ofthe stream (See Figure 2-B and Table 2-A).

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21%-40% Slope (Moderate)

0%-20% Slope (Slight)

STREAM

41%+ Slope (Steep)

Slope Class Minimum Width (ft) of SMZ on Each SidePerennial (feet) Intermittent (feet) Trout (feet)

Slight (<20%) 40 20 100Moderate (21-40%) 70 35 100Steep (>40%) 100 50 100

Note:Words in

italics are found

in the glossary.

Figure 2-B. Diagram Showing How to Determine Slope

Table 2-A. SMZ Widths by Slope Class and Stream Type

STREAM 100'

23'

Note: % slope =

Example: 23' vertical over 100' horizontal distance equals 23% slope

rise in vertical feethorizontal run in feet

Remember that these are recommended minimum widths, and conditions suchas unstable or erosive soils or lack of ground cover may warrant a wider SMZ for ade-quate water quality protection. Also SMZs have a limited filtering capacity and arenot intended to correct problems created by poor upslope or adjacent practices.

2.1.1.1 BMPs for Perennial and Intermittent Stream SMZs (Does NOT include trout streams.Trout stream BMPs are discussed in Section 2.1.2)

Management activities may occur within an SMZ provided that the disturbanceto soil or ground cover is minimized. Water quality objectives should prevent move-ment of soil or other potential pollutants from within the SMZ into the watercourseand protect stream bank integrity. The BMPs associated with typical silviculturalactivities are listed below.• Identify any local, State, or Federal regulations that may supersede or mandate

the use of BMPs. • Determine and designate the appropriate SMZ widths on site prior to conducting

any timber sale or forest practice.• Along perennial streams, leave an average of 50 square feet of basal area per acre

evenly distributed throughout the zone or at least 50% canopy cover after a harvestto provide shade.

• Along intermittent streams, leave an average of 25 square feet of basal area per acreevenly distributed throughout the zone or at least 25% canopy cover after a harvestto provide shade.

• Minimize stream crossings (See Section 3.3, pg 18 and 4.3, pg 28).• Except at planned stream crossings, locate new access roads outside the SMZ. • Maintain existing roads within SMZs with adequate water control structures and

stabilization measures as needed (See Section 3.2, pg 15). If not possible, consider relocating road.

• Locate log decks, staging areas, and skid trails outside the SMZ, preferably on well-drained, stable soils.

• Where used, firebreaks should be installed parallel to streams and outside SMZs(See Section 5.5, pg 37).

• Minimize the intensity of a prescribed fire in the SMZ to maintain forest floorcover and protect the soil surface.

• Periodically inspect the SMZ, evaluate the effectiveness of the BMPs, andadjust practices when necessary.

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2.1.1.2 Practices to Avoid Within SMZs of Perennial and Intermittent Streams • Cutting stream bank trees.• Unnecessary access roads and main skid trails. • Log decks. • Portable sawmills. • Significant soil compaction and rutting by harvesting equipment. • Removal of ground cover or understory vegetation.• Felling trees into the streambed or leaving logging debris in the stream. • Servicing or refueling equipment. • Mechanical site preparation and site preparation burning. • Mechanical tree planting.• Broadcast application of pesticides or fertilizers. • Handling, mixing, or storing toxic or hazardous materials (fuels,

lubricants, solvents, pesticides, or fertilizers).

2.1.2 Trout Streams Trout require cool (less than 70˚F), high-quality water. They, and

the insects they eat, are extremely sensitive to sediment and thermal pollution(elevated water temperatures). Therefore, trout streams require additionalprotection. Waters designated as Primary Trout Streams support a self-sustaining population of rainbow, brown, or brook trout. Streams designated as Secondary Trout Streams are those where trout can survive, but there is no evidence of natural trout reproduction. See Section 8, pg 48-53, for acounty listing of trout streams or refer to GFC’s brochure, “Georgia’s Best ManagementPractices for Forestry: Trout Streams of Georgia.”

2.1.2.1 SMZ Width Recommendations and BMPs For Trout Streams• Establish 100 foot SMZs on both sides of designated streams and tributaries

according to the following options:Option A:A minimum 100 foot SMZ that includes a no-harvest zone within thefirst 25 feet of primary or secondary trout streams. Timber harvestswithin the remaining 75 feet of the SMZ should leave an average of 50square feet of basal area per acre or at least 50% canopy cover.Option B:Within the 100 foot SMZ, leave an average of 50 square feet of basalarea per acre evenly distributed throughout the zone to provideshade. Option B may be selected if a qualified professional is consulted.

• Follow all other BMPs for perennial and intermittent streams noting the 100 foot zone.

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Trout areextremely sensi-tive to sedimentand thermalpollution.

2.1.2.2 Practices to Avoid Within SMZ of Trout Streams• Any forest activity within 25 feet of the stream, unless using Option B above. • Mechanical site preparation and high intensity burns on ephemeral areas above

trout waters.

2.1.3 Ephemeral Areas Since ephemeral areas can direct stormflow into intermittent stream channels, care

should be taken to minimize disturbing the soil in these areas. Where ephemeralareas transition into well-defined intermittent or perennial streams, those areas shouldbe treated as an intermittent stream (See Section 2.1, pg 8).

2.2 SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREAS

2.2.1 Braided streams - Treat each channel individually, depending uponwhether the stream is perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral. These unique streamsrequire highly site-specific management planning and recommendations. In somecases, the potential for wind throw of trees left in the SMZ will dictate variances inthe removal of the canopy cover. Seek the assistance of a qualified professional.

2.2.2 Canals and Ditches - Minor drainage to temporarily lower the waterlevel on a wetland site during road construction, timber harvesting, and site prepa-ration is considered normal and exempt from Section 404 permitting if it does notresult in the immediate or gradual conversion of a wetland to an upland or otherland use. Minor drainage does not include the construction of a canal, dike or anyother structure which continuously drains or significantly modifies a wetland orother waterbody. If the ditches could potentially move sediment or other pollutantsoff site, provide appropriate water protection. Ditches should not empty directlyinto streams. Do not locate new drainage ditches in the SMZ.

2.2.3 Gullies - Many old gullies have healed and are not active as ephemeralareas. Care should be taken not to re-activate gullies. If the practice(s) lead to re-activation of flow, then the gullies must be treated as ephemeral areas.

2.2.4 Lakes, ponds, and other bodies of flowing water - Follow the BMPsrecommended for perennial streams if they could potentially move sediments or otherpollutants off site.

2.2.5 Protected Mountain Tops - Forestry activities on mountain tops above2,200 feet elevation with slopes greater than 25% including the reforestation require-

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ment shall comply with BMPs (See Section 8.2.3.4, pg 56 and Figure 8-C, pg 57).2.2.6 Protected River Corridors - Forestry activities within the 100 foot

buffers along those rivers at a point and below where the flow is 400 cubic feetper second (cfs) shall comply with BMPs (See Section 8.2.3.3, pg 55 and Figure 8-B, pg 56).

2.2.7 Seeps and springs - Treat as perennial streams if they flow all year long orintermittent otherwise.

2.2.8 Sinkhole - A geologic feature, typically found in Karst geology, thatmight provide a direct connection between land surface and groundwater. Treat asperennial streams.

2.2.9 Slough - (Sometimes referred to as an oxbow.) Treat as perennial or inter-mittent stream if they could potentially move sediment or other pollutants off site.

2.2.10 Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed (See Section 8.2.3.1 and Figures8-A, pg 54-55). • For governmentally owned impoundments or intakes occurring within a

100 square mile or larger watershed, forestry activities within a 150 foot bufferadjacent to all reservoirs and 100 foot buffer adjacent to all perennial streamswithin a seven-mile radius above intakes shall comply with BMPs.

• For governmentally owned impoundments or intakes within a watershed of lessthan 100 square miles, forestry activities within a 150 foot buffer adjacent to thereservoir, a 100 foot buffer adjacent to perennial streams within a seven-mileradius, and a 50 foot buffer adjacent to all perennial streams above the seven-mileradius shall comply with BMPs.

2.2.11 Wetlands - For regulatory purposes, wetlands are defined by the pres-ence or absence of specific plant communities, hydric soils and hydrologic condi-tions. Because of the generally wet soil conditions associated with forestedwetlands, these areas are sensitive to forestry activities. For instance, bottomlandhardwood sites, Carolina bays, cypress domes, other swamps, and some pinesavannas differ from upland forest types because their soils are wet most of theyear. They frequently are connected directly to a larger aquatic system, often haveoverbank flow from nearby stream flooding, and may accumulate sediments andnutrients from upstream erosion and runoff.

To properly manage forested wetlands: plan for regeneration; consider theareas beyond the actual harvest site; and remember that special harvestingtechniques may be necessary to protect water quality. Any stream channelsshould be identified and the appropriate SMZs established. The BMPs thatapply to any other forest type generally apply to forested wetlands. For moreinformation on harvesting and site-preparing wetlands, refer to Section 4.7, pg 31 and Section 5.2, pg 34.

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Access roads are an essential part of any forest management operation andprovide access for other activities on forestland. With proper planning,location, construction, and maintenance techniques, well-constructed

access roads allow for productive operations and cause minimal soil and water qual-ity impacts. However, poorly located, poorly constructed, or poorly maintainedaccess roads, especially at stream crossings, can result in sediment reaching streams;changing stream flow patterns, degrading fish and aquatic organism habitat, andadversely affecting aesthetics.

There are two types of access roads typically constructed in the state. In moun-tainous and hilly terrain, the broad-based dip road is commonly used. In the flat-woods and along major flood plains, the crown and ditch road is commonly used.

3.1 BMPS FOR ROAD LOCATION

• Identify Federal, State and local laws, regulations or ordinances that apply toroad purpose, construction, and maintenance prior to construction and operation. Include needed considerations and measures to meet requirements.

• Use soil surveys and topographic maps to identify soils, stream locations andother natural features (rocky areas, steep slopes, wet areas, etc.) on the proper-ty that might pose problems.

• Locate potential control points i.e. log decks and stream crossings on topographicmaps prior to designing access roads in the field.

• New permanent access roads should follow the contour of the land as much aspossible with grades ideally kept below 10%. An engineer’s divider can be usedto lay roads out with the desired grade on a topographic map. Grades can runup to 12% for short distances. If soil is highly erosive, reduce grades and installwater control structures.

• Temporary access roads should follow the contour of the land as much as possible.Grades can run up to 25% for short distances provided that water control struc-tures are properly installed.

• Except for planned stream crossings, locate new roads outside of SMZs. • Minimize stream crossings. Where crossings are necessary see Section 3.3,

pg 18.• Minimize the number, length, and width of access roads.• Locate new access roads on high ground, preferably on the sides of ridges, for

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Section 3:Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings,Maintenance, Retirement

proper surface drainage. • Locate new access roads on southern or western sides (aspect) of ridges if

possible to expose the roadbed to more sunlight.• Conduct site reconnaissance to verify road layout with potential soil

problems, stream locations, sensitive areas (See Section 7.4, pg 45), and watershed conditions.

• Evaluate the condition of existing roads and potential water quality impacts. If necessary, plan for improvements or replace with new routes.

3.2 BMPS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

• Construct access roads only wide enough (usually 12-16 feet) to safely handle equipment that will use the road.

• Schedule construction during favorable weather. • Maximize sunlight exposure along roadsides where surface drainage is a problem.• On permanent access roads with 3% or more grade, broad-based dips should be

installed at proper intervals (30˚angles across road surfaces), have reversegrades of 3%, and the bottom of the dips should be outsloped about 3%. If necessary, outfall of dips may need sediment barriers such as rock, hay bales,or silt fence installed (See Figure 3-A for a schematic of a broad-based dip roadand Table 3-A for recommended spacing of dips).

• On temporary access or spur roads that have little traffic at low speeds, rollingdips can be installed. They resemble “stretched out” water bars (See Figure 3-Band Table 3-A for spacing of rolling dips).

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Figure 3-A. Broad-based Dip Road

Note:Words in

italics are found

in the glossary.

SPACING: SEE TABLE 3-A

• On crown and ditched roads, install water turnouts at proper intervals (See Figure 3-C and Table 3-B). Turnouts should never tie directly into streams or waterbodies. If necessary, outfall of turnouts may need sediment barriers such asrock, hay bales, or silt fence installed.

