George Anastaplo’s Blog | Selected Writings by and about George … · 2014. 4. 17. · George...

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Al SilvermanEditor

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Published Monthly by Macfadden Publications, Inc., N.Y.Executive, Advertising and Editorial Offices at 205 East42nd Street, N. Y. Gerald A. Bartell, Chairman of theBoard and President; Frederick A. Klein, Exec. Vice-Pres.-Gen. Man.; Robert L. Young, Vice-Pres.; S. N. Himmel-man, Vice-Pres.; Lee Bartell, Secretary. Advertising officesalso at 22) No. LaSalle St., Chicago, and 444 MarketStreet, Son Francisco.Manuscripts: All manuscripts will be carefully considered,but publisher cannot be responsible for loss or damage.It is advisable to keep a duplicate for your records.Only those manuscripts accompanied by stamped, self-addressed return envelopes with sufficient postage willbe returned.Foreign editions handled through Macfadden PublicationsInternational Corp., 205 East 42nd Street, N. Y. 17, N. Y.Gerald A. Bartell, Pres.; Douglas Lockhart, Vice-Pres.Entered as Second Class matter July 27, 1950, at thePost Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March3, 1879. Second-class postage paid at New York, N. Y.,and other post offices. Authorized as Second Class matterby the Post Office Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,and for payment of postage in cash.@ 1962 by Macfadden Publications, Inc. All rightsreserved. Copyright under the Universal Copyright Con-vention and International Copyright Convention. Copy-right reserved under the Pan-American Copyright Con-vention. Todos derechos reservados segun La Conven-cion Panamericana de Propiedad Literaria y Artistica.Title trademark registered in U. S. Patent Office. Printedin U. S. A. by Art Color Printing Co.Member of the SPORT Men's Group.Subscription Rates: In the U.S., its Possessions, & Canada,one year $4.00; two years $7.00; three years $10.00.All other countries, $6.00 per year.Change of Address: 6 weeks' notice essential. Whenpossible, please furnish stencil-impression address froma recent issue. Your old as well as your new address isrequired. Write to SAGA, Macfadden Publications, Inc.,205 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York.

SAGA

Noo uIAZemsg POe mrIEMARCH/1962 Vol. 23, No. 6

CONTENTS/

NEWSMAKERSTHE SECRET SEA BATTLE THAT GOES ON RIGHT NOW!.......Pat FrankHOW THEY SHORTCHANGED AN AMERICAN..............Fred J. CookTHE PITCHMAN IN YOUR LIVING ROOM...............Arthur Whitman

THE WORLD'S GREATEST MACHINESFORD'S MODEL T. .......................... Ken W. Purdy

MEN AT WARSCARS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR............ Richard D. AdlerTHE CORPS' UNSUNG WORKHORSE.......... .... Robert Leckie

MEN IN ACTIONWILD HORSE HUNT.... ............... ...... Ed WillSPONGE DIVERS OF KALYMNOS.......... ...... Willard Manus

SPORTDON'T LET THEM TAKE YOUR GUNS....................Gov. Joe Foss

CRIME AND CAPERSRIDDLE OF THE BOILED WIFE........ .......... Alan HyndMEMOIR FROM AN EARTHY GAL........ .......M. F. K. Fisher

PHOTO FEATURESSAGA'S PHOTO CONTEST.......................

THE SAGA BOOK SPECIALTHE BATTLE OF JUTLAND. .....................Stanley Bair

AND ALSOINSIDE SAGA. ..................................INTELLIGENCE & RECONNAISSANCE. ......................LETTERS .. ....................................SAGA'S RECORDS.............................

Cover Painting by Thomas Beecham

APRIL ISSUE ON SALE FEBRUARY 27TH

Digitized from Best Copy Available

A6A

2

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John T. MetzHighlight

How TheyShortchngedin AmericanGeorge Anastaplo waged an 11-year warfor his rights as a citizen, and he lost. Buthe kept something more-his self-respect

A short, slight man, dark-haired, with darkeyes, walked casually before a two-man committeeof the Chicago Bar Association on November10, 1950. George Anastaplo, just three days pasthis 25th birthday, looked with considerableassurance to the future. He was a veteran, withthree-and-a-half years' service in the Air Forcebehind him. He was a brilliant student at theUniversity of Chicago Law School, ranking nearthe head of his class. In the previous August hehad passed his bar examination with ease, andnow he looked forward to a promising career as alawyer, as soon as he became a fully accreditedmember of the Illinois bar. All that stood in hisway was a formality-a hearing on character andfitness before a two-man subcommittee of theChicago Bar Association.

Prior to the hearing he had filled out a ques.tionnaire giving pertinent details about his per-sonal history. One question read: "State whatyou consider to be the principles underlying theConstitution of the United States."

In reply, Anastaplo had written: "One princi-ple consists of the doctrine of the separation ofpowers . . . intending to prevent totally unre-strained action by any one branch of government.Another basic principle (and the most important)is that such government is constituted so as to

By FRED J. COOKPhotographed for SAGA by Gordon Coster

Unable to practice law, Anastaplo lectures at the Uni-versity of Chicago and hopes for a career as a professor.


