Georgia Performance Georgia Performance StandardsStandards• SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil

War and Reconstruction on Georgia. War and Reconstruction on Georgia.

• b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, include Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. the Sea, and Andersonville.

• c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan.

Review QuestionsReview Questions

1.1. Where did the Civil War begin and end?Where did the Civil War begin and end?

a. Fort Sumter; Gettysburga. Fort Sumter; Gettysburg

b. Gettysburg; Appomattox Courthouseb. Gettysburg; Appomattox Courthouse

c. Fort Sumter; Appomattox c. Fort Sumter; Appomattox CourthouseCourthouse

2. What were the two main causes of the 2. What were the two main causes of the Civil War?Civil War?

3. What was Sherman’s March to the Sea?3. What was Sherman’s March to the Sea?

4. What happened at the Battle of 4. What happened at the Battle of Gettysburg? Gettysburg?

ReviewReview

The Civil WarThe Civil War

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin increased Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin increased

demand for enslaved workersdemand for enslaved workers• Southern states:Southern states:

– States’ rightsStates’ rights– Support of slaverySupport of slavery– Agricultural economyAgricultural economy

• Northern states:Northern states:– Opposed slaveryOpposed slavery– Industrial economyIndustrial economy

CompromisesCompromises

• Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise• Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850• Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Decision

Key Events of the Civil Key Events of the Civil WarWar

• Fort SumterFort Sumter• AntietamAntietam• Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation• GettysburgGettysburg• ChickamaugaChickamauga• Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea• Andersonville Andersonville

ActivityActivity

• Write a paragraph that explains how Write a paragraph that explains how you think life in the South was after you think life in the South was after the Civil War. Do you think the Civil War. Do you think everything returned back to normal? everything returned back to normal? Was everyone friendly to one Was everyone friendly to one another? You need AT LEAST FIVE another? You need AT LEAST FIVE sentences.sentences.

Review QuestionsReview QuestionsThe Dred Scott decision made by the Supreme Court in 1857 The Dred Scott decision made by the Supreme Court in 1857

declared that…declared that…

a. slaves were citizens of the US.a. slaves were citizens of the US.

b. slaves were property, were not US citizens, and had no right to b. slaves were property, were not US citizens, and had no right to sue.sue.

c. Dred Scott should be set free and given protection in the North c. Dred Scott should be set free and given protection in the North

2. The ______________________ was the main reason that the Southern 2. The ______________________ was the main reason that the Southern states seceded from the Union.states seceded from the Union.

3. What caused the need for slavery?3. What caused the need for slavery?

4. 4. Which is a reason many Georgia plantation owners favored Which is a reason many Georgia plantation owners favored secession?secession?

a. Fear that abolition would end their way of lifea. Fear that abolition would end their way of life

b. The need to import large numbers of new slavesb. The need to import large numbers of new slaves

c. The supported Abraham Lincolnc. The supported Abraham Lincoln

The End of the WarThe End of the War• At the end of the war, Southern troops were At the end of the war, Southern troops were

tiredtired and and outnumbered outnumbered. . • In Virginia, Grant was wearing down Lee’s In Virginia, Grant was wearing down Lee’s

troops. troops. • Remember, Remember, ShermanSherman swept through swept through GeorgiaGeorgia..• The war was ending. Some Southerners were The war was ending. Some Southerners were

ready toready to stopstop fightingfighting, but some wanted to , but some wanted to continuecontinue. .

Surrender at Appomattox Surrender at Appomattox CourthouseCourthouse• General Lee sent word to General Lee sent word to

Jefferson Davis that he could Jefferson Davis that he could not not stopstop Union forces from Union forces from taking taking RichmondRichmond. .

• Lee wanted to continue the Lee wanted to continue the fightfight, but he knew it was time , but he knew it was time to to endend..

• Lee met with Lee met with GrantGrant at at Appomattox Courthouse Appomattox Courthouse in in Virginia and agreed on terms of Virginia and agreed on terms of surrendsurrenderer. . – Confederate Confederate troops troops

surrendered their surrendered their weaponsweapons and were allowed to go and were allowed to go homehome..

– They were not tried for They were not tried for treasontreason. .

• Show video: Show video: http://www.history.com/topics/freedmens-bureau/videos#legacy-of-the-civil-war

Think, Pair, ShareThink, Pair, ShareThe Civil War has just ended, and the The Civil War has just ended, and the

Southern economy is in ruins. Slavery Southern economy is in ruins. Slavery has been abolished. Northerners and has been abolished. Northerners and Southerners feel deep anger toward one Southerners feel deep anger toward one another. As a member of Congress, you another. As a member of Congress, you must help rebuild the nation. must help rebuild the nation.