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Section 3:Road Location, Construction,Stream Crossings, Maintenance,Retirement

Table 3-A. Recommended Spacing for Broad-basedDips in Permanent Access Roads andRolling Dips in Temporary Access Roads

Road Grade Distance Between (percent) Dips and Turnouts (feet)

3 235

4 200

5 180

6 165

7 155

8 150

9 145

10 140

12 135

Figure 3-B. Rolling Dip

Figure 3-C. Design and Installation of Turnouts

Road Grade Spacing (percent) (feet)

2 - 5 500-300

6 - 10 300-200

11 - 15 200-100

16-20 100

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciencesand Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University

Table 3-B.

Spacing of Turnouts

• Keep roads free from obstructions and logging debris. • Roadbeds on erosive soils should be stabilized with appropriate measures.• Stabilize exposed soil on shoulders of permanent or temporary access roads

located within SMZs, wetlands, or at stream crossings as soon as possible withany one or combination of the following: seed and mulch, silt fence, hay bales,excelsior blankets, or geotextiles.

1. See Section 6.4 for grassing recommendations.2. Type A (36 inch) or Type B (22 inch) silt fence can be used. Wooden

stakes should be fastened to the fence every 6 feet on the down slope side. The bottom edge of the fence should be installed in a 4 inch deep trench with the bottom two inches of the fence facing upslope in the trench (See Figure 3-D).

3. Hay bales should be placed on sides in 4 inch deep trenches and stakeddown (See Figure 3-E).

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Figure 3-D. Silt Fence Installation

Figure 3-E. Installation of Hay Bales

• For more information refer to Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commis-sion’s Field Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia, pg 79.

Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

3.2.1 Practices to Avoid During Road Construction• Except at planned stream crossings, road construction inside the SMZ.• Insloping of roads. Where unavoidable, use cross-drain culverts positioned under

the road at a 30˚ angle and spacing as in Table 3-B for proper inside roaddrainage. Place rip-rap at culvert outfall to prevent washing (See Figure 3-F).

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Figure 3-F. Cross-drain Culvert Design and Installation

• Using ditches on steep roads. Some ditches may have to be lined with rock to pre-vent gullying and sedimentation.

• Turnouts tied directly into perennial and intermittent streams or ephemeral areas.

3.3 STREAM CROSSINGS FOR ROADS

Stream crossings are often necessary for access to forestlands. From a water quality standpoint, stream crossings are the most critical aspect of theroad system. Failure of a stream crossing, due to improper planning or construc-tion, can result in erosion and introduction of sediment into a stream, which can possibly affect water quality. Therefore, stream crossings should be avoided, ifpossible, through pre-harvest planning.

Section 3:Road Location, Construction,Stream Crossings,Maintenance, Retirement

Source: Georgia Forestry Commission Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Departmentof Natural Resources

Where crossings are necessary, planning should address the type of road androad-use pattern, stream channel characteristics, stream flow levels, and theaquatic organisms in the stream. Minimizing impacts is critical. Permanent andtemporary stream crossings should be based on expected applicable storm flowreturn intervals and watershed acreage above the crossing (See Table 3-C, pg 22).

3.3.1 Clean Water Act Provisions and Requirements for Stream CrossingsThe Federal Clean Water Act, Section 404 (40 CFR Part 232.3), exempts

normal, established, ongoing silvicultural activities from the permitting processfor discharges of dredged or fill material in jurisdictional wetlands. However,fifteen (15) baseline provisions for forest road construction and maintenance in and across waters of the U.S. (lakes, rivers, perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs and natural ponds) are mandated to qualify for the forest road exemption:

1. Permanent roads, temporary access roads and skid trails (all for forestry) inwaters of the U.S. shall be held to the minimum feasible number, width and totallength consistent with the purpose of specific silvicultural operations, and localtopographic and climatic conditions;

2. All roads, temporary or permanent, shall be located sufficiently far fromstreams or other water bodies (except for portions of such roads that mustcross water bodies) to minimize discharges of dredged or fill material intowaters of the U.S.;

3. The road fill shall be bridged, culverted or otherwise designed to prevent therestriction of expected flood flows;

4. The fill shall be properly stabilized and maintained during and following construction to prevent erosion;

5. Discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. to construct a roadfill shall be made in a manner that minimizes the encroachment of trucks, tractors, bulldozers or other heavy equipment within waters of the U.S. (includ-ing adjacent wetlands) that lie outside the lateral boundaries of the fill itself;

6. In designing, constructing and maintaining roads, vegetative disturbances inthe waters of the U.S. shall be kept to a minimum;

7. The design, construction and maintenance of the road crossing shall not dis-rupt the migration or other movement of those species of aquatic life inhabit-ing the water body;

8. Borrow material shall be taken from upland sources wherever feasible;9. The discharges shall not take or jeopardize the continued existence of a

threatened or endangered species as defined under the Endangered SpeciesAct, or adversely modify or destroy the critical habitat of such species;

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10. Discharges into breeding and nesting areas for waterfowl, spawning areas, and wetlands shall be avoided if less harmful alternatives exist;

11. The discharge shall not be located in the proximity of a public water supplyintake;

12. The discharge shall not occur in areas of concentrated shellfish production;13. The discharge shall not occur in a component of the National Wild and Scenic

River System;14. The discharge of material shall consist of suitable material free from toxic

pollutants in toxic amounts; and,15. All temporary fills shall be removed in their entirety and the area restored to

its original elevation.

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Pole bridges canbe used for tem-porary crossingsunder certainconditions.

There are three types of stream crossings to consider in forest management operations: bridges, culverts, and fords.

Bridges, whether permanent or temporary, typically createthe least disruption to stream flow and have less effect on fish-eries than other stream-crossing methods. Pole bridges can beused for temporary crossings under certain conditions.

Culverts can be either temporary or permanent. Culvert siz-ing is critical to minimizing problems. Consider both the pur-pose of the crossing and the duration of use. Sizing mayincrease if the need is permanent.

Fords can be used for haul roads only where the streambedis firm, banks are low and stable and the stream is shallow.

3.3.2 General BMPs For Stream CrossingsIn addition to the fifteen CWA mandated provisions:

• Approaches to all permanent or temporary stream crossings should be made atgentle grades of slope (3% or less) wherever possible.

• Approaches should be made at right angles to stream flow where practical. • Approaches should have water control structures, such as water turnouts or broad-

based dips, on both sides of a crossing to prevent road runoff from entering the stream.

• Stabilize approaches, if necessary, with rock extending at least 50 feet fromboth sides of the stream bank during the operation.

• For temporary access roads, temporary bridges or spans are favored over culvertsor fords.

• Build wetlands fill roads outside the SMZ, except when crossing the channel.Cross-drainage structures (culverts, bridges, portable spans, etc.) may be neces-sary in the fill road to allow for surface water movement across the site.

• Stabilize exposed soil around permanent or temporary stream and wetlandscrossings with any one or a combination of the following: seed and mulch, haybales, rock, silt fence, geotextiles, and/or excelsior blankets (See Section 3.2, pg 15).

3.3.3 Specific BMPs For Bridges • With watersheds of 300 acres or more, use bridges to cross streams if other

alternatives are not suitable for containing storm flows.• Remove temporary bridges and stabilize approaches and stream banks when

operations are completed.

3.3.4 Specific BMPs For Fords • Use fords only for haul roads (not skid trails).• Locate fords where stream banks are low and the bottoms are relatively hard

and level.• Where necessary, establish a smooth, hard-surface, low water crossing.

For a permanent ford use gravel or rock filled Geoweb® or concrete pads. For temporary fords use dragline mats or logs to armor (protect) the stream bottom.

• Material should not significantly impound stream flow, impede fish passage orcause erosive currents. Remove temporary crossings from the channel when operations are completed.

3.3.5 Specific BMPs For Culverts • Where fords are not available or recommended, culverts can be used to cross

small streams (usually 300 acre or less watershed, depending on physiographicregion) including braided streams in broad flats (See map on inside back cover).

• When crossing streams with a watershed larger than 300 acres, consult a qualified professional.

• Size permanent culverts so that the cross-sectional area will accommodateexpected 25-year, 24-hour storm flows (See Table 3-C for recommended diameters).

• Size temporary culverts so that the cross sectional area will accommodate the 2-year, 24-hour storm flows (See Table 3-C for recommended diameters).

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22


• Under normal conditions, two alternative methods of culverting are acceptable:1. Smaller multiple culverts can be substituted to provide for the same

cross-sectional area of pipe required as shown in the above table.2. A combination of a smaller culvert(s) with rock surfaced road dips

constructed in the roadbed to handle the runaround flow from larger storm events (See Figure 3-G).

Drainage Lower Upper Mountains andArea Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge & Valley

(acres) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)

PERMANENT (Based on 25-year, 24-hour storm flows)

10 24 15 30 24

50 36 or (2-30") 18 48 or (2-36") 48

100 48 24 54 or (2-42") 60 or (2-48")

200 60 36 72 or (2-54") 72

300 2-48" 54 84 or (2-60") 78 or (2-60")

Drainage Lower Upper Mountains andArea Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge & Valley

(acres) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)

TEMPORARY (Based on 2-year, 24-hour storm flows)

10 15 15 18 15

50 18 15 30 24

100 24 18 36 30

200 30 24 42 or (2-30") 36

300 48 30 48 42

Table 3-C. Recommended Diameters for Permanent/Temporary Culverts

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• Culverts less than 15 inches in diameter are not recommended. • Multiple culverts should be spaced at a distance of at least one-half the

culvert’s diameter.• Place the culvert in a straight section of the stream and free of obstructions.• Place the bottom of the culvert at the same elevation as the bottom of the

stream (See Figure 3-H, for proper culvert installation).

Figure 3-G. Combination of Smaller Culvert and Rock Surfaced Road Dip

Rip-rap

Geotextile filter fabric

Cover with at least 1/3the culvert’ s diameter

Culvert installed as perspecific BMPs for culvertsSpillway to handle run-round flow

from large storm events

Source: Bureau of Forestry Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources

Figure 3-H. Stream Culvert Installation with Specifics of Slope, Placement, Fill, etc.

At least 15 inches of coveror one-third of diameter forlarger culverts

Tamp backfill materialat regular intervals

Base and sidewall fill material should be compacted

Level of natural streambed

Existing ground

Culvert

Rock-free culvert bed(gravel or soil)

• Place fill dirt around the lower half of the culvert and pack during installation.• Place at least 15 inches or at least one-third the culvert’s diameter, whichever is

greater, of fill dirt over the top of the culvert so that the fill over the culvert is thehigh spot in the stream crossing. This creates an emergency run-around forhigh flows.

• The culvert’s ends should be long enough to achieve no more than a 2:1 slope onthe fill.

• Stabilize fill at ends of a culvert with either rip-rap, Geoweb®, excelsior blankets,gabions, headwalls, grass seed and mulch, hay bales, etc.

• Periodically inspect culverts and remove any debris inside.• Remove all temporary culverts and fill material used in stream or wetland cross-

ings and stabilize streambanks when operations are completed (See Section 3.2for stabilization recommendations).

3.3.6 Practices To Avoid When Constructing Stream Crossings• Using steep approaches (> 3%) into the stream channel.• Crossings at bends in the stream.• Using fords in streams for skid trails.• Constructing hard surface crossings on streams with mucky, muddy or

unstable bottoms.• Using asphalt materials for low water crossings.• Anything that impedes the free or expected flow of water.• Temporary crossings of logs and brush “topped” with soil. • Using undersized culverts.

3.4 BMPS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND RETIREMENT OF ROADS

• Maintain existing roads in accordance with BMPs.• Maintain points of ingress from county roads or highways to prevent mud and

debris being brought onto these roads. • Minimize road grading and reshaping on hilly or mountainous terrain unless

required to repair damaged road sections.• Keep outfall of broad-based dips, water bars, and water turnouts open at all times

during logging operations. If necessary, install sediment barriers such as rock,hay bales, or silt fence just below outfall.

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• Retire temporary access roads, log decks, skid trails, by reshaping and/or construct-ing water bars at recommended intervals. Stabilize as necessary by seeding andmulching or scattering logging debris over the road surface (See Figure 3-I andTable 3-D for spacing recommendations).

• Periodically inspect retired roads to assure stabilization techniques are stilleffective and permanent stream crossings are clear and operating properly.