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How TheyShortchongedon Amenconsecure certain inalienable rights, thoseof Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Hap-piness (and the elements of these ..rights are explicitly set forth in suchparts of the Constitution as the Billof Rights). And, of course, whereverthe particular government in power be-comes destructive of these ends, it is .the right of the people to alter or toabolish it and thereupon to establish anew government. This is how I view theConstitution."

George Anastaplo was well-read inAmerican history and politics; and thisanswer in which he spelled out thebasic principles of our constitutionalgovernment-and the right of revolu-tion which we had recognized fromour government's birth-was almosta direct quotation from Thomas Jeffer-son's Declaration of Independence!

The chairman of the two-man sub-committee before whom Anastaplo ap-peared to win his final clearance topractice law was a good Democrat-Stephen A. Mitchell, prominent Chi- One who prcago lawyer, within two years tobecome, under Adlai Stevenson, chairman of theDemocratic National Committee. Sitting with Mitchellwas John E. Baker Jr., but it was Mitchell who domi-nated the interrogation. He bent a stern look upon theslender, mild-appearing young man whose writtenanswer to the committee's questionnaire had adheredto long-accepted Jeffersonian principles. And he firedthis loaded question: "Have you an opinion as towhether or not a member of the Communist Partywould be eligible to take the oath of office of a lawyerin the State of Illinois, honestly, and be admitted asa lawyer?"

Instinctively reacting to Mitchell's abrupt surprisequestion, Anastaplo said simply that he didn't believeCommunist Party affiliation, taken alone and by it-

'aised Anastaplo was noted Chicago law professor Malcolm Sharp.

self, should disqualify a man. Even the concept ofpossible revolution was, after all, he reflected, aright Americans already held. He went on to explainthat it was perfectly conceivable, if a government be-came so powerful and dictatorial that it could not bechanged by any other means, that the people wouldhave the right to resort to revolution. Mitchell andBaker reacted to this like men who had been shockedby the most flagrant heresy.

Commissioner Mitchell asked if Anastaplo felt thatrevolutionists would have the right to raise an army,to employ spies? Anastaplo said he did, providednational affairs ever got to "the point where over-throw is necessary." He was careful to explain, bothat this hearing and many times subsequently, that he


20SAGA

couldn't conceive, as a practical matter, of such acrisis ever developing in the United States, as longas changes could be made peacefully and legiti-mately at the polls by the electoral process. But sup-pose, Anastaplo reasoned, a dictator or a power clique-a Hitler or a Nazi Party-should rise and seizecontrol of the government? Then, as Anastaplo sawit, it would be the patriotic duty of Americans torevolt. He insisted that the right of revolution wasa perfectly legitimate, traditional American right.In this belief he was supported historically by sucha great American as Henry Thoreau, whose contri-bution to our national character was the moral rightto "Civil Disobedience."

IN the context of the times, however, the very word"revolution" appears to have disturbed Commis-sioner Mitchell. Obviously horrified, he refused toconcede the point. And so Commissioner Baker tookover the questioning.

"Let me ask you," Baker said. "Are you aware ofthe fact that the Department of Justice has a list ofwhat are described as subversive organizations?"

"Yes," answered Anastaplo."Have you ever seen that list?""Yes."'"Are you a member of any organization that is

listed on the Attorney General's list, to your knowl-edge?"

Anastaplo refused to answer."Just to keep you from having to work so hard

mentally on it, what organizations-give me all theorganizations you are affiliated with or are a memberof. That oughtn't to be too hard."

Anastaplo again refused to answer. Instead heasked: "Do you believe that is a legitimate question?"

"Yes, I do," Commissioner Baker said. And thenhe took the leap, asking: "Are you a member of theCommunist Party?"

Once again Anastaplo refused to answer. In thisand subsequent questionings, he was to refuse totell the committee whether he had ever belonged tothe Ku Klux Klan or the Silver Shirts, whether he wasa Republican or a Democrat. His personal politicaland religious beliefs, he insisted, were none of thecommittee's business, and he based his position onthe Constitution and the Bill of Rights, arguing thatfreedom of belief is a basic guarantee of our Amer-ican system of government. Commissioners Mitchelland Baker obviously regarded such explanations asa devious pretext; from their reaction, it was clearthey felt they had a decidedly suspicious character

MARCH, 1962

on their hands. And so the hearing ended on astrained and inconclusive note.

George Anastaplo, to whom the future had lookedso bright upon entering the hearing room, walked outinto the Chicago night sobered and shaken. Why hadhe done what he had just done? Why had hejeopardized what promised to be a brilliant lawcareer? He has explained since that he did not reallyknow why. His reaction had been completely instinc-tive; he had acted without plan or forethought.