What problems would you face in rebuilding the What problems would you face in rebuilding the nation?nation?

How would you get rid of tension between the How would you get rid of tension between the North and the South?North and the South?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Key Questions…Key Questions…

Conditions After the Conditions After the War…War…• After the war, the South was an After the war, the South was an economiceconomic, ,

socialsocial, and , and politicalpolitical wreck. wreck. • CitiesCities and and townstowns like Atlanta, GA; Richmond, VA, like Atlanta, GA; Richmond, VA,

and Columbia, SC were in ruins.and Columbia, SC were in ruins.• Life for the new Life for the new freedmenfreedmen was very was very unstableunstable. . • Freedmen did things that were Freedmen did things that were prohibitedprohibited under under

slaveryslavery::– Held religious servicesHeld religious services– Bought gunsBought guns– Were not friendly to white menWere not friendly to white men– Changed their namesChanged their names

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December

8, 1863):

• Plan to help rebuild or reconstruct the South before allowing Southerners to reenter the Union.

• Ten Percent Plan:

• When 10% of the white male voting population had taken an oath of loyalty, they would be recognized. After the oath, the Southern government also had to write a new constitution that made slavery illegal.

• After Lincoln died, Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president. His plan was similar to Lincoln’s, but he had higher demands for Southerners.

• Johnson had additional requirements for Southern states:• Ratify the 13th Amendment• Cancel the Ordinance of Secession• Cancel all wartime debts• Write a constitution that included a provision of the

abolition of slavery

President Andrew President Andrew JohnsonJohnson

Reconstruction in Reconstruction in GeorgiaGeorgia• President Johnson appointed President Johnson appointed James Johnson James Johnson as as

Georgia’s Georgia’s temporarytemporary Governor. Governor.• Constitution of 1865:Constitution of 1865:

– DelegatesDelegates were white men who wanted to preserve were white men who wanted to preserve white supremacy white supremacy (control of political system by (control of political system by whites)whites)

– Went along with Went along with requirementsrequirements set by President set by President JohnsonJohnson

– ElectionsElections were held, and the government began to were held, and the government began to reformreform. .

– The newly elected legislature The newly elected legislature ratifiedratified the the 1313thth

Amendment.Amendment.

Radical (Congressional) Plan for Readmission

Radical (Congressional) Plan for Readmission

Congress and many Northerners thought the South should be punished.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

• The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help the new freedmen and poor whites get food, shelter, and clothing.

• The Bureau, along with other religious organizations, also established schools for the freedmen.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Southern LaborSouthern Labor• After the Civil War, whites still After the Civil War, whites still ownedowned most of the most of the

landland..• Without Without propertyproperty of their own, former of their own, former slavesslaves returned returned

to work on plantations – this time as to work on plantations – this time as wage earnerswage earners..• Plantation owners desperately needed Plantation owners desperately needed workersworkers, so , so

different different systemssystems were created: were created:– Gang Labor Gang Labor - similar to slavery; worked under the - similar to slavery; worked under the

supervision of a white overseersupervision of a white overseer– Wage Labor Wage Labor – workers agreed to be paid at harvest time– workers agreed to be paid at harvest time– Contract System Contract System – workers signed a contract that explained – workers signed a contract that explained

the agreement between the worker and landowner.the agreement between the worker and landowner.

SharecroppingSharecropping• Under this system, a Under this system, a freedmanfreedman or or poor white poor white would would

work a work a plotplot of of landland for the landowner. for the landowner. • The sharecropper received a The sharecropper received a portionportion of the land at of the land at

harvest harvest time.time.• The The landownerlandowner provided the provided the sharecroppersharecropper a place to a place to

live, live, seed for seed for plantingplanting, farm, farm tools tools, and food on , and food on creditcredit (the cost of these items was deducted from the money (the cost of these items was deducted from the money earned from the sharecroppers portion of the crop).earned from the sharecroppers portion of the crop).

• Landowners sometimes cheated the sharecropper out Landowners sometimes cheated the sharecropper out of money earned.of money earned.

• Page 292Page 292

Tenant FarmingTenant Farming• SimilarSimilar to sharecropping to sharecropping• TenantsTenants usually owned some usually owned some agricultural agricultural

equipment equipment and and farm animalsfarm animals. . • They also bought their ownThey also bought their own seed seed and and

fertilizer..• They still paid They still paid landownerslandowners, but since they , but since they

owned more than sharecroppers, they made a owned more than sharecroppers, they made a small profit. .