3.4.1 Practices To Avoid During Road Maintenance and Retirement• Excessive traffic on wet roads.

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Table 3-D. Recommended Maximum Spacingfor Water Bars When Retiring TemporaryAccess Roads

Figure 3-I. Profile of Retired Temporary Access Road Showing Water Bars

Road Grade Distance Between (percent) Water Bars (feet)

2 245

5 125

10 80

15 60

20 50

25 40

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Divisionof Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University.

Timber harvesting encompasses several operations. In addition to cuttingtrees, it typically includes the layout of access roads, log decks, and skid trailsand the construction and stabilization of these areas. Timber harvesting

can be accomplished while protecting water quality and site productivity andimproving the composition and quality of future forests. Evolving timber harvestingtechnology, equipment, and procedures will provide for better protection of Georgia’s waters.

Potential water quality impacts can be avoided or minimized if the harvestplan considers seasonal weather conditions, stand composition, soil type, soilmoisture, topography, and type of equipment used. It is important to keep out ofstreams, to maintain the integrity of their banks, water flow, and stream biology.Specific BMPs for log decks and skid trails are provided in this section. BMPs forroads are presented in Section 3.

4.1 LOG DECKS

Log decks, also called brows and landings, are areas of concentrated equipment and traffic resulting in a high degree of soil disturbance, soil compaction, and rutting. Storm water runoff and surface erosion may increase on these exposed areas and, depending on their locations, could impact waterquality. Runoff may contain toxic materials from fuels and lubricants. The following BMPs should be implemented to prevent runoff from reaching nearby watercourses.

4.1.1 BMPs For Log Decks • Locate log decks before planning the road system.• Minimize the number of log decks necessary for the operation.• Minimize the size of log decks.• Locate log decks uphill and skid up to them. This results in a cone-shaped

pattern of skid trails, which disperses water running downhill. If trees must beskidded downhill, erosion can be minimized using smaller log decks with fewer,shorter and less-traveled skid trails leading to any one deck. Install water barswith water turnouts in skid trails prior to final approach to deck to disperse water.

• Locate log decks in a stable, well-drained area away from gullies when possible.• Stabilize as needed when the harvest is completed, using water bars, logging

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Section 4:Timber Harvesting

slash, or vegetative cover (See Table 6-A, pg 42 for seeding recommendations).

4.1.2 Practices to Avoid for Log Decks• Locating log decks within the SMZ.• Allowing log decks to concentrate storm runoff onto roads, trails, or direct paths

leading to a watercourse.

4.2 SKID TRAILS

Skid trails are for temporary use during the timber harvest.Control and minimize site-damaging effects to soil stability andwater quality, such as rutting, puddling, and compaction fromharvest equipment. If trails will remain after the harvest forvehicular access, upgrade them to road building standards.

4.2.1 BMPs for Skid Trails• Skid uphill to log decks on ridges or hills. • Have periodic breaks in grade to help disperse surface flow.• Use temporary closure techniques, such as water bars or covering with logging

slash, if significant erosion may occur before permanent closure techniques areinstalled.

• Where needed, retire as soon as possible with properly installed water controlstructures. For water bars see Figure 3-I, pg 25, and Table 4-A below for proper spacing.

• When grades exceed 15%, use water bars with water turnouts.

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Control andminimize site-damagingeffects to soilstability andwater quality,such as rutting,puddling andcompactionfrom harvestequipment.

Grade of Skid Trail Distance Between or Firebreak (percent) Water Bars (feet)

2 250

5 135

10 80

15 60

20 45

30 35

40* 30

* Use grades of 40% and steeper only for short stretches.

Table 4-A. Spacing of Water Bars on Skid Trailsand Firebreaks

4.2.2 Practices to Avoid With Skid Trails• Trails over 40% grade except for short stretches.• Bladed trails unless required on side slopes to create the appropriate grade for

safe operations.• Using stream and drains with defined channels as skid trails.• Main skid trails within SMZs.

4.3 SKID TRAIL STREAM CROSSING

In certain situations, crossing a stream with a temporary skid trail may bepreferable to a permanent road crossing. Factors to consider include the value ofthe timber to be accessed relative to the cost of a permanent crossing, topographicfeatures limiting construction of permanent crossings, and the size of the streamand/or the upstream watershed. Regardless of the factors, protect water quality bymaintaining the integrity of the stream bank, using water-permeable fill materialsthat are easy to recover in the restoration process, and minimizing the amount of fill dirt entering the stream.

4.3.1 BMPs For Skid Trail Stream Crossings• Follow Federal mandates (See Section 3.3.1, pg 19).• Minimize the number of crossings.• Cross stream at right angles. • Maintain stream bank integrity.• Approach streams at gentle grades of slope, ideally at < 3%.• Use temporary bridges or spans rather than temporary culverts.• If temporary culverts are used, make sure they are properly sized for the watershed

(See Table 3-C, pg 22).• Stabilize culvert fill during and after construction using any one or a combination

of: hay bales; seed and mulch; silt fence; rock; excelsior blankets; geotextiles; etc. (See Section 3.2, pg 15).

• Use logs or stems as fill over temporary culverts instead of fill dirt whenever possible.

• Remove all temporary fills and restore the channel to its original elevation.• Stabilize approaches during and after construction.

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4.3.2 Practices to Avoid For Skid Trail Stream Crossings• Stream crossings whenever possible.• Use of fords.• Blocking stream flow.• Blocking the migration of aquatic organisms.• Using sloughs as skid trails.• Random crossings with mechanized equipment.• Leaving logs or stems in stream crossing.

4.4 RUTTING

During harvesting, some soil disturbance and rutting is inevitable, due to themechanized nature of most harvesting systems. Excessive or inappropriate ruttingcan impact water quality when it causes sediment or silt-laden runoff to enter astream or when it interrupts or changes the natural flow of water to the stream.Rutting that results in the discharge of sediment to a stream may violate Federal andState water-quality laws.

4.4.1 BMPs to Minimize Rutting• Use low ground pressure equipment, logging mats, or other

techniques on saturated soils where practical.• Minimize the grade of skid trails. • Follow the BMPs for skid trails listed in Section 4.2.

4.4.2 Practices to Avoid For Rutting• Facilitating the potential movement of sediment to a stream or

water body.• Breaking down the integrity of a stream bank.

4.5 EQUIPMENT WASHING AND SERVICING

Improper equipment washing and servicing can introduce hazardous or toxicmaterials to the harvest site, which can affect water quality.

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Example of soil degredation and water channelizationfrom excessiverutting.

4.5.1 BMPs for Washing and Servicing Equipment• Wash and service equipment away from any area that may create a water quality

hazard, especially within SMZs and along ephemeral areas.• Dispose of oils, lubrications, their containers and other wastes according to

local, State and Federal regulations. • Remove all used tires, batteries, oil cans, and trash from logging operations

before leaving the site.• Clean up and/or contain fuel and oil spills immediately. Report any chemical

spills of twenty-five gallons or more of fuel and oil to soils, and spills of fuels oroils into waterways which produce visible sheens to the GA EPD Emergency Response Program (1-800-241-4113).

4.5.2 Practices to Avoid When Washing and Servicing Equipment • Washing or servicing equipment where it could affect water quality.

4.6 PROTECTING STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES (SMZs)DURING HARVESTING

4.6.1 BMPs for Harvesting Streamside Management ZonesIn addition to the BMPs listed in Section 2.1:

• Use techniques that minimize soil disturbance, such as backing trees out with machine, using low ground pressureequipment, using equipment with booms or cable winch.

• Maintain the integrity of stream banks.• Minimize the exposure of mineral soil by spreading logging

slash and using it to drive over.

4.6.2 Practices to Avoid When Harvesting Within SMZsIn addition to the avoidance guidelines listed in Section 2.1:

• Using trees or de-limbing gates in the SMZ.• Leaving tops in stream channels.• Rutting.

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A well-protectedSMZ.

4.7 PROTECTING WETLANDS DURING TIMBER HARVESTING

4.7.1 BMPs for Harvesting Forested WetlandsIn addition to the BMPs listed in Section 2.2.11, pg 13:

• Plan the timber harvest for the dry season of the year when possible.• Use site-specific equipment and methods to minimize water quality impacts,

including high-flotation, low-pressure harvesting equipment, shovel logging, or cable yarding.

• Concentrate skid trails and use logging slash, mats or other techniques to minimize soil compaction and rutting.

• Use practices conducive to rapid regeneration.• Follow Federally mandated stream and wetland crossings (See Section 3.3.1,

pg 19).

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Site preparation facilitates the regeneration process and is the first step towardssuccessful regeneration. Site preparation methods prepare harvested and non-forested areas for desired tree species and stocking. Site preparation may be

used for both natural and artificial forest regeneration. Methods chosen shouldreduce logging debris, lessen logging impacts, control competing vegetation, andenhance seedling survival.

The site preparation technique used depends on soils, slope, condition of thesite, vegetation, crop tree species, cost, location, and landowner goals. Analyzethe erosion potential of the site prior to any site preparation. Topography, soil type,and residual ground cover determine erosion potential.

Topography - The steepness and length of the slope are major considerationswhen determining the treatment intensity. Intensive treatments that are acceptablein areas of little or no slope may be unacceptable in areas of steep slope.

Soil Type - Soil types or mapping units differ in texture, slope, stoniness,erodibility, wetness, or other characteristics that affect the use of the soils by man.Soil surveys describe these limitations as slight, moderate, or severe. Any limitations should receive extra care to prevent soil degradation.

Residual Ground Cover - The amount, species, and size of ground vegetation, logging debris and other organic matter should be a consideration in prescribingthe type and intensity of the treatment.

Site preparation techniques can be grouped into three categories: mechanical,chemical, and controlled burning. Combinations of these techniques are common.

5.1 MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION

Mechanical site preparation includes shearing, raking, subsoiling, chopping,windrowing, piling, bedding, and other physical methods to cut, break apart, ormove logging debris, or improve soil conditions following harvest. This categoryis often described by its impact on the soil. Methods vary from low intensity tohigh intensity. High intensity methods such as disking and bedding expose the soil on more than 50% of the site. Chopping is a low intensity method. Erosionpotential usually increases with higher intensity methods, especially in areaswith steep slopes. Therefore, high intensity methods are: appropriate for

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Section 5:Site Preparation and Reforestation

flat and gentle slopes, used with caution on moderate slopes, and avoided on steep slopes. Low intensity methods are preferred on moderate to steep slopes.

5.1.1 BMPs for Mechanical Site Preparation• Plan the site preparation job before starting to ensure that the best treatment

is implemented.• Use the minimum intensity of site preparation required.• On slopes of 6%-10%, intensive mechanical methods should follow the contour of

the land.• On slopes of 11%-20%, mechanical methods, other than chopping, should follow

the contour of the land. On soils with moderate to severe erosion potential, stripsof untreated areas or windrows should be left to slow water and soil movementdown the slope.

• On slopes of 21%-30% with severely erosive soils, use only low intensity mechanical methods that follow the contour of the land. Drum chopping shouldbe perpendicular to the slope.

• On slopes greater than 30%, use only hand tools (chainsaw felling).• Where accelerated erosion is likely, use methods that leave logging debris and other

litter scattered evenly over the site.• When constructing beds on slopes greater than 5%, follow the contour of

the land.• Protect forest floor and limit soil disturbance in stabilized gullies that are

not eroding.

5.1.2 Practices to Avoid During Mechanical Site Preparation• Any mechanical methods except drum roller chopping or spot cultivation on

slopes greater than 30%. Drum chopping should not follow the contour of the land.

• Intensive mechanical methods on slopes greater than 20% with severe erosion potential.

• Windrow construction that could direct runoff into waterways.• Mechanically preparing sites when soils are saturated. • Mechanical methods in SMZs.• Blocking any drainage with beds, windrows, or similar structures.• Bedding that channels surface runoff into waterways and roadbeds. • Moving soil into windrows and piles.• Re-activating stabilized gullies.

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5.2 MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION IN WETLANDS

Forested wetlands offer unique challenges for site preparation. The EPA and ArmyCorps of Engineers have determined that major drainage in jurisdictional wetlandswill require a Section 404 permit from the Army Corps of Engineers. Also a Section404 permit may be required for mechanical site preparation for pine establishment inthe following forested wetland types, unless they no longer exhibit their uniquedistinguishing characteristics due to past practices.

1. Permanently flooded, intermittently exposed and semi-permanently flooded wetlands: Examples include cypress-gum swamps, muck and peat swamps, and cypress strands/domes.