"The times were such," he says now, "that anattitude like mine wasn't popular and wasn't easilyunderstood. There were things going on in the coun-try that I didn't like; I thought they were unnecessaryand harmful for the country. I felt that this kind ofprobing by government into a man's private beliefsand religious affiliations didn't belong in our system.I felt it was bad for the bar, and I didn't like it formyself. I didn't want to see myself acquiescing. Myreaction was an instinctive reaction against what wasnothing more, really, than a kind of bullying."

Anastaplo's recollection is supported by that of hislong-time friend, Laurence B. Berns, an instructor atSt. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Berns, as ithappened, saw Anastaplo right after he returned fromhis first interview with the character and fitness sub-committee.

"My impression was that he felt kind of insulted,"Berns recalls. "He didn't talk much about it."

NEITHER of them had any conception at the time ofwhat the future held. Neither of them had any idea:

That George Anastaplo had just entered upon abattle that was to last for 11 years and be foughtthrough the Supreme Court of Illinois and the Su-preme Court of the United States.

That George Anastaplo, although brilliantly quali-fied, and without the slightest taint of Communistties about him-a fact conceded by everyone, in-cluding the Attorney General of Illinois-was to bebarred forever from the practice of law simply be-cause he would not answer questions about hisbeliefs!

That George Anastaplo, standing at the very topof his class in law school, was to be reduced to driv-ing a taxicab to support his wife and family.

"If I had thought I was going to have any trouble,I would just have gone down to my home town insouthern Illinois to practice law and there nobodywould even have thought to ask me such questions,"Anastaplo remarked to Berns. But he hadn't con-sidered the possibility, and (Continued on page 80)

21


How They Shortchanged An American coatied from page 21now it was too late. George Anastaplocould only yield or fight. His choicewas to fight.

According to those who know himbest, Anastaplo is a study in contradic-tions. In an age of conformity, he hasstressed the right of revolution-yet heis one least likely to resort to such aright; a man whom many of his friendsconsider at times very conservative.Mild-mannered, soft-spoken, he is oftenslow to make up his mind; but once itis made up, he can be very stubborn.

Anastaplo was born November 7, 1925,in St. Louis, Missouri. When he wasstill a small boy, his parents moved toCarterville in southern Illinois. A townof about 3000 persons, Carterville is lo-cated in the downstate, rock-ribbedRepublican "Bible Belt," and thereGeorge's father established a restaurant.For years, George, the oldest of threebrothers, worked in the restaurant afterschool hours, washing dishes, sweepingthe floors, waiting on tables.

He was a boy always on the go. Inhigh school, he was an outstanding mathstudent, a good debater, and he managedschool athletic teams. "He was thetypical American boy," says LaurenceBerns. "He was the kid who was al-ways doing things, the one from whomgreat things were expected-mayor fora day, the town good boy, that sort ofthing."

By the time George graduated fromhigh school, World War II was raging.George itched to get in it. But the AirForce at first said no. George was sev-eral pounds underweight, and besidesthe doctors diagnosed a heart murmur.

But Anastaplo wouldn't take no for afinal answer. He started his get-in-the-Air-Force campaign while he was stillin high school, and he kept it up fortwo years. Washed out on his firstphysical, he went to the University ofIllinois and took some extra mathcourses. In his spare time, he hauntedChanute Field. He got to know all theAir Force doctors. He argued, cajoled,persuaded. And so finally the doctorstook pity on themselves and George.

"All right, I give up," one of themfinally said. "I'll pass you on the heartmurmur, but what are you going todo about that weight? You'll nevermake it."

"Leave that to me," George said.With the heart-murmur roadblock

hurdled, the problem of making weightdidn't dismay him. He stuffed himselfwith bananas, then he drank all thewater he could hold and in this bloatedstate passed his physical. George wasin the Air Force. It was November, 1943,and he had just turned 18.

With his skill at mathematics, he be-came a navigator-bombardier, flying inB-29 Superforts. His squadron was un-der intensive training for the invasion ofJapan when the A-bomb was droppedon Hiroshima. Though George hadn'tmanaged to get in the actual fighting,he remained in the Air Force until Feb-ruary, 1947, flying from bases in Europein the B-36s that replaced the wartimeB-29s.

Once out of service, George decided toenter the University of Chicago andstudy for a law career. He was acceptedfor the fall term of 1947, but in the sixpreceding months, he took extra coursesat Southern Illinois University. Whenhe entered U. of Chicago, he carried adouble schedule of courses. He got hisA.B. degree in a single year. Then he

started to study law.It was during this period that George

and Lawrence Berns first becamefriends. "We met during a campus ar-gument," Berns recalls, "and then, too,as so often since, George was on theconservative side. I forget all the de-tails now, but roughly it was this: A bigcampus issue had boiled up over chargesof discrimination in the university hos-pital. The student body was split rightdown the middle, one faction advocat-ing a walkout in protest, the other op-posing it. George and I had a discus-sion. His point was simple. He wasopposed to any walkout, he said, becausewe didn't have all the evidence, anduntil we did, we ought to go along withthe authorities. At the same time, hecould see my point, why I thought theevidence went the other way. Neitherof us changed our minds, although weprobably each knew a little better whywe held the opinions we did. We'vebeen friends ever since."

