George Orwell’s Animal Farm I NTRODUCTORY L ECTURE.
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Transcript of George Orwell’s Animal Farm I NTRODUCTORY L ECTURE.
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George Orwell’s
Animal Farm
INTRODUCTORY LECTURE
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Part I:
Government
Economics
-and-
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal…”• This statement is one of the
founding beliefs and principles of our country. Do you agree with it? Why or why not?
• How might the meaning or interpretation of this statement have changed over the course of history (e.g., from when it was first written to today)?
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Where Do You Stand?• As a general rule, it is a good idea to be
distrustful of political leaders.• Those who work harder than me should be paid
more than me.• People are generally motivated by self-interest.• Power eventually corrupts those who have it.• When someone is unable to work, s/he should be
supported by the government.
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What is the difference between EQUALITY and
EQUITY?• EQUALITY is the quality
or state of being equal; sameness or equivalence in number, quantity, or measure
• EQUITY is the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair.
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What is the definition of…
Democracy• government by the people • the rule of the majority
Socialism• a society in which there is no
private property • a society in which the means
of production are owned and controlled by the state
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What is the definition of…Communism• government in which a single authoritarian party
controls state-owned means of production• a system in which goods are owned in common
and are available to all as needed
Fascism• a political philosophy that exalts nation and race
above the individual • usually headed by a dictatorial leader• often includes forcible suppression of opposition
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The Economics : An OverviewCapitalism (+ Democracy)
• Market driven, encourages competition, unequal distribution of wealth
Socialism• State driven, private and
state owned facilities
Communism (+ Totalitarianism)• State driven, state
owns/controls everything, financial equality except for government officials
Equality of Opportunity
Equality of Condition
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Where would these government systems fall on this line continuum?
Fascism
DemocracyCapitalism
Socialism
Communism
Radical Liberal Conservative Reactionary
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Part II:
Historical Context
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Russia: 1914-1917• Russia lingered in past and Czar (similar to a
king; also spelled Tsar) still ruled absolutely• Russian citizens lived in extreme poverty and
were expected to fall into place as a part of a social obligation
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Bloody Sunday 1905
• Bloody Sunday was a massacre on unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tzar Nicholas
• They were gunned down by the Imperial guard as they approached the city
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Karl Marx Karl Marx • Wrote the Communist Manifesto and spread
his beliefs throughout Europe until his death in 1883.
• Communism:
-New social order based on the equal distributions of wealth and possessions
among the nation’s citizenry.
-Poverty, ignorance, and starvation would cease to
exist.
- Individuals would produce according to their abilities, and consume according to their needs.
- No citizen would possess
more than another.
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• Well-organized Communists began to dominate Russian leadership and focus on poor
• Hungry workers soon joined Communist groups
• Bolshevik Revolution (1917) was a Communist takeover lead by Vladimir Lenin
• New political approach introduced: “Everyone would benefit equally
Russia: 1914-1917
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Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin• Controller of the Soviets
• Organizer and motivator, focused on gaining the support of the troops.
• Ally with Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin,• who promised workers and soldiers food, land,
and an end to Russia’s involvement in the war.• Assisted in the successful revolution
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timeline• 1848: Marx publishes Communist Manifesto.
• 1883: Marx dies leaving the idea of revolution in the minds of the
Russian people.
• 1914: WWI begins
• 1914-1917: Numerous citizen revolts occur.
• Feb. 1917: Soviets attack the government and Tsar Nicholas II admits
defeat. Soviets take over the palace and create the Provisional
Government.
• October 1917: Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin, seize the palace and begin to
form a Communist regime.
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics• Communist era begins lead by Lenin and his two allies,
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin• Nation also came to be known as the Soviet Union • Dilemma: how do you bring peace and equality with
opposition? Answer: Campaign of Terror • Formed Red Army• Identified and executed
suspected anti-Communists, including the Czar and his family
• Lenin died of a very long and involved illness in1924
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From left: Stalin, Lenin, Trotsky
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• Power struggle erupted between Trotsky and Stalin• Trotsky – Dreamer, appetite for books and ideas, intellectual giant,
visionary thinker, hoped to transform Russia into an industrial powerhouse• Stalin – Quick study, spoke well, focused on creating loyal bonds between
himself and powerful men within the soviets. Began to attack Trotsky as a revolutionary connected with “old ways” of doing things.
• Stalin wins, maintained grip on power through political and social terror, silenced all opposition• “Purges” – High-ranking officials systemically arrested, forced
to admit to crimes they did not commit, executed• Estimated 2-7 million people killed• Had Trotsky exiled and assassinated him
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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“Let’s raise a generation unconditionally loyal to the cause of communism!”
“Let’s raise a generation unconditionally loyal to the cause of communism!”
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Part III:
Novel Overview
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Animal Farm• Published in 1945 to mixed reviews, but later became one of
Orwell’s most popular works • Depicts the abuses of power among a group of farm animals
who rebel against their human owners • Orwell called the book “a fairy story”, but can also be
considered a:• a political tract• a satire on human folly • a loud hee-haw at all who yearn for Utopia• an allegorical lesson• a fable in the Aesop tradition (e.g., “The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing”)• a passionate sermon against the dangers of political innocence
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George Orwell, Author• Born Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950)• Attended prestigious Eton but lost
interest in traditional scholastic achievements
• Worked for Imperial Police in Burma, became aware of fundamental difficulties of power
• Lived most of his life in poverty• Best writing based on personal
experience• Ignored barriers of class; wrote
about poverty with insight and dignity
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Format and Structure• (Political) Satire: Ideas or customs are ridiculed for the
purpose of improving society • Usually very witty, critical, or abrasive• “I say censor books, censor pictures and censor sex education
so that kids grow up to be like us adults.”
• Propaganda: Biased, one-sided communication meant to influence the thoughts and actions of an audience• Methods are much stronger than persuasion • Lie, distort facts, manipulative, work to gain audience's trust
• Allegory: A narrative that conveys a secondary meaning, meaning outside the events of the story• “Ring Around the Rosy”
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From Orwell’s Essay “Why I Write”“My starting point is always a feeling of partisanship, a sense of injustice. When I sit down to write a book, I do not say to myself, “I am going to produce a work of art.” I write it because there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing.
Animal Farm was the first book in which I tried, with full consciousness of what I was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole.”
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Essential Questions
Power• What responsibility do YOU have as a
leader in maintaining equality as well as equity?
Identity• Why is it YOUR responsibility to be
well-educated?