2. Riverine bottomland hardwood wetlands: Seasonally flooded or wetter bottomland hardwood sites within the first or second bottoms where overbankflooding has resulted in alluvial features such as natural levees. Soils are listedin NRCS surveys as poorly or very poorly drained. Bottomland hardwoods donot include sites in which greater than 25% of the canopy is pine.

3. White cedar swamps: Wetlands greater than one acre in headwaters andgreater than five acres elsewhere, underlain by peat of greater than 40 inches,where natural white cedar represents more than 50 % of the basal area andwhere the total basal area for all tree species is 60 square feet or greater.

4. Carolina Bay wetlands: Oriented, elliptical depressions with a sand rim,either underlain by (a) clay-based soils and vegetated by cypress or (b) peat ofgreater than 20 inches and typically vegetated with an overstory of red, sweet,and loblolly bays.

5. Non-riverine forest wetlands: Rare, high quality (undisturbed) wet forests,with mature vegetation, located on the Southeastern coastal plain, whosehydrology is dominated by high water tables. Two forest community types fall into this group:

• Wet hardwood forests - interstream flats comprising ten or more contiguous acres typically found on the margins of large peatland areas that are seasonally flooded or saturated by high water tables. Soils are listed as poorly drained mineral soils. Vegetation is dominated (greater than 50% of basal area) by mature swamp chestnut oak, cherrybark oak, or laurel oak alone

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Section 5:Site Preparationand Reforestation

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or in combination.• Swamp forests - flats comprising five or more contiguous acres found on

sites that are seasonally to frequently flooded or saturated by high water tables.Soils are listed as very poorly drained. Vegetation is dominated by mature baldcypress, pond cypress, swamp tupelo, water tupelo, or Atlantic white cedar aloneor in combination.

Note: Sites dominated by red maple, sweetgum, or loblolly pine alone or incombination are not considered to be of high quality, and therefore do not requirea permit.

6. Low pocossin wetlands: Central, deepest parts of domed peatlands on poorly drained interstream flats, underlain by peat soils greater than 40 inches,typically vegetated by a dense layer of short shrubs.

7. Wet Marl forest: Hardwood forest wetlands underlain with poorly drained marl-derived, high pH soils.

8. Tidal freshwater marshes: Wetlands with dense herbaceous vegetation located on the margins of estuaries or drowned rivers and creeks regularly or irregularly flooded by freshwater.

9. Maritime grasslands, shrub swamps, and swamp forests: Barrier island wetlands in dune swales and flats, underlain by wet mucky or sandy soils vegetated by wetland herbs, shrubs, and trees.

These forested wetland areas are more precisely described in an EPA and Corps November 1995 memorandum concerning Application of Best ManagementPractices to Mechanical Silvicultural Site Preparation Activities for the Establishmentof Pine Plantations in the Southeast. Consult a qualified professional for additionalinformation to determine if one of these wetland types is present on a site.

5.2.1 Other WetlandsOther jurisdictional forested wetlands do not require a Section 404 permit if

mechanical site preparation is conducted according to the following six federallymandated minimum BMPs.

5.2.1.1 Federally Mandated BMPs for Mechanical Site Preparation in Wetlands

1. Position shear blades or rakes at or near the soil surface. Windrow, pile, and movelogs and logging debris by methods that reduce dragging or pushing through thesoil to minimize soil disturbance associated with shearing, raking and movingtrees, stumps, brush, and other unwanted vegetation.

2. Activities should avoid excessive soil compaction and maintain soil tilth.

35

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3. Arrange windrows to limit erosion, overland flow, and runoff.4. Prevent disposal or storage of logs or logging debris in SMZs. 5. Maintain the site’s natural contour and ensure that activities do not immediate-

ly or gradually convert the wetland to a non-wetland. 6. Conduct activities with appropriate water management mechanisms to

minimize off-site water quality impacts.

5.3 CHEMICAL SITE PREPARATION

Herbicides are valuable tools in forest management and are used to controlcompeting vegetation in the establishment and management of natural and planted pine stands. Herbicide treatments are acceptable site preparation methodson all slopes if conducted properly.

Proper planning and execution are key to safe herbicide use. Follow label directions and applicable State and Federal laws in the storage, transportation,handling, and application of all herbicides. Apply restricted-use herbicides only underthe supervision of a certified pesticide applicator.

5.3.1 BMPs for Chemical Applications• Establish appropriate SMZ along perennial and intermittent streams and flowing

bodies of water.• Consider weather conditions (e.g. temperature, wind speed and precipitation),

equipment capabilities and pesticide formulations to avoid pesticide drift into the SMZ.

• Conduct all on-site pesticide handling, such as tank mixing, loading and rinsingequipment, away from streams, ponds, wells, and roadside ditches.

• Dispose of pesticide containers and/or excess pesticides according to local, Stateand Federal regulations and label requirements.

• Clean up and/or contain all pesticide spills immediately. Report spills to the GA EPD Emergency Response Program (1-800-241-4113).

5.3.2 Practices to Avoid During Chemical Applications• Applying a pesticide directly to water bodies (streams, lakes, and swamps) unless it

is specifically prescribed and labeled for aquatic management.• Broadcast applications of pesticides within SMZs.

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5.4 SITE PREPARATION (CONTROLLED) BURNING

Controlled fire is is often used alone or in conjunction with chemical ormechanical site preparation to prepare sites for regeneration. A properly executed siteprep burn only slightly increases the chance for erosion. Fires that expose signifi-cant mineral soil on moderate and steep slopes, however, may increase erosionpotential. Other factors also must be taken into consideration. If in doubt aboutappropriate site preparation treatment, consult a qualified professional.

5.4.1 BMPs for Site Preparation Burning • Unless protected by natural barriers, the area to be burned should be protected

by firebreaks installed following BMP recommendations (See Section 5.5).• Moisture levels within the soil, forest fuels, and the air should be sufficient to

prevent major exposure or damage to the mineral soil, especially on moderate toseverely erosive soils.

• Exclude high intensity site preparation fires from the SMZ. Cool, low intensity, hazard-reduction fires that do not consume the duff layer are allowed.

5.5 PRE-SUPPRESSION FIREBREAKS

Pre-suppression firebreaks aid in site preparation (controlled) burning, prescribedburning, and in controlling wildfires. Proper planning and BMP implementation forpre-suppression firebreaks can minimize sediment delivery to surface water. Aerialphotographs, topographic maps, or county soil survey maps should be used tolocate tract boundaries, streams, wetlands, rock outcrops, gullies, and cemeteries,etc. that require extra precautions.

5.5.1 BMPs for Firebreaks• Where possible, use natural barriers such as roads, streams, and fields as firebreaks.• Install firebreaks on the contour as much as possible.• When firebreaks cannot be installed on the contour, use a gradual grade.• Use bladed or harrowed firebreaks instead of plowed firebreaks whenever possible.• On slopes exceeding 3%, install water bars with water turnouts in firebreaks accord-

ing to the BMP recommendations for skid trail retirement (See Table 4-A, pg 27).• Use hand tools or back blade firebreaks away from the edge of streams, roads,

or gullies.• Install water bars and water turnouts at approaches to streams, roads, and gullies

to prevent channeling water from firebreaks into these areas.• Treat active gullies the same as streams, using appropriate buffers and

plowing practices.

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5.5.2 Practices to Avoid During Firebreak Construction• Firebreaks that channel surface runoff into streams, roads, or gullies. • Plowing inside the SMZ.

5.6 REFORESTATION

Reforestation can be accomplished artificially or naturally. Natural regenerationand hand planting generally pose less of a threat to water quality as opposed tomechanical methods. Complete artificial regeneration projects as quickly as practical. A qualified professional can provide advice on reforestation choices.

5.6.1 BMPs For Reforestation• Hand plant on >21% slopes with severely erosive soils. • Machine plant on the contour on slopes between 5% and 20%.

5.6.2 Practices to Avoid During Mechanical Reforestation• Machine planting up and down slopes greater than 5%.• Machine planting within SMZs.

38


Mechanical tree planting

NOTES:

39

6.1 PRESCRIBED BURNING/HAZARD REDUCTION

Prescribed burning is used to reduce hazardous accumulations of forest fuels,manage competing plant vegetation, improve wildlife habitat, and perpetu-ate certain endangered plant and animal ecosystems. When properly

planned and conducted, prescribed burning has minimal impacts on water quality.These burns should follow federal, state, county and local regulations.

6.1.1 BMPs for Prescribed Burning• Follow the same BMPs listed in Sections 5.4 and 5.5.

6.2. WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION

Wildfires are suppressed aggressively with the safety of personnel and equip-ment a primary concern. After suppression, when safety allows, BMPs should beinstalled during mop up or as soon as possible.

6.2.1 BMPs for Wildfire Suppression Firebreaks• Locate camps and staging areas on upland sites.• Stabilize areas designated for water supply points and dip sites for helicopters to

prevent excessive rutting from support equipment. • Mix and/or handle fire retardants, lubricants, etc. away from streams, ponds,

wells, and roadside ditches. • Repair wildfire suppression firebreaks as soon as practical after the fire is under

control to meet BMPs for pre-suppression plowing.

6.3 FERTILIZATION

Forest fertilization is a valuable silvicultural practice that enhances tree survivaland growth. The primary nutrients applied are nitrogen and phosphorus. Plan anyforest fertilization to prevent direct applications and runoff into water bodies. Whenconducted properly, forest fertilization poses little threat to water quality. Fertilizerapplications should not result in violations of State water quality standards fornitrates and phosphorous for lakes. For more information, contact the GA EPDWater Protection Branch (1-404-656-4708) for those water quality standards.

40

Section 6:Management and Protection

6.3.1 BMPs for Fertilization• Consider weather conditions (such as temperature, wind speed and precipita-

tion), and equipment capabilities to avoid fertilizer drift into the SMZ.• Conduct all on-site fertilizer handling, such as mixing and loading, away from

streams, ponds, wells and roadside ditches. • Clean up and/or contain all fertilizer spills immediately. In case of accidental

spills, call 1-800-241-4113.• Dispose of fertilizer containers and/or excess fertilizer according to local, State

and Federal regulations and label requirements.

6.3.2 Practices to Avoid When Applying Fertilizers • Applying fertilizer directly to water bodies (streams, lakes, and swamps) unless

specifically prescribed and approved for aquatic management.• Applications of fertilizer within SMZs.

6.4 REVEGETATION AND STABILIZATION OF SITES

Forest management often creates openings in the form of roads, stream cross-ings, log decks, skid trails, and firebreaks. Establishing a vegetative cover as soon aspossible on these sites reduces erosion and prevents sedimentation. In addition toprotecting the soil, vegetative cover can enhance wildlife habitat. Establishing avegetative cover may include selecting the proper plant species, preparing the site,liming, fertilizing, seeding, and mulching. This section provides a variety of seedingmixtures that stabilize sites quickly and also provide benefits to wildlife. Table 6-Aprovides a quick reference to help with the selection and establishment of seedingmixtures. Selection of plant species, establishment methods, and maintenanceprocedures should be based on site characteristics, including climate, soils, aspect,and land use objectives.

6.4.1 Land PreparationSite preparation, such as smoothing or reshaping rutted roads and landings, may

be necessary before conventional equipment can prepare seedbeds, which areimportant for vegetation establishment. Disc harrowing and dragging will firm andsmooth soil and promote good germination. Heavily compacted areas may requiresub-soiling, ripping, or disking to allow water infiltration and to provide a suitableseedbed for root growth.

6.4.1.1 Fertilizer and LimeA soil test can determine fertility and pH. If a soil test is not available and lime

has not been applied in the past three years, apply it at the rate shown in the fol-

41

42

Fall Plantings Planting DateRecommended Seedling2 Rate Coastal Piedmont Mountains Fertilizer Wildlife

Planting1 (lb/acre) (lb/acre) Value RemarksLadino Clover3 5 Well drained clayey or loamy soils. Perennial

Red Clover 10 September September August 1 Excellent clover can persist for several years. InoculateRyegrass 15 15 1 to 500 clover seed. Maintaining pH above 6.0 is critical.