Berns recalls incidents like this when-ever he thinks back over the 11-yearordeal of George Anastaplo. George'sfirst real premonition that he might beheaded for an ordeal came when hereceived a notice-a short time afterthe original hearing before the Mitchell-Baker subcommittee-to appear for asecond hearing before the full charac-ter and fitness committee of the Chicagobar. This notice made it clear that thebar had no intention of dropping theissue or passing George.

"I had no idea at the time what I wasletting myself in for," George Anastaplosays. "I had no idea that I was aboutto practice what would probably be myonly law case-and one that was to dragout for years. If I could have foreseenwhat was going to happen, I don't knowwhat I would have done, but I suspectI wouldn't have acted much differentlythan I have."

The crisis came at an especially sensi-tive time for George. He and his wifeSara, an intelligent, high-spirited girlwhom he had met in Dallas, Texas,while in the service and whom he hadmarried in 1949, had just had their firstchild, a girl. Family and financial con-siderations combined to put pressureon Anastaplo to clear his hurdle withthe Chicago bar, to be admitted to thepractice of law, to begin making money.But he had taken a position that, astime passed and he saw the Illinois barin action, he felt more and more deeplyto be fundamentally right.

On January 5, 1951, Anastaplo ap-peared before the full character andfitness committee of the Chicago bar.The record makes it obvious that theconservative members, including thesoon-to-be chairman of the DemocraticNational Committee, Stephen Mitchell,had been rocked to their emotionalfoundations by Anastaplo's frank advo-cacy of the theory of revolution, eventhough he advocated this only in themost theoretical sense. With the Koreanwar going on, with the Democrats, asAnastaplo later said, being "recklesslycharged with virtual treason," this wasno time to coddle a brash young manwho held such views.

Anastaplo, in his defense, quoted Jef-ferson's words from the Declaration ofIndependence. After stating that thepurpose of government is to promotelife, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,Jefferson had written that "wheneverany Form of Government becomes de-


structive of these ends, it is the Rightof the People to alter and to abolish it,and to institute new Government, layingits foundation on such principles andorganizing its powers in such form, asto them shall seem most likely to effecttheir Safety and Happiness."

Anastaplo pointed out that GeorgeWashington, too, had been a revolution-ary. He quoted from a speech of JamesWilson-one of the signers of the Con-stitution and one of the first Justicesof the Supreme Court-in which Wilsonexplicitly spelled out the theory of revo-lution as a basic right of the people. Hequoted Daniel Webster to the same ef-fect. And he capped his argument bypointing out that Abraham Lincoln, ineloquent and thoughtful language, hadsupported the same position.Later Anastaplo repeated, "As I saidwhen I appeared before the full com-mittee on January 5, 1951, I do not thinkanyone would be justified at such atime as this, when the normal processesof government permit reasonable andpeaceful change, to participate in actionleading to the overthrow of the govern-ment. The Committee must realize thatI would be no less reluctant than theyto see the right of revolution exercised,except in the most extreme circum-stances."

The Committee reluctantly concededthe point. In its final report, it omittedany direct reference to Anastaplo's ad-vocacy of the right of revolution, thebasic stand that had precipitated theentire controversy. As Anastaplo saidin an argument some years later: "Weare all here today because I understoodthe Declaration of Independence betterthan did the gentlemen who were com-missioned to pass upon my character andfitness but who found other pursuits tootempting to resist."

Unfortunately, the distinguished mem-bers of the Chicago bar committee didnot pass Anastaplo. They simply triedanother approach. In repeated hearingsand re-hearings, Anastaplo was grilledand badgered at length about his mem-bership in political organizations andeven about his religious beliefs. At onepoint, answering a general question, hetold his interrogators that he was nota member of any nationality organiza-tion, but he insisted they had no rightto ask him about his political affilia-tions. He emphasized that he stood inno fear of a perjury prosecution in re-fusing to answer, that he was not mak-ing any claim to the protection of theFifth Amendment against possible self-incrimination. He was relying on theFirst Amendment's guarantee of free-dom of belief and on the FourteenthAmendment's provision that he shouldnot be deprived of his rights withoutdue process of law.

In all of this-ten years of hearingsand arguments before the case reachedthe highest court of the land-there wasno evidence, there was not even a suspi-cion, that Anastaplo had ever been aCommunist or had been associated withany subversive organizations. As oneIllinois Supreme Court Justice was totell him: "No one ever thought you werea Communist." And after years of ques-tioning, prying and probing, the chair-man of a second character and fitnesscommittee was to concede explicitly:". . I will tell you this: that no onehas stated (orally or in writing) to thisCommittee that you are or have everbeen a Communist or a member of theCommunist Party, or a member of theKu Klux Klan, or a member of the or-ganizations listed as subversive by the

s

A

80

Attorney General's list. . ,The entire case then shifted. Boiled

down, the dilemma was this: Anastaploinsisted on upholding his belief, whetherright or wrong, that the kind of ques-tioning to which he had been subjected,before passing "the bar," abridged basicAmerican freedoms. And the committeerefused to "pass him" because it wasdoubtful about his character and its'fitness."

