George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal...

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George M Wadie, MD Director Division of Pediatric Surgery Sacred Heart Medical Center. Springfield, OR Adjunct Assistant Professor of Surgery Oregon Health and Sciences University. Portland, OR

Transcript of George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal...

Page 1: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

George M Wadie, MDDirector  Division of Pediatric Surgery

Sacred Heart Medical Center. Springfield, ORAdjunct Assistant Professor of Surgery

Oregon Health and Sciences University. Portland, OR  

Page 2: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

OutlineEpidemiologyMechanismsInitial ManagementImagingSpecific organ injuries:

Liver and SpleenRenalBowelPancreas

Follow upRole of minimally invasive surgery

Page 3: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Epidemiology:1.5 million children/year involved in trauma500,000 hospitalizations/year20,000 deaths/yearBlunt abdominal trauma 30% more common than thoracic trauma but 40% less fatal8‐12% of children with blunt abdominal trauma will have intra‐abdominal injuriesOnly 5‐10% of these require surgeryMortality 10%

Page 4: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Mechanism:MVC without proper restraints: commonestSeat belt injuries:

Lap beltTriad of abdominal wall contusion, Chance fracture & intestinal injuries

Automobile versus pedestrianFallsATVHandlebar injuries: bowel & pancreatic injuriesSports related (1%)Run over

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Handlebar Injury

Seatbelt Sign

Page 6: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Initial EvaluationLR or NS bolus at 20 cc/kg x2 if HD unstablePacked RBCS at 10 cc/kg if HD unstableRelevant History (if possible):

MononucleosisBleeding tendencyDevelopmental delay (CP, autism, etc…)

Physical Examination:ABCDEBroselow tapeCommonest cause of abdominal distension & tenderness is gastric distension with airSecond most common cause  is a full bladder

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Initial EvaluationPhysical Examination:

Localized tenderness most predictive of IAIAbdominal wall bruises/echymosis highly suggestiveAdditional findings that help predict IAI:

Femur fracture (OR 1.3)Low systolic BP  (OR 4.8)GCS < 13 (OR 1.7)

Challenges:The preverbal childThe mentally challenged childChildren with head injury

Page 8: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Lab studies:Type & crossHemogram, LFTs and UA most usefulShould not alter management but guide further studiesCBC: 

Useful for f/u of solid organ injuryDo not use to guide further imaging

ALT & AST: Elevation is highly suggestive of liver injuryIf elevated & exam equivocal get a CT

UA: ( >5‐50 RBCs/hpf)ContraversialIf +ve with an equivocal exam get aCT

Coags: Only in those with head injury

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Imaging:Plain films:

Lateral C spine, CXR & pelvisCT abd/pelvis:

Most accurate, noninvasiveIV contrast a mustObtain CT head 1st before contrast injectionNot indicated if HD unstableGrades injury severity but does not correlate with outcomeContraversies:

Contrast blush with solid organ injuryFree fluid with no evidence of solid organ injury

US: (FAST)Not well studied in the pediatric populationMay have a role in HD unstable patients

Page 10: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Adjuncts:DPL:

May be useful to exclude bowel injuryLargely replaced by CT & diagnostic laparoscopy

Laparoscopy:Diagnostic & therapeuticResults in 53% reduction in Ex Laps (University of TN)Exclude serious head injury before OR

Page 11: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Liver & Spleen injury:Liver is the most common followed by spleenHepatic injuries cause greatest number of fatalities (25% mortality)Associated abdominal injuries in 30‐40%Liver injuries commonly involve right lobe (60‐80%) and 10% of patients will arrive in shockSplenic injury often HD stable with less transfusion requirements Overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis (OPSS):

Lifetime risk 0.026%Mortality 50%Pneumococcal, meningococcal & H influenza vaccination + Penicillin for at least 2 years

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Liver & Spleen injury:

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Liver & Spleen injury:

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Liver & Spleen Management:

Paradigm shift to non‐operative managementFirst reported by Simpson et al from Toronto in 1968. Twelve patients with clinical diagnosis of solid organ injury (NO CT or US)Hemodynamic stability is the sole determinant of management:

No role for ageNo role for CT gradingNo role for contrast blushEven if intestinal injury suspected

Page 17: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:
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Liver & Spleen Management:Success 90‐95%Major concern is delayed Dx of intestinal injury:

Occurs in only 2‐3.6% of cases with solid organ injuryNo added morbididty or mortality with delayed diagnosisNo justification for laparotomy to exclude it

Other concerns:Postraumatic pseudoaneurysms: very low incidencePostraumatic biloma: Can be percutaneously drainedContrast blush on CT: may be associated with increased transfusion requirements but does not alter management