Rye 30 to to October 15 10-10-Wheat 30 November November 10

15 1Crimson 15 September September September 500 Well drained clayey or loamy soils. Inoculate clover. Clover 15 1 1 10-10- Excellent Tolerates lower soil pH. Disk lightly in September

Hairy Vetch 15 to to to 10 to encourage reseeding and overseed with wheat.Wheat 60 November November October 15

15 1Arrowleaf 15 Well drained sandy or loamy soils. Inoculate clover.Clover or September September September 500 Good Disk lightly in September to encourage reseedingCrimson 15 1 1 10-10- clover and overseed with wheat and rye.Clover to to to 10

Ryegrass 15 November November October 15Wheat 40 15 1

Wheat or Rye 50 September September September Cool season annuals provide value for wildlife during Unhulled to 1 1 500 Poor fall and winter of first year. Maintain by mowing for

Bermuda in 10 December 15 to to 10-10- weed control and fall fertilizationsandy soil December 1 November 10

or Fescue in 25 15clayey soil

Spring Plantings Planting DateRyegrass 20 Feb. 15 Feb. 15 March 1 500 Low maintenance, reseeding annuals. Inoculate

Kobe 30 to to to 10-10- Excellent Kobe Lespedeza.Lespedeza April 1 April 1 April 15 10Bahiagrass 25 March 25 April 15 500 Include hulled Bermuda at a rate of 10 lb. per acreBrown Top 25 to to NA 10-10- Good on sandy sites. Kobe Lespedeza can be added at

Millet July 1 July 1 10 lb per acre to increase wildlife value.Bermuda Grass 10 March 15 March 15 April 15 500 Fair Does well in dry, sandy sites.

Brown Top 25 to to to 10-10-Millet July 1 July 1 July 1 10

Table 6-A. Seeding Mixtures for Erosion Control Plantings

Footnotes for Erosion Control Plantings Table1) To maximize wildlife value, avoid plantings with Fescue, weeping love grass, Bermuda grass, and sericea Lespedeza.2) Seeding depths should be 1/4 inch unless otherwise noted.3) For mixtures including Ladino clover, lime at the rate indicated by soil test or at the rate of 2 tons per acre.

43

lowing table. Lime and fertilizer are most efficient when incorporated into the soil.Spread them uniformly over the site prior to land preparation and mix them completely with the soil. Lime takes several months to react with the soil andbecome fully effective.

Table 6-B. Rate of Lime to Use When a Soil Test is Unavailable

Forest soils are typically low in phosphorous and/or potassium and usuallyrequire lime. Clovers are not productive in acid sites (below pH 6.0) with low fertility unless fertilizer and lime are added.

6.4.1.2 Seeding and MulchingSeeding can be done in a number of ways. The most common method is with a

farm tractor and a broadcast seeder. On steep or severely erosive sites, use a hydro-seeder. Seed should be covered by pulling a section harrow, cultipacker, or brush.

Mulch should be used on slopes over 5%, on sites where vegetation will estab-lish slowly, or on deep sands or heavy clay soils. Mulch helps prevent erosion andallows vegetation to become established. Structural measures such as a diversion,which moves concentrated runoff, usually require mulch. Where there is a dangerof mulch being blown or washed off-site, anchor it by running over the mulchedarea with a disk harrow with the discs set to run straight. On steep slopes, anchormulch with netting and tack-down staples or spray it with a tackifier.

Soil Texture Tons/Acre Pounds/1000 sq. ft.

Sands and loams 2 100

Clayey, acidic 3 150

Clayey, alkaline 0 0

Base additional applications of lime on soil test recommendations.

The Best Management Practices recommendations in this publication are directed at maintaining water quality, which is critical for the conservationof all natural resources. Forest management practices such as timber

harvesting, site preparation, tree regeneration, and forest stand treatments may be conducted in ways that enhance fish and wildlife habitat, aesthetics, and recreational opportunities, while accommodating sensitive sites and endangeredspecies. Landowners may have other resource objectives that can be achieved only through the use of practices that vary but are consistent with the protectionof water quality. The following comments describe additional management options that landowners may wish to consider.

7.1 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

• Compare your current habitat conditions, along with those on adjacent lands, toyour wildlife management objectives before making land management decisions.

• Some fish and wildlife species benefit from SMZs wider than the minimumwidths specified for water quality BMPs.

• Manage for a diversity of forest types and age classes to enhance wildlife habitatquality.

• Maintain mature mast producing hardwoods in groups or stands. • Leave corridors of trees connecting mature forest stands to provide food, cover

and travel avenues for wildlife while adjacent stands are regenerated.• Leave snags, dead and down woody debris, brush piles or windrows throughout

timber harvest areas.• Use prescribed fire, which is one of the most cost effective forest and wildlife

management practices. • Use wildlife friendly plantings for log decks, roads and skid trails following logging

operations.• For more information on any of the above recommendations, contact the

Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division (1-706-557-3020).

7.2. PROTECTED SPECIES

The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, or the Georgia Department of Natural

44

Section 7:Additional Management Objectives

Resources Wildlife Resources Division have publications with listings. If you suspect the presence of an endangered species, contact the Georgia

Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division or the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service for verification and management considerations.

7.3. AESTHETICS

• Consider aesthetics during forest management activities andbe aware that appearance may influence public opinion.

• Use forest management methods that can minimize visualimpacts such as single tree and group selection, seed tree andshelterwood regeneration, and small patch clearcuts.

• Leave corridors of trees along well-traveled public roads toenhance visual quality.

• Shape harvest areas with natural features of the landscape.• Reseed bare soil areas promptly.• Maintain a mixed tree species composition.• During artificial regeneration, establish tree rows parallel to

the road and avoid 90-degree angles. • Minimize the “skylining” of residual snags and cull trees.• For more information, see the American Pulpwood Associa-

tion’s Forestry Aesthetics Guide, Image and Opportunity.

7.4 SENSITIVE SITES

• Consider protective management prescriptions for unique cultural (Native Amer-ican sites), ecological (protected species), archeological (Civil War breastworks),geological (rock formations), or historical (old forts and cemeteries) sites. They may need special consideration to manage their values. Contact the DNR Historic Preservation Division (1-404-656-2840).

45

Aesthetics caninfluence publicperception offorestry.

8.1 FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS

8.1.1 The Federal Clean Water Act, Section 404, 40 CFR Part 232.3 • Exempts normal, established, on-going silvicultural operations from permitting.• Requires silvicultural operations to adhere to BMPs and fifteen baseline provi-

sions for forest road construction and maintenance in and across waters of theU.S. (lakes, rivers, perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs and naturalponds) in order to qualify for the silvicultural exemption from the permittingprocess (See Section 3.3.1, pg 19-20 for the baseline provisions).

• Requires Army Corps of Engineers permit for the conversion of forested wetlandsto other uses such as agriculture or development.

• A Memorandum of Understanding dated November 28, 1995, between the ArmyCorps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - requires permit for the conversion of specific high-quality bottom land hardwood wetlandsto pine plantations by mechanical site preparation methods and mandates the useof six BMPs in other jurisdictional wetlands (See Section 5.2.1.1, pg 35 for the list).

• Provides for civil and criminal penalties up to $125,000 per day.

8.1.2 USDA ProgramsParticipation by landowners in various loan, price support, agriculture, forestry

incentive and assistance programs subject landowners to rules and regulationsregarding the Federal Farm Bill (Swampbuster and Sodbuster Provisions). • Prohibits landowners from converting forested wetlands to agricultural uses. • Provides for penalties including program payments plus interest to be paid back from

the time of the conversion, loss of benefits and loss of eligibility in future programs.

8.2 STATE LAWS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS

8.2.1 The Georgia Water Quality Control Act (O.C.G.A. 12-5-29) • Makes it unlawful to discharge excessive pollutants (sediment, nutrients, pesticides,

animal waste, etc.) into waters of the State in amounts harmful to public health,safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds or aquatic life or the physical destruction ofstream habitats (See Section 1 or the Glossary for definition of waters of the State).

46

Section 8:Appendix

q

q

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• Provides for civil and criminal penalties up to $100,000 per day.

8.2.2 Excerpts from Georgia Rules and Regulations for Water Quality Control Chapter 391-3-6-.03 Water Use Classifications and Water Quality Standards (Amended).

General Criteria for All Waters. The following criteria are deemed to be necessary and applicable to all waters of the State:

Turbidity. All waters shall be free from turbidity, which results in a substantialvisual contrast in a water body due to a man-made activity. The upstream appear-ance of a body of water shall be as observed at a point immediately upstream of aturbidity-causing man-made activity. That upstream appearance shall be comparedto a point, which is located sufficiently downstream from the activity so as to provide an appropriate mixing zone. For land disturbing activities, proper design,installation, and maintenance of best management practices and compliance withissued permits shall constitute compliance.

Temperature: Not to exceed 90˚F. At no time is the temperature of the receiv-ing waters to be increased more than 5˚F above intake temperature except that inestuarine waters the increase will not be more than 1.5˚F. In waters designated as primary trout streams by the Wildlife Resources Division, there shallbe no elevation of natural stream temperatures. Waters designated as primarytrout streams are waters supporting a self-sustaining population of rainbow, brownor brook trout. In waters designated as secondary trout streams, there shall be no elevation exceeding 2˚F natural stream temperatures. Streams designated as secondary trout streams are those with no evidence of natural trout reproduction,but are capable of supporting trout throughout the year.

Following is a listing of trout streams. Trout streams are classified in accordancewith the designations and criteria established by the Georgia Environmental Pro-tection Division. This list may be updated every two years. For the most current listcontact the Georgia EPD (404-656-4708).

47

q

Designations by County.

BARTOW COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Boston Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 20.2. Connesena Creek and its tributaries.3. Dykes Creek and its tributaries.4. Pine Log Creek and its tributaries.5. Pyle Creek and its tributaries.6. Salacoa Creek and its tributaries.7. Spring Creek and its tributaries.8. Stamp Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 269.9. Toms Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 82.10. Two Run Creek and its tributaries.11. Ward Creek and its tributaries.

CARROLL COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Brooks Creek and its tributaries.2. Mud Creek and its tributaries.3. Tallapoosa River.

CATOOSA COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Hurricane Creek and its tributaries

upstream from Peters Branch.2. Little Chickamauga Creek and its tribu-

taries upstream from County Rd. 387.3. Tiger Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 2.4. Dry Creek and its tributaries upstream from

County Rd. 257 (East Chickamauga CreekWatershed).

CHATTOOGA COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Allgood Branch and its tributaries

upstream from Southern Railroad.2. Chappel Creek and its tributaries.3. Chelsea Creek and its tributaries.4. East Fork Little River and its tributaries.5. Hinton Creek and its tributaries.6. Kings Creek and its tributaries.7. Little Armuchee Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 326.8. Middle Fork Little River and its tributaries.9. Mt. Hope Creek and its tributaries.

10. Perennial Spring and its tributaries.11. Raccoon Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 48.12. Ruff Creek and its tributaries.13. Storey Mill Creek and its tributaries.14. Taliaferro Creek and its tributaries.

CHEROKEE COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Boston Creek and its tributaries.2. Pine Log Creek and its tributaries.3. Salacoa Creek and its tributaries.4. Stamp Creek and its tributaries.5. Bluff Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 114.6. Murphy Creek and its tributaries.7. Soap Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 116.8. Wiley Creek and its tributaries.

COBB COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River upstream from I-285

West Bridge.

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Section 8:Appendix

DADE COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Allison Creek and its tributaries.2. East Fork Little River and its tributaries.3. Lookout Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 197.4. Rock Creek and its tributaries.5. West Fork Little River and its tributaries.

DAWSON COUNTY

Primary:1. Amicalola Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 192 (Devil'sElbow Road).

2. Sweetwater Creek and its tributaries.3. Anderson Creek and its tributaries.4. Long Swamp Creek and its tributaries.5. Nimblewill Creek and its tributaries.

Secondary:1. Amicalola Creek and its tributaries from

GA. Hwy. 53 upstream to County Rd. 192(Devil's Elbow Road).

2. Shoal Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom the mouth of Burt Creek.

ELBERT COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Savannah River for the ten-mile reach

downstream from Hartwell Dam.

FANNIN COUNTY

Primary:1. Conasauga River - Jacks River and its tribu-

taries.2. Ellijay River and its tributaries.3. Etowah River and its tributaries.4. Fightingtown Creek and its tributaries.5. Owenby Creek and its tributaries.6. Persimmon Creek and its tributaries.7. South Fork Rapier Mill Creek and its tribu-

taries.8. Toccoa River and its tributaries upstream

to Blue Ridge Reservoir dam.9. Toccoa River and its tributaries upstream

from the backwater of Blue Ridge Reservoir.10. Tumbling Creek and its tributaries.11. Wilscot Creek and its tributaries.