It was obvious from the first, that. ifAnastaplo were to have a chance ofwinning his uphill battle, he must haveeminent sponsors, men who would bewilling to risk their own reputations inhis controversial cause. This was a pointthat worried Laurence Berns as the firsthearings drew to a close. To all queries,George simeply shrugged his shouldersand said vaguely: "Oh, the letters arecoining in. They're not bad," Bernspressed for further information. Finally,George conceded: "Well, some of theletters are pretty good."

Just how good was "pretty good"Berns himself didn't learn until George'scharacter references were spread on thecourt record. Here is a sampling of someof them.

Alexander Meiklejohn, former presi-dent of Amherst College, professoremeritus of the University of Wiscon-sin, often regarded as the dean of Amer-ican educators, wrote: "He (Anastaplo)is intellectually able, a hard, thoroughstudent and moved by high devotionto the principles of freedom and justice

unqualiftedly worthy of the highesttrust and confidence." (Italics added)

Professor Malcolm Sharp. liberal law-yer, prominent member of the Univer-sity of Chicago's Law School faculty,who at first had advised Anastaplo toabandon the position he had taken be-fore the bar committee, wrote: "Noquestion has ever been raised about hishonesty or his integrity, and his generalconduct, characterized by friendliness,quiet independence, industry and cour--age, is reflected in his reputation.He is in every way among the very beststudents I have sein in my teachingexperience "

Richard Weaver, another member ofthe University of Chicago faculty, adecided conservative in his views, a con-tributor to The National Review and aneditorial advisor to Modern Age, A Con-servative PReiew, attested to Anasta-plo's unusual intelligence, fairness, per-sonal modesty and patriotism, as wellas to his sympathetic understanding ofWeaver's conservatism. 'Everything Iknow about the applicant leaves mefeeling that he is an unusuallY inteli-gent, balanced and helpful Americancitizen" Weaver concluded.

Robert Coughlin, Anastaplo's super-visor at the Industrial Relations C enter,where he worked, put it flatly:" I wouldricomnend hin without the slightestreservation for any position involvingthe highest and most sacred trust.

There were many other letters, allfrom men of high stature, all attestingto their high opinion of Anastaplo. Butthey did no good. On June 5, 1961, thebar committee ruled that Anastaplo wasunfit to practice law because he had ie-fused to answer questions before it Thecommittee adopted the attitude that itcould not determine an applicant's fit-ness for admission to the bar unless heanswered questions about possible Con-anunist affiliations, and it held that Anas-taplo, by refusing to answer such ques-tions, had balked it in the performanceof its duty and had demonstrated he wasunfit to becone a menber of the bar.

Stephen Love, a member of the first

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chr 'te ad oitnesm con'i' t tee ctlle alone anrd s tinin dss-nent He attacked

t "'cp"'riouess of the cmmittee 5ruOOn In the ords: "If thei' question

(aou onnnitParty mJbrhpisd b then the 'ittee stolask ' o the sureme Court should in-

xv"'' ~~ p ct'1 fcr~is-~dicate the desirability of ask"Ing it, ofevorey a-.plicw-nt for: adm'fission t iebar; it seems mst unfair to submt' "isapplicant 1o a three hoar ex naconaong thse lines -----rticulaly waen the:iien"does not shKow any Comnmunistactivity or sympathy on his part----whilesubjecting no other applicant to simlairinquiries several thousand applicantshave been passed since thtie inecption ofthe tCotd w wir \ithou' beiig asked aquestio along these litesoN Anastaplo,ILove wrote "is probuably the first appi-cant in the history of the Comninitteewhose certcaifcte was denied thin: onthe bascs of his opinions rather than onthe basis of overt ats of misconuic"The auestion inevitabiy arises: Since

George Arnstaplo was rot a Communist,as obviously he "as iot, as everyoneconcedes re was not, why didn't hesimly say so?

An'astaplo gave his reasons most elo-quently in his closing -trguric't at arehnearing before a second character andttness cOmit tee of the Cicago bar inMay 195' I-e qluoted a letter by thelate SuprIeTe Court Justice Louis D.Brandeis to a friend, In this Brandeishad written fiat his opponents chara,-teris1 icaRly had refused to discuss issueswith hin, "For Opposing argunent,they substituted attacks upon reputa

'toi, and the cominttcn city perraoittecl thenito do so almocst xwithiout protest," bisletter said "This see'as to me a fundi--;nita Idefect Our task in Massach-se'tts is to reconstriuct manhoodi

"I had known that there had been

chraniges in the Am erican temper," Anas-taplo told the bar committee. "I hadseen aspects of these changes aroundmel. knew, for instance, that youngmen were unnaturally delighted to dis--,over physical defects which would keepthern out of military service. RecentlyI even ran into a student, a strangerto me, who was gratified that he hadist hard his fItst brain seizure. As heex.pained, 'My draft board is breathingdovn riy neck.' "

