George Olive - Aluminum Structures Compatibility Mode
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Aluminum Structures
November 10, 2008
George Olive, P.E.
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•• Aluminum’s attributes• um num compare to tee
• Material designations• Finishes
•
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•• Your experience• s quest ons anyt me
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•
and Silicon’
(8.1%)• ever oun ree n na ure• The oxide, Alumina (Al 2O3) occurs
naturally as ruby and sapphire
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Histor of Aluminum• Name proposed by Sir Davy in
• Finally isolated in 1825• Hall-Heroult process (1886)
allowed commercial quantitiesto be produced
• Aluminum production requireslarge amounts of electricity Photo - ALCOA
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Histor of Aluminum• Washington monument cap
s one s a um num• First used in construction in1930’s
• Wide construction usestarted in 1950’s – extrusions commonlavailable
Photo - ALCOA
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•• Automobiles• urta n wa
• Storage tanks Photo - BOEING
• Highway signs
Aluminum Structures 7Photo – ENCLOS Corp
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tons x 1000)
Transportation 2211 31.8
Packa in 1467 21.1
Construction 1015 14.6
Total 4693 67.5
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• 3.• Increased strength and ductility at low
• Corrosion resistance• Strength from 10 to 80 ksi tensile ultimate• Can be extruded
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•
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•
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•
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Aluminum – Steel Comparison
• Aluminum is corrosion resistant, similar to
• Aluminum is 1/3 of the weight of steel• Aluminum Modulus of Elasticity is 1/3 that
of steel• Aluminum available in non-standard
sha es• Aluminum is more costly per pound
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– •
material
base material strength near weld• a or y o s ee s apes are compac• Majority of aluminum shapes are not
compact
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Extrusions• Made by heating and then pushing a solid
• Dies are round, up to ~ 30”• Open, hollow, and combinations shapes
are possible• Can design a new shape for a specific
application
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•
– www.aluminum.org – ,
US producers
worldwide influence
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•
Association – . . – Provides information on cladding systems
• Doors• Curtain wall
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• nd ,
• Designing Aluminum Structures Seminar – ASCE Kissell – Usually presented in several cities each year
– On-line version available from ASCE
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•• Aluminum is made into many alloys• oy=a su stance compose o two or
more metals or of a metal and a nonmetaln ma e y un e• Different aluminum alloys can have very
different material properties• Allo in elements are usuall less then 5%
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• , , , , , , , ,
used
temper
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• Number Main Allo Stren th Corrosion
1xxx 99%+ Al Fair Excellent2xxx Cu Hi h Fair3xxx Mn Fair Good
4xxx Si Good Good5xxx Mg Good Good6xxx Mg Si Good Good
7xxx Zn High Fair8xxx others
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• st • 3 rd and 4 th and sequentially assigned• n g t enotes o var at on
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•• Used in electrical connectors• us – oo con uctor
• Negative – Weak strength
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•• Aircraft sheathing• us – oo strengt
• Negative – Poor corrosion resistance
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•• Gutters and siding• us – very orma e
• Negative – Relatively weak
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•• Boats and docks• us – trong
• Negative – Difficult to extrude
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•
silicide) alloy
• Plus – Strong and corrosion resistant• Negative – Large strength loss when
welded
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•• Aircraft framing• us – ery strong
• Negative – weak resistance to corrosion
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•
• Heat treatment• om nat on o met o s
• Only series 2xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx are heattreatable.
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•
• Examples: 6063-T6, 3003-H14• s or stra n ar ene
• T is for heat Treated• O is annealed conditioned•
ductility
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Aluminum S ecial Finish• Aluminum forms an oxidation layer when
• Natural layer is relatively soft•
with current applied forms hard anodized –
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Specification for Aluminumtructures ( A )
• – Combined specification in 2010 version – – Currently parts IA & IB in Aluminum Design
• Adopted by BOCA, UBC, SBC, and IBC
• s e t on n• Now updated every 5 years
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•
• III Design Guide – ps or es gn
• IV Materials – Describes alloys and tempers
• V Material Properties – Mechanical and physical
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•
– For standard shapes (Channels, beams, tees,
• VII Design Aids –
• VIII Illustrative Examples of Design
– 31 examples using the SAS
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•
Work in Building Construction
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• -
point where yield is apparent.
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• .
determine yield strength
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Aluminum Stren th• Aluminum shapes are generally non-
• Need to check for all buckling modes – ong, stort ona , an oca .
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•
shape
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•
conservatively checks elements with ends, .
• Can use software to improve allowable.
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•
free at: http://www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/
formed steel
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Weldin effects
• Other than alloying, aluminum’s strength isa result of strain hardening or artificial aging
• The heat from welding erases these effects• Welding reduces strengths:
– For –H tempers, down to –O (annealed) – For –T tempers, usually down to –T
• Some 2xxx and 7xxx allo s aren’t weldable
• Weld affected zones are assumed to extend1” from the actual weld
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Design Aids
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Desi n Aids
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• , y .
• Safety factor for fracture, n u = 1.95• a ety actor or connect ons, . n u = .
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•
application,
usually limited to L/175, based on glass
• Roof and siding limits are usually L/60
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