Angiographic embolization not well studied and not recommended in pediatric patientsNonoperative management more likely used in pediatric trauma centers

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Liver & Spleen Management:In case of HD instability despite fluids & blood:

Splenic injury: Attempt splenic preservation unless spleen massively injured, associated abdominal injuries & HD instabilityHepatic injury:

Use compression, suture & topical hemostaticsFor exanguinating injuries (mortality 60‐80%):

Total hepatic vascular exclusion x 30 minAvoid lethal triad: pH<7.2, PT > 16 sec & temp < 35 cEarly application of damage control: Control Hge & soiling, pack and temporary closure. Survival 60% for Grade 4 & 5‐25% in Grade 5

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IH, 12 yo, slightly obeseFell face down in playground. Rt wrist and left shoulder painPresented to PCP, X ray right wrist shows non‐displaced distal radial frxAbdominal exam benign in office, patient sent homeAbdominal pain and left shoulder pain just outside the office urged mom to ask for a CT of the abdomenPatient sent to ED for CTHD stableHct 42‐‐‐‐35‐‐‐‐35‐‐‐‐36.8‐‐‐‐35.8

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JW, 10 yoRiding bike, lost control with handlebar injury to Lt UQWalked home, one episode of vomiting & some abdominal painPresented to Urgent care. Exam benign & sent homeMore pain in AM. Family took him to EDCT obtainedHD stableHct 40.8‐‐‐‐34.5‐‐‐‐31‐‐‐‐33.5‐‐‐‐32.6‐‐‐‐30.9‐‐‐‐37.9

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Page 27: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Renal injury:Commonest injured genitourinary organIn 10% of patients with blunt abdominal traumaChildren more susceptible, particularly in the presence of underlying congenital renal anomalies

Page 28: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Renal injury:Hematuria is the most reliable indicator of injury

Can be abscent in complete avulsion or thrombosisMicroscopic hematuria < 50/HPF usually not associated with serious injuryMicroscopic hematuria > 50/HPF associated with serious renal injury 8%Gross hematuria associated with serious injury 32% of the time

CT scan with IV contrast most useful

Page 29: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Renal injury:Only 5% will need surgeryManagement  of Grade I‐III mostly conservative:

Bed rest, abx & serial Hct till gross hematuria  resolvesLimited activity for 2‐4 w till no hematuriaUrinary extravasation tted by perc drainage & stenting

Management of Grade IV‐V(10‐15%) contraversial:Angio with embolization for persistent hematuriaExtravasation treated by perc drainage & stentingIncidence of hypertension very low

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Pancreatic injury:Rare (3‐10%)Suspect in cases of handle bar injuriesElevated Amylase highly suggestive but cannot exclude if normalEarly spiral CT with IV contrast essential

Page 32: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Pancreatic injury:Management contraversial:

Aggressive intervention with early ERCP & surgery (San Diego)Non‐operative management even with complete duct disruption & perc drainage of  pseudocyst if develops (Toronto)Conservative  management is warranted in most casesPseudocyst may develop in up to 60% but can be managed conservativelyDuctal disruption to the left of the spine best managed by early splenic preserving distal pancreatectomy

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Page 34: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

CM, 9 yoVomiting and diffuse abd pain x 1 day. No feversPresented to ED. WBCs 20.7K and Abd US shows slightly enlarged appendix and free fluid aroundDiagnosis of appendicitis possibly ruptured made & child admitted to hospital for surgeryExam shows tenderness in epigastrium and none in RT LQCT obtained

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Page 36: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Amylase 2083 and Lipase 1365NPO, one dose of Zosyn (for appendicitis) & PICC for TPNAmylase 1259 in 24 hAmylase 237 on day 3, started PODischarged day 5 tolerating low fat diet with Amylase 201

Page 37: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Intestinal injury:

2‐3% of patients with blunt abdominal traumaCommon with the “seat belt complex”:

10‐15% have intestinal injuriesCT scan mandatoryAdmission for at least 24 hours observation

Perforation, hematoma or mesenteric tear with bleedingCT not sensitive unless shows pneumoperitoneum

Page 38: George M Wadie, MD · 2015-11-12 · Imaging y Specific organ injuries: y Liver and Spleen y Renal y Bowel y Pancreas y Follow up y Role of minimally invasive surgery. Epidemiology:

Intestinal injury:

More common with seat belt injuries, pancreatic injuries & multiple solid organ injuriesSuspect if:

Free fluid with no solid organ injuryLocalized bowel wall thickening

Delayed diagnosis common but does not increase morbidityMaintain a high index of suspicion and if in doubt perform diagnostic laparoscopy

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