It was clear, Anastaplo continued, thatNo one 1S suposed to stand by

pltiniples any nore. That is out offashion andO uitic, it not suspiciouosanfd subversive. .. We see here a re-fle tion of codit iols at home whereyoung bar applicants are, in effect, toldby their elders that it is snmart not tostand on principle but to give the char--acter comniissioner the answer whichis safe. the answer he so Obviously

ants to hear."Young ren, we are told, gave this

character committee whatever answersseemed safest, simply because they knewwhat had happened in my case, I reallycannot see how I committ e acting inthe iamre of cAharacter can tu:stify anapproach that almost necessarily exertssuch a pernicious influence upon thecharacters of young nea,

"'The peak-or should I Say theelepths--of this approach was reachedwhen classmates of mine were conven-iently asked (bly the bar connittee)after I had been detected, tDo you agreewith the ideas of George Anastapio?'Must you not winder why no one tookuo YOUr predecessors OnI this challenge?But. I teli you, you should be troubledby this lack of oppositior, not reassured."

All of His was too steep for the barof Chicago and the courts of Illinois.Character cornmittees rejected George

Anastaplo; the courts upheld them.For a young husband and father, with

no job and suddenly banished prospectsthe future at first looked bleak. Anasta-plo bent his energies to the solution ofhis personal problems. "You adjust,he says, "you do other things" In thefall of 1951, after a short bitch of taxi-driving, he began working at the In-dustrial Relations Center in Chicago asa research assistant oreparing materialsfor a training course for managementpersonnel. He also began to teach, firstan adult education course at the Uni-versity College of the University ofChicago, and later, beginning in 1956, asa lecturer in the Liberal Ats College.

His rnich-ttblccied case had madehim, of course, a fiire of specuationand controver'sy, Yet-and perhaps thisis a tribute +) his chaltrcter-there wereno persnal repercuions, no personalaninosities. Antasitle and iis fartilynow live in a faculty-housing apartmrentin the Hyde Park-WAoodawn area ofChicago, overlooking the Uliversity ofChicago campu'. University dornitoriesrear up nearby, and the univer sity li-brary is just a five-minute walk away.George lectures in the university's Lib-eral Arts College, works on his doctorateand looks toward an ultimate career asa university professor.

"Of course for one thing, we live hereat the university in a pretty intelligentcommunity," Anastaplo says. "Amongthe professors and the people who knewus. it didn't rake any difference in theway we were treated, though I can wellimagine there are other places where itwould have. Of course, there is riodenying that I have been hurt by whatI have done. Several avenues of ad-vance have been blocked to ie-the law,for one. And I suppose, too, that the'ase will have an effect on my futureteaching career. Im sure 11H1 have toface it for a long while and probably,in the end, I shall have to settle for alesser position than I might have had,"

Yet Anastaplo has never seriouslyconsidered capitula tion, Throughout thelong years. he has fought his case alone,acting as his own lawyer, financing hisown, appeals, shunning organizatiotrhelp Rulings of the U.S. Suprene Courton simitar cases in the raid-1950s seecredto offer a moment of hope and led to areopening of his case. But by the sort-mer of 1960, the Chicago bar had re-affirmed its ticiginal position; the IllinoisSuprerne Court had upheld it; and onlyone final step, an appeal to the U.S,Supremne Court, was left. Haunted bythe dernands of the case, its constantburdens, George and his wife decidedto get away fron everything for a shorttime and to take their fanily (threechildren now) to Europe.

They had been saving their nooney forthe trip and they traveled, as their ci--cuntstances demanded. in) the cheapestpossible style. They acquired an oldVolkswagen Microbus, and in this theytraveled and slept. George's "bed" wasthe front seat, During this same sim-mer, Laurence Berns was in Europe, anidin Florence. Italy, he caught up withhis old friend just in time for then toengage in one of their typical, mtriutallyrespectful argumnretits.

"This was just at the period of theU-'2 disaster thIat did so much to wreckthe Paris Sumnit conference," Bensrecalls. "I remnlember I was much mriorecritical of Eisenhower for permitting theU--2 fliglt to take place at such a sensi-tive time than George was. As usual,he tried to put hinsel' in Ike's spot andto thinks of every possible fact and ex-planation that might have made sense


$A5r

'in2:

from Ike's standpoint. This is always hisway-never to jump to a conclusion, al-ways to take the responsible view, toask every possible question that can beasked about a case, and to get everypossible answer."

After parting with Berns in Rome. theAnastaplo family traveled on to Greeceand the Balkans, and finally to Russia.They were only halftway thr ough theirprojected 15-day stay in the SovietUnion when George Anastaplo began togive the Coinunisitsy as much trouble ashe had ever given the Chicago bar

George was walking along a street inMoscow one day, carrying his catter,when he saw a crowd gathering abouta Volkswagen and a group of threetourists--two Americans and an Englishgirl After snapping some pictures ofthe gathering. George, accompanied bya touring West German teacher whomhe had imet, strolled over to see whatwas causing the trouble.