Secondary:All streams or stream sections not classified as

primary in the above list.

FLOYD COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Dykes Creek and its tributaries.2. Johns Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 212.3. Kings Creek and its tributaries.4. Lavender Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 234.5. Little Cedar Creek and its tributaries.6. Mt. Hope Creek and its tributaries.7. Spring Creek and its tributaries (flows into

Etowah River).8. Spring Creek and its tributaries (flows into

State of Alabama).9. Toms Creek and its tributaries.

10. Silver Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom GA. Highway 1E.

FORSYTH COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River.

FULTON COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River upstream from I-285

West Bridge.

GILMER COUNTY

Primary:1. Cartecay River and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Clear Creek.2. Clear Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 92.3. Conasauga River - Jacks River and its tribu-

taries.4. Ellijay River and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Kells Creek.5. Harris Creek and its tributaries.6. Johnson Creek and its tributaries.7. Mountaintown Creek and its tributaries

upstream from U.S. Hwy. 76.8. Tails Creek and its tributaries upstream

49

from GA. Hwy. 282.9. Toccoa River - Fightingtown Creek and its

tributaries.

Secondary:1. All streams or sections thereof except the

Coosawattee River downstream from GA.Hwy. 5 Bridge, and Talking Rock Creek (notincluding tributaries) and those classifiedas primary.

2. Ball Creek and its tributaries.3. Sevenmile Creek and its tributaries.4. Town Creek and its tributaries.5. Wildcat Creek and its tributaries.

GORDON COUNTY

Primary:None:

Secondary:1. Johns Creek and its tributaries.2. Long Branch and its tributaries.3. Pine Log Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 53.4. Pin Hook Creek and its tributaries

upstream from Ryo Rd.5. Rocky Creek and its tributaries upstream

from West Union Rd.6. Salacoa Creek and its tributaries upstream

from U.S. Hwy. 411.7. Snake Creek and its tributaries.

GWINNETT COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River.

HABERSHAM COUNTY

Primary:1. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 255 Bridge.2. Middle Fork Broad River and its tributaries

upstream from USFS Rd. 92-B.3. Panther Creek and its tributaries.4. Soque River and its tributaries upstream

from King's Bridge (bridge on GA. Hwy. 197just below the mouth of Shoal Creek).

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 115 to the GA.Hwy. 255 Bridge.

2. Davidson Creek and its tributaries.3. Middle Fork Broad River tributaries enter-

ing below USFS Rd. 92-B.4. Nancytown Creek and its tributaries

upstream from Nancytown Lake.5. North Fork Broad River and its tributaries.6. Soque River and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Deep Creek to King'sBridge.

7. Toccoa Creek and its tributaries.

HARALSON COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Beach Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 34.2. Flatwood Creek and its tributaries.3. Lassetter Creek and its tributaries.4. Mann Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 162.5. Tallapoosa River and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 222.6. Mountain Creek and its tributaries.7. Tallapoosa Creek and its tributaries.

HART COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Savannah River.

LUMPKIN COUNTY

Primary:1. Amicalola Creek and its tributaries.2. Camp Creek and its tributaries.3. Cane Creek and its tributaries upstream

from Cane Creek Falls.4. Cavender Creek and its tributaries.5. Chestatee River and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 52-S976.6. Clay Creek and its tributaries.7. Etowah River and its tributaries upstream

50

Section 8:Appendix

from the GA. Hwy. 52 Bridge.8. Hurricane Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 118.9. Mooney Branch and its tributaries.10. Tobacco Pouch Branch and its tributaries.

Secondary:1. Cane Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 52 Bridge to Cane CreekFalls.

2. Chestatee River and its tributariesupstream from the mouth of TesnateeCreek to County Rd. 52-S976.

3. Etowah River and its tributaries upstreamfrom Castleberry Bridge to GA. Hwy. 52except those classified as primary above.

4. Shoal Creek and its tributaries.5. Yahoola Creek and its tributaries upstream

from GA. Hwy. 52.

MURRAY COUNTY

Primary:1. Conasauga - Jacks River and its tributaries

upstream from Georgia--Tennessee stateline.

2. Holly Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom County Rd. SR826 (USFS line).

3. Rock Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom County Rd. 4 (Dennis).

Secondary:1. All tributaries to Carters Reservoir.2. Holly Creek and its tributaries (including

Emory Creek watershed) upstream fromEmory Creek to County Rd. SR826 (USFSline).

3. Mill Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom County Rd. 27.

4. North Prong Sumac Creek and its tribu-taries.

5. Sugar Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom County Rd. 4.

6. Sumac Creek and its tributaries upstreamfrom Coffey Lake.

7. Mill Creek and its tributaries.8. Rock Creek and its tributaries upstream of

County Rd. 301.

PAULDING COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Possum Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 64.2. Powder Creek and its tributaries.3. Pumpkinvine Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 231.4. Pyle Creek and its tributaries.5. Raccoon Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. SR2299.6. Tallapoosa River and its tributaries.7. Ward Creek and its tributaries.8. Simpson Creek and its tributaries.9. Thompson Creek and its tributaries.

PICKENS COUNTY

Primary:1. Cartecay River and its tributaries.2. Talking Rock Creek and its tributaries

upstream from Rt. S1011.

Secondary:1. Amicalola Creek and its tributaries.2. East Branch and its tributaries (including

Darnell Creek and its tributaries).3. Fisher Creek and its tributaries (upstream

from the confluence of Talona Creek andFisher Creek).

4. Fourmile Creek and its tributaries.5. Hobson Creek and its tributaries.6. Little Scarecorn Creek and its tributaries.7. Long Branch and its tributaries.8. Long Swamp Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 294.9. Mud Creek and its tributaries.10. Pin Hook Creek and its tributaries.11. Polecat Creek and its tributaries.12. Rock Creek and its tributaries.13. Salacoa Creek and its tributaries.14. Scarecorn Creek and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 53.15. Ball Creek and its tributaries.16. Bluff Creek and its tributaries.17. Sevenmile Creek and its tributaries.18. Soap Creek and its tributaries.19. Town Creek and its tributaries.20. Wildcat Creek and its tributaries.

POLK COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Cedar Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 121.2. Lassetter Creek and its tributaries.3. Little Cedar Creek and its tributaries.4. Pumpkinpile Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Road SR1032.5. Spring Creek and its tributaries.6. Swinney Branch and its tributaries.7. Thomasson Creek and its tributaries.8. Fish Creek and its tributaries upstream of

51

Plantation Pipeline.9. Silver Creek and its tributaries.10. Simpson Creek and its tributaries upstream

of Lake Dorene.11. Thompson Creek and its tributaries

upstream of County Rd. 441.

RABUN COUNTY

Primary:1. Chattooga River - all tributaries classified

as primary.2. Little Tennessee River - entire stream and

tributaries classified as primary except allstreams or sections thereof classified assecondary.

3. Tallulah River - entire stream and tribu-taries classified as primary except theTallulah River downstream from LakeRabun Dam to headwaters of Tugaloo Lake.

Secondary:1. Little Tennessee River downstream from

U.S. Hwy. 441 Bridge.2. Mud Creek downstream from Sky Valley Ski

Resort Lake to the Little Tennessee River.

STEPHENS COUNTY

Primary:1. Middle Fork Broad River and its tributaries

upstream from USFS Route 92-B.2. Panther Creek and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Davidson Creek.

Secondary:1. Davidson Creek and its tributaries.2. Leatherwood Creek and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 184 Bridge.3. Little Toccoa Creek and its tributaries.4. Middle Fork Broad River and its tributaries

upstream from NRCS flood control struc-ture #44 to USFS Route 92-B.

5. North Fork Broad River and its tributariesupstream from NRCS flood control struc-ture #1.

6. Panther Creek and its tributaries down-stream from the mouth of Davidson Creek.

7. Toccoa Creek upstream from Toccoa Falls.

TOWNS COUNTY

Primary:1. Brasstown Creek and its tributaries.2. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries.3. Gumlog Creek and its tributaries.4. Hiawassee River and its tributaries - entire

stream and all tributaries classified as pri-mary except all streams or sections thereofclassified as secondary.

5. Tallulah River and its tributaries.6. Winchester Creek and its tributaries.

Secondary:1. Hightower Creek downstream from the

mouth of Little Hightower Creek.

UNION COUNTY

Primary:1. Arkaqua Creek and its tributaries.2. Brasstown Creek and its tributaries.3. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries.4. Conley Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. S2325.5. Coosa Creek and its tributaries upstream

from mouth of Anderson Creek.6. Dooley Creek and its tributaries.7. East Fork Wolf Creek and its tributaries

upstream from Lake Trahlyta.8. Gumlog Creek and its tributaries.9. Ivylog Creek and its tributaries upstream

from USFS property line.10. Nottely River and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Town Creek.11. Toccoa River and its tributaries.12. Town Creek and its tributaries.13. West Fork Wolf Creek and its tributaries.14. Youngcane Creek and its tributaries

upstream from the mouth of Jones Creek.

Secondary:1. All streams or sections thereof except the

Butternut Creek and its tributaries and theNottely River downstream of Nottely Damand those classified as primary.

52

Section 8:Appendix

WALKER COUNTY

Primary:1. Furnace Creek and its tributaries.2. Harrisburg Creek and its tributaries (includ-

ing Dougherty Creek and Allen Creek)upstream from Dougherty Creek.

Secondary:1. Chappel Creek and its tributaries.2. Concord Creek and its tributaries.3. Dry Creek and its tributaries (tributary to

East Armuchee Creek).4. Duck Creek and its tributaries.5. East Armuchee Creek and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 136.6. East Fork Little River and its tributaries

(flows into Dade County).7. East Fork Little River and its tributaries

(flows into Chattooga County; includesGilreath Creek).

8. Gulf Creek and its tributaries.9. Johns Creek and its tributaries.

10. Left Fork Coulter Branch and its tributaries.11. Little Chickamauga Creek and its tribu-

taries.12. Middle Fork Little River and its tributaries

(includes Cannon Branch and Hale Branch).13. Rock Creek and its tributaries (including

Sawmill Branch) upstream from SawmillBranch.

14. Ruff Creek and it tributaries.15. Snake Creek and its tributaries.16. West Armuchee Creek and its tributaries.17. West Chickamauga Creek and its tributaries

upstream from County Rd. 107.18. West Fork Little River and its tributaries.19. Chattanooga Creek and its tributaries

upstream of County Rd. 235.

WHITE COUNTY

Primary:1. Cathey Creek and its tributaries upstream

from the Arrowhead Camp-ground Lake.2. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 255 Bridge.3. Town Creek and its tributaries upstream

from the mouth of Jenny Creek.

Secondary:1. Chattahoochee River and its tributaries

upstream from GA. Hwy. 115 to the GA.Hwy. 255 Bridge.

2. Little Tesnatee Creek and its tributariesupstream from the mouth of Turner Creek.

3. Turner Creek and its tributaries except aslisted under primary above (Turner Creeknearest to Cleveland City limits).

WHITFIELD COUNTY

Primary:None.

Secondary:1. Coahulla Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 183.2. East Armuchee Creek an its tributaries.3. Snake Creek and its tributaries.4. Spring Creek and its tributaries.5. Swamp Creek and its tributaries upstream

from County Rd. 9.6. Tiger Creek and its tributaries.7. Dry Creek and its tributaries.

53

54

Section 8:Appendix

8.2.3 The Georgia Growth Planning Act (O.C.G.A. 12-2-8) • Authorized the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to develop minimum

planning standards and procedures that local city and county planning and zoning jurisdictions could adopt and enforce pertaining to the protection of river corridors, mountain tops, water supply reservoirs/watersheds, and wetlands.

• Requires local governments to use these minimum standards in developing andimplementing local comprehensive growth development plans.

• Silvicultural practices are exempt from permitting requirements according to theguidelines, but the activity must comply with BMPs within these sensitive areas.The rules for environmental planning for each of these sensitive areas, are as follows:

8.2.3.1 Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed (Chapter 391-3-16-. 01) • Provides local governments criteria to allow development of a water supply

reservoir or watershed without contaminating the water source to a point whereit cannot be treated to meet drinking water standards.

