Georgia Performance Georgia Performance StandardsStandards

SAP2. Students will analyze the SAP2. Students will analyze the interdependence of the integumentary, interdependence of the integumentary, skeletal, and skeletal, and

muscular systems as these relate tomuscular systems as these relate to

the protection, support andthe protection, support and

movement of the human body.movement of the human body. SAP2b. Explain how the skeletal structures SAP2b. Explain how the skeletal structures

provide support and protection for tissues, provide support and protection for tissues, and function together with the muscular and function together with the muscular system to make movements possible. system to make movements possible.

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Bone Surface MarkingsBone Surface Markings Surface FeaturesSurface Features

– rough area, groove, openings, processrough area, groove, openings, process Specific FunctionsSpecific Functions

– passageway for blood vessels and nervespassageway for blood vessels and nerves– joint formationjoint formation– muscle attachment & contractionmuscle attachment & contraction

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ForamenForamen = = openingopening FossaFossa = shallow depression = shallow depression SulcusSulcus = = groovegroove MeatusMeatus = tubelike = tubelike

passageway or passageway or canalcanal CondyleCondyle = large, round = large, round

protuberanceprotuberance FacetFacet = smooth = smooth flat flat

articular surfacearticular surface TrochanterTrochanter = very large = very large

projectionprojection TuberosityTuberosity = large, = large,

rounded, rounded, roughened roughened projectionprojection

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Long Bone Long Bone StructureStructure EpiphysisEpiphysis

– Proximal and Distal Ends of Proximal and Distal Ends of Long BonesLong Bones

– Site of Site of hemopoiesis hemopoiesis (blood (blood cell formation)cell formation)

DiaphysisDiaphysis– ShaftShaft of bone, of bone, hollowhollow

Articular CartilageArticular Cartilage– Smooth for Lubrication at Smooth for Lubrication at

JointsJoints Spongy BoneSpongy Bone

– Red/YellowRed/Yellow Bone Marrow Bone Marrow Compact BoneCompact Bone

– Structure/FrameworkStructure/Framework– Primarily composed of Primarily composed of

CalciumCalcium and and PhosphatePhosphate

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Medullary CavityMedullary Cavity

–StoresStores red marrow red marrow (infant) & Yellow (adult)(infant) & Yellow (adult)

Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow

–Blood CellsBlood CellsYellow Bone MarrowYellow Bone Marrow

–AdiposeAdipose Tissue TissueNutrient ForamenNutrient Foramen

–Nutrient and oxygen Nutrient and oxygen supply line to compact supply line to compact bonebone

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OsteoprogenitorOsteoprogenitor ( (Stem CellsStem Cells = Unspecialized) = Unspecialized)– Mesenchyme cells from which all tissues arise from Mesenchyme cells from which all tissues arise from

Mesoderm Mesoderm OsteoblastOsteoblast

– Cells that form bone by secreting Cells that form bone by secreting collagen & matrixcollagen & matrix OsteocyteOsteocyte

– Mature Mature Bone CellsBone Cells OsteoclastOsteoclast (Immune Cell) (Immune Cell)

– Destroys BoneDestroys Bone for growth, development, and repair of bone for growth, development, and repair of bone

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OSTEOCYTESOSTEOCYTES::

During bone During bone development the development the osteoblast may osteoblast may produce too much produce too much matrixmatrix & become & become cementedcemented in in

Once trapped w/i the Once trapped w/i the chamber (chamber (lacunaelacunae) ) surrounded by the surrounded by the matrix it is called/turns matrix it is called/turns into...into...OsteocytesOsteocytes

OSTEOBLASTSOSTEOBLASTS::

Found on Found on surfacesurface of bone of bone tissuetissue

Produce Produce matrixmatrix – Mineral saltsMineral salts

and and collagencollagen

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OSTEOCLAST:OSTEOCLAST: Bone cells that Bone cells that wanderwander

throughout bone tissuethroughout bone tissue Secrete substance that Secrete substance that

dissolvesdissolves the mineral the mineral salt crystals of the salt crystals of the matrixmatrix

May arise from a May arise from a monocyte (wbc) under monocyte (wbc) under influence of certain influence of certain hormoneshormones

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LacunaeLacunae– Store osteocytesStore osteocytes

Haversian Canal (Osteon)Haversian Canal (Osteon)– Central canal that Central canal that carries blood carries blood

vessels and nervesvessels and nerves to bones to bones Volkman’s CanalsVolkman’s Canals

– ConnectsConnects Haversian Canals Haversian Canals– Transport from nutrient supply Transport from nutrient supply

to internal compact boneto internal compact bone– CanaliculiCanaliculi

Nutrient ForamenNutrient Foramen– Nutrient supply from body to Nutrient supply from body to

internal boneinternal bone– Found in Found in Medullary CavityMedullary Cavity

Compact BoneOsteocytes

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Spongy BoneSpongy Bone No True OsteonsNo True Osteons Lamellae arranged in lattice Lamellae arranged in lattice

known as known as trabeculaetrabeculae Filled with Filled with Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow

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•Blood cell production in the bone marrow