The girl told him she had had somecopies of the State Departrment exchangemagazine, Artierika, and some otherWVestern periodicals on the back seat ofher car. A Russian whom she had methad asked her for a copy of Amerike,and she had gone to the car to get it.The roan had grabbed the magazine andhustled away. Passersby (Russians ap-parently have an unsatisfied craving forWestern periodicals) saw the ina getthe magazine, saw the others on theback seat of the Volkswagen and gath-ered around, begging for, and, in somecases, snatching copies. Now the girland the two Americans had virtually asmall-sized riot on their hands.

"Well, you better not try to start upthe car and get out of here or you'llhurt someone," George advised. "Thebest thing you can do is get out of thecar, all of you. and go into this Intouristhotel (the car was parked almost infront of one) and wait there until thecrowd disperses:"

The girl and the two young Americansfollowed his advice. They waited inthe hotel for several minutes until thecrowd thinned out around the car. Thenthe girl went out and started the motor,immediately, the curious crowd startedto reassemble; a policeman came. Georgerushed out of the Intourist hotel andJumped in front of the Volkswagcn, withboth arms upraised in the command:Halt,

"Don't move the car," he shouted tothe girl, "or you'll hit the policeman andwe'll all be in trouble."

They were in trouble already, as itturned out. The policenan herded theminto the Intourist hotel and called forreinforcements, More olice arrived.They apparently got it into their headsthat George and his West German friend,the two Americans and the English girlall belonged to the same party and thatthey ha d been engaged in somre verysuspicious spylike activity. Everybody,said the Russians, would hav' to go tothe police station.

The happiest person in the lot at thistnexpected developnent was GeorgeAnastaplo With his legal training, hehad been curious to see just how theRussians conduct their trials, and hehad been badgering intourist for daysto tell him where the courts were lo-cated, to let him see a trial in progressSO that he could form some opinion forhimself about the quality of Russianjustice,

At the police station, George and hisfellow suspects were taken before aPolice major. George gathered (quiteMistakenly, as it turned out) that this

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nation. The police major glowered atGeorge and the others, and seeingGeorge's camera, he demanded: "Giveus that camera."

:-Why?" George asked."Never mind why. Just hand it over,"

he was told."I will not," George said. "It's my

camera, and you have no right to takeit unless you tell me why you want it."

The Russian officer sneered. "Well, Iguess if you were in New York and apoliceman said, 'Give me your camera,'you would give it to him, wouldn't you?"

"I would not!" George declared. "Hewould have to give me a reason first."

George finally agreed to let the Rus-sians have his camera-but only afterhe was assured that, under Russian law,they had a right to take it and onlyafter they had promised to develop thefilm and return it to him if they foundit contained nothing damaging to Rus-sian security. With this agreement be-tween George and the police major, the"trial," so-called, came virtually to anend. The major announced his decision,and only then did George learn, to hisastonishment, that what he had beenundergoing was not just a preliminaryexamination, but an actual trial. Nocharges had been made, but George andhis companions were informed they hadbeen found guilty. They had been par-ticipating in a "plot" to distribute maga-zines illegally and to embarrass the So-viet Union-and so they were all goingto be expelled from Russia. They wouldhave to leave immediately.

"I let the Russian officials know,"George wrote shortly afterwards in aletter to Dean Maurice F. X. Donohue,of University College, "what I thoughtof their way of conducting themselves(toward both tourists and defendants).My impression was that the police ma-jor was not accustomed to forthright-ness on the part of accused persons . . .the major had the expression of onewho was watching a strange creaturefrom another world."

Back in his native America Georgeprepared for his final struggle with thebar. He had lost on all the lower levels,and now he faced the final test, a hear-ing before the U.S. Supreme Court it-self. He looked forward to this withconsiderable hope; for along the way,in the long struggle of the years, eventhough losing, he had been losing byever narrower margins, and he hadgained some distinguished advocates.Some of the most significant develop-ments had grown out of the re-hearingbefore the second character and fitnesscommittee of the Chicago bar. Membersof this second committee had conductedprivate researches into the life and char-acter of Anastaplo. At least three of itsmembers had made inquiries among hisfriends and associates in Chicago; aquiet investigation had also been con-ducted in his home town of Carterville.At least one devious approach had beenmade to his wife Sara, in an effort toget her to persuade George, for the goodof his family, to abandon his "unreason-able" opposition so that he might beginmaking a good living as many of hisless gifted classmates were. Sara wasangered by the suggestion; she spurnedit and stood by her husband. In thelight of all this, however, George feltthat he was justified in demanding thatthe bar committee spread on the recordwhatever it had learned about him. Hechallenged it to do so. But the commit-tee refused.

"The real complaint of the Commit-tee," Anastaplo wrote its chairman, "is

not that it cannot learn enough aboutme, but rather that it cannot learn any-thing adverse to my application. Itseems to think that unless somethingderogatory is turned up, it is not rele-vant evidence. As a result, favorableevidence is suppressed or ignored. . . .The rules of fair play and due processrequire that the members of the Com-mittee be obliged to acknowledge thefavorable evidence that they have turnedup in their individual inquiries; theysit as commissioners of the Court in ajudicial capacity, not as counsel per-mitted to introduce only evidence favor-able to their clients."