• The criteria establishes buffer zones and requirements for land disturbing activities along perennial streams and lakes and applies to existing and future water supply reservoirs and watersheds.

• Local governments may exempt specific forestry activities from the stream andlake corridor buffers provided the activity complies with Best Management Practices.

Figure 8-A. Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed

q

q

7-MILE RADIUS

100' BUFFER + 50' SETBACK


150' RESERVOIR BUFFER

RESERVOIR

7-MILE RADIUS


150' RESERVOIR BUFFER

RESERVOIR

(>100 sq. mi.) (<100 sq. mi.)

8.2.3.2 Wetlands Protection Act (Chapter 391-3-16-. 03) • Requires local governments and regional development centers to acknowledge

the importance of wetlands for the public good in the land-use planning process. • Where wetlands exceed five acres, local governments are encouraged to

protect them. • Timber production and harvesting are considered acceptable uses.

8.2.3.3 River Corridor Protection Act (Chapter 391-3-16-. 04) • Requires local governments and regional development centers to use standards

for the protection of river corridors in developing and implementing local comprehensive development plans.

• Applies to any perennial river or watercourse, at that point and below, where theaverage annual flow is at least 400 cubic feet per second (cfs) as determined byappropriate U.S. Geological Survey documents.

• Protected buffers include all land within 100 feet horizontally on both sides ofthe river as measured from the riverbanks.

• Plans shall provide for timber production and harvesting provided the activitycomplies with Best Management Practices.

• See map (Figure 8-B).

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Figure 8-A. Water Supply Intake Watershed (<100 sq. mi.)

q

q


7-MILE RADIUS


WATER SUPPLY INTAKE

8.2.3.4 Mountain Protection Act (Chapter 391-3-16-. 05) • Requires local governments and regional development centers to use planning

standards for the protection of mountain areas in developing and implementinglocal comprehensive plans.

• Applies to all land area 2,200 feet or more above mean sea level that has a percentage slope of 25 percent or greater for at least 500 feet horizontally, and

56

Section 8:Appendix

Figure 8-B. State Designated Protected Rivers: 1992

q

qSource: U.S. Geologic Survey

shall include the crests, summits, and ridge tops that lie at elevations higherthan any such area.

• Forestry practices are allowed on protected mountains provided the activitycomplies with Best Management Practices.

• See map (Figure 8-C).

8.2.4 Coastal Management Act (O.C.G.A. 12 -5-260) • Requires existing authorities in the 11-county coastal area to execute the full

range of policies and management techniques identified as necessary for coastalmanagement purposes.

• See map (Figure 8-D).

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Figure 8-C. Generalized Map of Areas Subject to “Mountain Protection”

Figure 8-D. Coastal Zone Management Pragram Area

q

Source: Georgia Coastal Resources Division

Source: U.S. Geologic Survey

8.2.5 Metropolitan River Protection Act (O.C.G.A. 12-5-440)• Requires the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) to adopt a plan that would

protect the land and water resources of the Chattahoochee River Corridor fromBuford Dam to the southwest edge of Fulton County.

• Establishes a 2,000 foot buffer in which land disturbing activities are regulated.• Requires a 50 foot buffer of natural vegetation be left in its natural state along

the banks of the river and 35 feet along the banks of other tributaries.• Outside of these buffers and in areas zoned for agriculture, forestry practices are

exempt from permitting. However in residential or commercial areas, a planmust be submitted and approved by the ARC when removing healthy trees overtwo inches in diameter at breast height.

• Establishes civil penalties of $1,000 per acre per day or part thereof on whichsuch violation occurs.

8.2.6 Georgia Forest Fire Protection Act (O.C.G.A. 12-6-90)• Requires any person, firm, corporation, or association entitled to burn any

woods, lands, marshes, or any other flammable vegetation, whether in cultivatedor uncultivated areas, shall prior to such burning notify and/or obtain a permitfrom the county office of the GFC wherein such burning is to be made.

• Any person who makes a burn and fails to give notice and/or obtain requiredpermit shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

8.2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-1)• Provides permitting by local issuing authorities for land disturbing activities.• Exempts commercial forestry activities, including harvesting, from permitting

and minimum requirements of the Act.• Harvesting inconsistent with BMPs may be interpreted as being in association

with land conversion activities and trigger erosion and sedimentation controlpermits and requirements.

8.2.8 Oil or Hazardous Material Spills or Release Act (O.C.G.A. 12 -14-1)• Requires producers of hazardous substances including used motor oils or fuels

to collect those substances and deliver to registered handlers.• Requires that in the event of accidental spills that the spill be contained, conta-

minated soils be collected and delivered to approved waste handling facility, andGA EPD notified(1-800-241-4113).

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Section 8:Appendix

q

q

q

q

8.2.9 State Board of Registration for Foresters Standards of Practice (O.C.G.A. 43-1-19) Chapter 220-5.01

• It is the responsibility of each registered forester to practice professionalforestry in a manner which protects the public welfare and safety and in a man-ner which meets generally accepted standards of practice.

• Generally accepted standards of practice shall include, but are not limited to,adherence to Best Management Practices published periodically by the GeorgiaForestry Commission and available from the Board office.

• Failure to practice professional forestry in accordance with generally acceptedstandards of practice shall constitute unprofessional conduct and shall begrounds for disciplinary action as provided for by law.

8.3 LOCAL LAWS, REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS

Certain counties have adopted local laws and ordinances, which affect forestryactivities. These come under the following categories:

8.3.1 Road ProtectionMay require permits and bonds before harvesting can begin. The Georgia ForestryAssociation, the Georgia Forestry Commission, and the University of Georgia Schoolof Forest Resources Extension Service maintains current list of those counties.

8.3.2 ZoningTimber harvesting, in other than agriculture zones, may require permits and specif-ic harvesting requirements.

8.3.3 Timber Tax CollectionCertain counties require permits or notification for timber harvest for the collec-tion of timber tax.

8.3.4 Watershed ProtectionSome counties require permits and plans for the removal of timber in floodplains.

8.3.5 Local Land Use PlansSee Comprehensive Growth Planning Act under State laws.

Landowners, forest managers and operators should check with local authori-ties before undertaking forestry activities.

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Access Road - A permanent or temporary woods road over which timber is transported from a fellingsite to a public road. Also known as a haul or system road.Aesthetics - The study or practices designed to maintain the beauty of forests.Aspect - The compass direction that the slope of the land faces (north, northwest, south, etc.)Back Blading - The practice of laying the bulldozer blade on the ground while operating a crawler trac-tor or other dozer equipment in reverse. This practice is commonly used for smoothing rough soil or forpulling soil or debris away from an area when pushing is not practical. Basal Area - The area of the cross section of a tree stem near its base, generally at breast height (4 1/2 feet above the ground), inclusive of bark. Expressed in square feet per acre. Stand basal area is generally expressed as the total basal area per unit area. Bedding - A site preparation technique in which a small ridge of surface soil is formed to provide anelevated planting or seedbed. It is used primarily in wet areas to improve drainage and aeration forseedlings.Best Management Practices (BMPs) - Methods, measures or practices to prevent or reduce water pollution, including but not limited to, structural and non-structural controls, operation and maintenanceprocedures, and other requirements, scheduling, and distribution of activities. Usually BMPs are appliedas a system of practices rather than a single practice. Braided Stream - A stream flowing in several dividing and reuniting channels resembling the strands ofa braid. The divisions are caused by obstruction from sediment deposited by the stream. Broad-based Dip - A surface drainage diversion built into the bed of a permanent haul road that consists of a long approach section, a low, out-sloped middle section, and a short terminal section witha reverse grade. They are specifically designed to intercept and divert surface water flow out of a dirtroad while allowing vehicles to maintain normal haul speeds. Also called a rolling dip.Broadcast Burn - A controlled fire within well-defined boundaries to reduce forest fuel hazards.Brush Barrier - A linear pile of limbs, tops, logs, and other forest debris which is arranged along thelower edge of a road, log deck, or site prepared area to slow, diffuse, or intercept sediment moving offthe disturbed site.Buffer Strip - A transitional area between two different land uses which mitigates the effects of oneland use on another. For water quality purposes they are intended to filter surface runoff and trap sediment and associated pollutants before entering water bodies. Some state and local regulationsrequire them. Canopy Cover - Indices of percent ground surface shaded by a combination of overstory and midstory trees.Channel - A natural water-bearing trough cut vertically into low areas of the land surface by erosiveaction of concentrated flowing water.Chopping - A mechanical treatment in which vegetation is concentrated near the ground and incorpo-rated in the soil. Chopping may be used to facilitate burning. Clearcutting - A silvicultural system in which all merchantable trees are harvested over a specified areain one operation.Commercial Forest Land - Forest land bearing or capable of bearing timber of commercial character,currently or prospectively available, and not withdrawn from such use.Contour - An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. Also aline drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation.Controlled Burning (fire) - See prescribed burning Cross-Drain Culvert - A metal, wooden, plastic or concrete conduit through which ditch flow is direct-ed underneath the road surface to the opposite side of the road.Culvert - A metal, concrete or plastic pipe, or a constructed box-type conduit through which water iscarried under roads or trails.

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GLOSSARY

Ditches and Canals - Manmade water courses. Dry Wash - A stream bed that carries water only during and immediately following rainstorms. Sometimesreferred to as a gully or ephemeral stream. Duff - Partially decayed organic matter on the forest floor.Ephemeral Area – Commonly referred to as drains, draws, or dry washes that typically have no well-defined channel and flow only during and for short periods following precipitation. Leaf, straw, andother forest litter is typically present or sporadically displaced in the ephemeral area. Aquatic insectsare not present in these areas.Erosion - The process by which soil particles are detached and transported by water, wind and gravityto a point downslope or downstream.Estuary - An inlet or arm of the sea where the tide meets the current at the mouth of a river.Excelsior Blanket - A machine produced mat of curled wood excelsior bonded with polymer netting.Fauna - The animals of a specified region or time.Felling - Cutting down standing trees.Fertilizers - Any substance or combination of substances used primarily as a source of plant nutritionor soil amendments.Firebreaks (Fire Lines) - Artificial barriers that contain fires within an area that typically are establishedby plowing and/or harrowing.Flora - The plants of a specified region or time.Forest Chemicals - Chemical substances or formulations that perform important functions in forestmanagement, including fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and repellents.Gabion - Large, multi-celled, welded wire or rectangular wire mesh boxes, used in stream channelrevetments, retaining walls, abutments, check dams, etc. to stabilize steep or highly erosive slopes.Geotextiles - Fabrics used to improve the load bearing capacity of roads with weak base material. Geoweb® - A heavy-duty polyethylene cellular confinement system used to improve and stabilize struc-tural fill in roads and embankments.Gully - A channel, hollow or narrow ravine caused by past land cultivation. Sometimes referred to as adry wash.Harrowing (Disking) - A mechanical method of scarifying the soil to reduce competing vegetation andto prepare a site for seeding or planting.Herbicide - Any chemical or mixture of chemicals intended to prevent the growth of or promote theremoval of targeted tress, bushes, and/or herbaceous vegetation.Humus Layer - The organic layer of the soil formed by the decay of organic matter.Hydric Soils - Soils exhibiting a considerably wet nature, typically characterized by dark or gray mottledcolors and associated with wetlands.Hydrology - The scientific study of the properties, distribution and effects of water on the earth’s sur-face, in the soil and underlying rocks and in the atmosphere.Inslope - The feature of a road surface, established during construction or maintenance, that slants the roadbed to the inner or uphill side to facilitate drainage of storm runoff from the road in more concentrated flow into a ditch line.Integrated Pest Management - The maintenance of destructive agents, including insects, at tolerablelevels by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategiesthat are ecologically and economically effective and socially acceptable.Intermittent Stream - A watercourse that flows in a well-defined channel during wet seasons of theyear but not the entire year. They generally exhibit signs of water velocity sufficient to move soil materi-al, litter and fine debris. Aquatic insects often are difficult to find or not present at all.Log Deck - A place where logs or tree-length material is assembled for loading and transporting.Logging Debris - The unused and generally unmarketable accumulation of large limbs, tops, cull logs,and stumps that remain after harvesting.Mulching - Any loose covering of forest soil with organic residues such as grass, straw or wood fibersthat checks erosion and stabilizes exposed soil.Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution - Water pollution that is (1) induced by natural processes includingprecipitation, seepage, percolation and runoff; (2) not traceable to any discrete or identifiable facility;and (3) better controlled by using BMPs.