Black CodesBlack Codes• Georgia had met all of President Johnson’s

requirements, but Republicans still weren’t satisfied because Southerners were mistreating freedmen.

• Southern whites passed the Black Codes:

• Created racial segregation

• Prohibited interracial marriage

• Blocked African Americans from serving on juries

• Prohibited them from testifying against whites in court

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866• Northern Republicans were Northern Republicans were outragedoutraged at at

the South’s attempts to the South’s attempts to denydeny freedmen freedmen theirtheir rights rights..

• This act This act guaranteedguaranteed the the rightsrights of of freedmen and blocked the Black Codes.freedmen and blocked the Black Codes.

• Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau was extended.was extended.• Congress passed the Congress passed the 1414thth Amendment Amendment, ,

which guaranteed which guaranteed citizenshipcitizenship to all people to all people born in the US, except Native Americans. born in the US, except Native Americans.

Congress Breaks with the President - Facts

Congress Breaks with the President - Facts

• Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

• February, 1866 President Johnsonvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau Bill.

• March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

• Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history.

ReviewReview

Lincoln Plan: Southerners would be pardoned if they took an oath of allegiance.

Congressional Plan: The South would be treated like a conquered country.

Andrew Johnson Plan: Approve the 13th Amendment and get rid of secession laws.

13th Amendment13th Amendment• Ratified in December, 1865.

• Prohibited slavery/involuntary servitude.

• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

• Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

14th Amendment14th Amendment• Ratified in July, 1868.

• Granted citizenship to the freedmen and forbade state from denying anyone the “equal protection of the law.”

• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

Granted all male citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or pervious condition of servitude.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote.

ActivityActivityCreate a pro/con list that explains the Create a pro/con list that explains the

positives and negatives of life in the positives and negatives of life in the south after the Civil War.south after the Civil War.

You must have AT LEAST five details You must have AT LEAST five details written under each category written under each category (pro/con)(pro/con)

You can set it up like this:You can set it up like this:

Life in the South After the WarLife in the South After the WarPros Cons

Review QuestionsReview Questions11. A supporter of President Lincoln’s plans for . A supporter of President Lincoln’s plans for

Reconstruction would most likely have agreed with which Reconstruction would most likely have agreed with which of these statements? of these statements?

a. All southern plantations should be divided among a. All southern plantations should be divided among former slaves.former slaves.

b. All Confederate officers should be tried for war crimes.b. All Confederate officers should be tried for war crimes.

c. It is important that the North support policies that c. It is important that the North support policies that help the South recover as quickly as possible.help the South recover as quickly as possible.

2. Which Reconstruction Plan focused on punishing the 2. Which Reconstruction Plan focused on punishing the South for the Civil War?South for the Civil War?

a. Congressional (Radical)a. Congressional (Radical)

b. Presidential (Lincoln/Johnson)b. Presidential (Lincoln/Johnson)

33. After the Civil War, the typical planter in Georgia had . After the Civil War, the typical planter in Georgia had plenty of land but no labor to work it. How was slave plenty of land but no labor to work it. How was slave labor replaced in Georgia? SS8H6clabor replaced in Georgia? SS8H6c

a)Landowners shared resources with each other until a)Landowners shared resources with each other until harvest timeharvest time

b)Landowners allowed people with no land to grow crops b)Landowners allowed people with no land to grow crops on their acreage for a share of those cropson their acreage for a share of those crops

c)Large numbers of black Georgians became landowners c)Large numbers of black Georgians became landowners and hired other black people to work the landand hired other black people to work the land

4. Which organization was created to help supervise the 4. Which organization was created to help supervise the transition of slaves to freedmen? transition of slaves to freedmen?

a) Morehouse Collegea) Morehouse College

b) Freedmen’s Bureau b) Freedmen’s Bureau

c) NAACPc) NAACP

Henry McNeal Turner and Black Legislators

Henry McNeal Turner and Black Legislators

First black men to be elected in the Georgia General Assembly in1867.

Were expelled (kicked out of office) in 1868 on the grounds that the constitution gave African Americans the right to vote but did not specifically give them the right to hold political office.

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Secret organization that tried to keep freedmen from exercising their new civil rights.

Terrorized African Americans to keep them from voting.

Beatings, whippings, murders