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Outslope - The feature of a road surface, established during construction or maintenance, that slantsthe roadbed to the outer or downhill side to facilitate drainage of storm runoff from the road in morediffuse flow than occurs at dips and water bars. Outsloping is a contrasting road design to the crownedroadbed or to an inslope toward a ditch line.Perennial Stream - A watercourse that flows in a well-defined channel throughout most of the yearunder normal climatic conditions. Some may dry up during drought periods or due to excessiveupstream uses. Aquatic insects are normally present and easily found.Pesticide - Any chemical substance used to control undesirable insects, diseases, vegetation, animalsor other life forms. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides are considered pesticides.Pollutants - Natural or manmade waste material that contaminates air, soil, or water.Precipitation - Any form of water that falls to the ground from the atmosphere, including drizzle, rain,snow, snow pellets, ice crystals, etc.Prescribed Burning (fire) - The use of planned fire that is deliberately set under specific fuel andweather conditions to accomplish any variety of management objectives and is under control until itburns out or is extinguished. Protected Mountain Top - Mountain tops above 2,200 feet elevation and greater than 25% slope.Protected River Corridors - One hundred-foot buffers along those rivers at a point and below wherethe flow is at 400 cubic feet per second (cfs).Qualified Professional - A person whose training and experience qualifies him/her to make forestryand water quality recommendations. Examples include foresters, hydrologists, soil scientists, forestengineers, fishery and wildlife biologists, or technically trained individuals such as those who have completed the Master Timber Harvesters workshops. Raking - A mechanical site preparation method to remove trees and shrubs by raking and piling debris.Raking usually moves less soil into windrows than bulldozing. Regeneration - A young tree crop that replaces older trees removed by harvest or disaster; also theprocess of replacing old trees with young ones.Registered Forester - A person who is registered and licensed to engage in professional forestry practices as determined by the Georgia State Board of Registration for Foresters. Restricted Use Pesticide - A pesticide that is applied only by certified persons for specific uses.Retirement of Roads - Preparing a road for a long period of non-use by methods including mulching,seeding and installing water bars.Rip-rap - Rock or other large aggregate that is placed to protect streambanks, bridge abutments orother erodible sites from runoff or wave action.Rotation Period - The period of time needed to establish, grow and harvest a crop of trees at a specified condition of maturity.Sediment - Soil particles that have been detached and transported into water during erosion.Seed Tree Cut - A timber harvesting method that provides for the natural regeneration of a site byleaving single trees, or small groups of seed-bearing trees, evenly distributed throughout the harvestarea. Generally results in an even-aged stand.Seep or Spring - A place where groundwater flows slowly to the surface and often forms a pool; a small spring.Selection Cut - Removal of select trees in a forest stand based on some economic or physiological criteria. Generally results in an uneven-aged stand.Shearing - A mechanical site preparation method of removing large numbers of stems too large fordisking or drum chopping. Shear blades, mounted on crawler tractors, are angled or V-shaped, havestraight or serrated edges and have a “stinger” for splitting larger trees and stumps.Shelterwood Cut - Removal of mature timber in a forest stand in a series of harvests that extend over arelatively short portion of the rotation. This cut encourages essentially even-aged reproduction underthe partial shade of seed trees.

62

Glossary

Side Cast - The act of moving excavated material to the side and depositing it.Silt Fence - A lofty web of mechanically or melt bonded polymer netting, monofilament or fibers thatare entangled to form a strong and dimensionally stable matrix to catch storm runoff and soil particles.Silviculture - The science and art of growing forest crops. More particularly, the principles, theories andpractices for protecting and enhancing the regeneration, growth, development and use of forests formultiple benefits.Sinkhole - A geologic feature that may provide a direct connection between land surface andgroundwater.Site Preparation - A forest activity to remove unwanted vegetation and other material, and to cultivateor prepare soil for reforestation.Skid - The short-distance moving of logs or felled trees along the surface of the ground from the stumpto the point of loading.Skid Trail - A temporary, non-structural pathway over forest soil for dragging felled trees or logs to alog deck. Slough - A poorly defined channel in a swamp, bog, marsh, or riverine system, often without a clearlydefined inlet or outlet. Staging Area - An area designated for the concentration of vehicles and equipment for a specific activity. Streamside Management Zone (SMZ) - A designated area of varying width adjacent to the banks ofstreams and bodies of water where management practices that might affect water quality, fish, or otheraquatic resources are modified. Sub-soiling - A mechanical site preparation method for ripping apart compact soils or soils with plowpans, hard pans, or fragi-pans under the soil surface. Thermal Pollution - A temperature rise in a body of water sufficient to harm aquatic life.Trout Stream - A perennial stream and its tributaries inhabited by trout. Streams designated as Prima-ry Trout Streams are waters supporting a self-sustaining population of rainbow, brown or brook trout.Streams designated as Secondary Trout Streams are those with no evidence of natural trout reproduc-tion, but are capable of supporting trout throughout the year.Turbidity - An optical measurement of water clarity.Water Bar - A hump or small dam-type surface drainage structure used to close abandoned roads, skidtrails, and fire lines.Water Control Structure - Any structure used to regulate surface or subsurface water flows.Watershed - All land and water within a drainage divide.Waters of the State - Any and all rivers, streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainagesystems, springs, wells and other bodies of surface or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying withinor forming part of the boundaries of the state, which are not entirely confined and retained completelyupon the property of a single individual, partnership or corporation.Waters of the U.S. - Includes lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mud flats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds.Water Supply Point - An easily accessible location used to pump water into fire-suppression vehicles.Water Supply Reservoir/Watersheds - Governmentally owned impoundments of water and the water-sheds above such impoundments used primarily to provide water to one or more governmentally ownedpublic drinking-water systems. Water Turnout - The extension of an access road’s drainage ditch or skid trail’s or fire line’s water barinto a vegetated area to disperse and filter storm water runoff.Wetlands - Areas inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands possess three essential characteristics:hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and hydrology. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs,river floodplains, Carolina bays, cypress domes and stringers, pine hammocks and similar areas.Windrow - Logging debris and unmerchantable woody vegetation that is piled into rows to decomposeor be burned.

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64

Contributors and Sourcesof Information

PERSONS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DOCUMENT:

Joe Allen - Southeastern Wood Producers Association

Glenn Atkinson - International Paper Company

Rich Aubuchon - USDA Forest Service

Lynda Beam - Private landowner

Barry Beers - Prudential Timber Investments

Rex Bonner - The Conservation Fund

Bill Breiner - Bill Breiner Forestry

John Britt - Mead Coated Board, Inc.

Ginger Brown - USDA Forest Service

Dr. Kim Coder - UGA School of Forest Resources

Bonnie Darsie - Nature Conservancy Volunteer

Jeff Durniak - Georgia Wildlife Resources Division

Alan Dozier - Georgia Forestry Commission

Willard Fell - Georgia Forestry Commission

David Ferrell - USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service

John Godbee* - Union Camp Corporation

Micah Goldstein - Georgia-Pacific Corporation

Frank Green* - Georgia Forestry Commission

Dr. Dale Greene - UGA School of Forest Resources

John Greis - USDA Forest Service/ US EPA

Jim Griffith - Georgia Farm Bureau

Greg Guest - Georgia-Pacific Corporation

Tom Harris - UGA School of Forest Resources

Mike Hurst - USDA Forest Service

Bob Izlar – UGA School of Forest Resources

Dr. Ben Jackson - UGA School of Forest Resources

Meg Jones - The Nature Conservancy of Georgia

Frank Jordan – Attorney; Private landowner;Assoc. of Conservation Districts

George Kellogg - International Paper Company

Lynn Klein – Georgia-Pacific Corporation

Bob Lazenby - Georgia Forestry Commission

Drew Marczak – The Timber Company

Dennis Martin - Georgia Forestry Commission

Ted Mikalsen - Georgia Environmental Protection Division

Dr. Karl Miller - UGA School of Forest Resources

Dr. David Moorhead - UGA School of Forest Resources

Dr. Larry Morris - UGA School of Forest Resources

Stuart Moss - F & W Forestry Service

Dr. Wade Nutter - Nutter, Overcash, and Associates

Bill Oettmeier, Jr. - Superior Pine Products

Lee Ogden - UGA School of Forest Resources

Rob Olszewski - Georgia-Pacific Corporation

David Pattison - Stone Container Corporation

Hillrie M. Quin, Jr. - The Conservation Fund; The Georgia Conservancy

Steve Raper – Temple-Inland Forest

Pat Reddish - Newport Timber

Travis Reed – Reed Logging, Inc.

Dick Rightmyer - USDA Forest Service

Mark Roberts - Roberts Timber Company

Scott Robinson - Georgia Wildlife Resources Division

Betty Rothamael – Georgia Wildlife Federation

Andrew Schock - The Nature Conservancy ofGeorgia

Monte Seehorn - U.S. Forest Service (retired)

Dr. Barry Shiver - UGA School of Forest Resources

Pat Straka – Monsanto

Reggie Thackston - GA Wildlife Resources Division

Steve Tomlin - Union Camp Corporation

Larry Walker - Weyerhaeuser Corporation

Bill White - Georgia Soil and Water ConservationCommission

Carlton Windsor – Rayonier

Mike Zupko - Georgia Forestry Association

*Co-chairs, Georgia Best Management Practices Revision Task Force

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

For other natural resource information, contact any of the following organizations: State Agencies:Georgia Forestry Commission Georgia Department of Natural ResourcesP.O. Box 819 Environmental Protection DivisionMacon, Ga. 31202 NonPoint Source Pollution Program1-800-GA-TREES 205 Butler Street, S.E.www.gfc.state.ga.us East Floyd Towers, Suite 1070

Atlanta, GA. 30334404-656-4887

University of Georgia School of Forest Resources Georgia Department of Natural ResourcesAthens, GA. 30602 Wildlife Resources Division706-542-2686 2070 US Highway 278 SE

Social Circle, GA. 30279770-918-6401

University of GeorgiaForest Resources Cooperative Georgia Soil and WaterExtension Service Conservation CommissionSchool of Forest Resources P.O. Box 8024Athens, GA 30602 Athens, GA 30603706-542-3446 706-542-3065

Federal Agencies:U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation ServiceForest Service: State Office Southern Region Federal Building, Box 131720 Peachtree St.,NW 355 E. Hancock StreetAtlanta, GA 30367 Athens, GA 30601404-347-4178706-546-2272 United States Department of the Interior

Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Region 4Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest 1875 Century Boulevard1755 Cleveland Hwy Suite 200Gainesville, GA 30501 Atlanta, GA 30345770-536-0541

U.S. Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Environmental Protection Agency Savannah DistrictWetlands, Coastal and Water Quality P.O. Box 889Atlanta Federal Center Savannah, GA 3140261 Forsyth Street 912-652-5822Atlanta, GA 30303404-562-9355

Private Organizations:The Association of Consulting Foresters The Atlanta Regional CommissionGeorgia Chapter 200 Northcreek, Suite 300c/o F& W Forestry Services, Inc. 3715 Northside ParkwayP.O. Box 3610 Atlanta, GA 30327Albany, GA 31708 404-364-2500912-883-0505

continued . . .

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The Conservation Fund The Georgia Conservancy880 W. Wesley Rd, NW 1776 Peachtree Street, NWAtlanta, GA 30327 Suite 400 South404-355-7246 Atlanta, GA 30309

404-876-2900The Georgia Farm BureauP. O. Box 18002 The Georgia Forestry AssociationMacon, GA 31298 505 Pinnacle Court912-746-5263 Norcross, GA 30071

770-416-7621The Georgia Wildlife Federation1930 Iris Drive The Nature Conservancy of GeorgiaConyers, GA 30207 1330 W. Peachtree St, Suite 410770-929-3350 Atlanta, GA 30309

404-873-6946 The Society of American ForestersGeorgia Division The Southeastern Wood Producers Assoc.912-751-3553 P. O. Box 9

Hilliard, FL 32046904-845-7133

Photographs Courtesy Of:

Georgia Environmental Protection DivisionGeorgia Forestry CommissionGeorgia Wildlife Resources DivisionGeorgia-Pacific CorporationThe Nature Conservancy of GeorgiaWeyerhaeuser Corporation

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Sources of Information

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NOTES:

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NOTES:

Physiographic Regions of Georgia

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