Even so direct a challenge could notdeter the members of the Chicago bar.They delayed for an entire year beforethey even announced their verdict, andthen they rejected George. The casewent on appeal to the Illinois SupremeCourt, and there, in December, 1959, ina 4-3 decision, George again lost. But inlosing he provoked some stinging dis-sents.

The most lengthy and scathing ofthese dissents was written by JusticeGeorge W. Bristow, a conservative Re-publican from downstate Illinois, towhom (as he later acknowledged tofriends) the George Anastaplo he hadfound in the record had become practi-cally a hero. Justice Bristow sharplynoted that it had taken the Chicagocharacter committee a long, inexplicableyear to make up its mind; he rebukedthe majority justices of his own benchfor unfairly stating the issues of thecase; and he focused strongly on one,fundamental point.

This was not, he said, "whether theCommittee's questions on political orsubversive affiliation were constitu-tional." That really did not matter. Theonly real issue was whether, "even ifAnastaplo were wrong about the im-propriety of such questions . . . hisgood-faith refusal to answer them . . .is sufficient basis for denying him ad-mission to the bar for failure to estab-lish good moral character."

Justice Bristow found himself in com-plete agreement with a fitness commit-tee minority report that had stated "itis pure sophistry to hold that his re-fusals to answer have prevented ourdetermining his character." Justice Bris-tow continued: "Anyone reading thisrecord, whether or not he agrees withGeorge Anastaplo's interpretation of hisconstitutional rights, cannot come awaywithout being impressed by this adher-ence to truth and what he regards asbasic principles of good citizenship. Hisrefusal to answer certain questions isnot in fear of truth, but rather in de-fense of what he believes to be truth-that a citizen, particularly a lawyer, hasa duty to defend constitutional prin-ciples, 'even at the risk of incurringofficial displeasure.' His restrained andwell mannered testimony and conduct atthe hearing corroborate fully the glow-ing evaluations of his character and rep-utation in the affidavits submitted to theCommittee."

And so to the U.S. Supreme Court.In the hearing before the nation's

highest tribunal, William C. Wines, as-sistant attorney general of Illinois, ac-cepted Anastaplo's factual presentationof the case. He conceded no one hadever had any evidence, no one had everbelieved Anastaplo was a Communist.Though Justice Bristow had noted therewas not "a scintilla of derogatory evi-dence to mar the substantial record ofhis (Anastaplo's) good moral charac-ter," Wines contended not a scintilla


was needed. Wines argued just oneissue: the right of a bar associationcommittee to ask a question about Com-munist affiliations-and its right to in-sist on having that question answered."If we can't ask this question," he said,"there are very few questions we canask.... Once you grant that Communistaffiliation is material, it follows auto-matically that a question about suchaffiliation is material." And it was theduty of an applicant seeking admissionto the bar, in his view, to answer sucha question.

On April 24, 1961, by a 5-4 decision,the U.S. Supreme Court ruled againstGeorge Anastaplo. Justice John M. Har-lan wrote the majority opinion, in whichJustices Frankfurter, Stewart, Clark andWhittaker concurred. Justice HugoBlack, supported by. Chief Justice EarlWarren and Justices Douglas and Bren-nan, spoke for the minority.The Harlan decision found the Chi-cago bar association "incontestably" hada right to ask the questions it had ofAnastaplo. He, by refusing to answerthem, "obstructed" the committee in theperformance of "its proper functions."There was nothing to suggest, JusticeHarlan wrote, that Anastaplo would beexcluded "from the bar any longer thanhe continues in his refusal to answer.We find nothing to suggest that he wouldnot be admitted now if he decided toanswer. . . . In short, petitioner holdsthe key to admission in his own hands."

Justice Black bitterly criticized themajority of his own court for beingwilling to "abridge" the rights guaran-teed American citizens by the FirstAmendment. "The Court has reserved toitself," he wrote, "the power to permitor deny abridgement of First Amend-ment freedoms according to its ownview of whether repression or freedomis the wiser governmental policy underthe circumstances of each case." ThisBlack rejected. He praised Anastaplofor "a sincere, and in my judgmentcorrect, conviction that the preserva-tion of this country's freedom dependsupon adherence to our Bill of Rights."The record, he said, showed that Anas-taplo "has many of the qualities thatare needed in the American bar," thathe had "the uncommon virtue of cour-age to stand by his principles at anycost," and that "the legal profession willlose much of its nobility and its gloryif it is not constantly replenished withlawyers possessing such high qualities."

Acidly, Justice Black warned: "Toforce the bar to become a group of thor-oughly orthodox, time-serving, govern-ment-fearing individuals is to humiliateand degrade it." And he added: "Butthat is the present trend, not only inthe legal profession but in almost everywalk of life. Too many men are beingdriven to become government-fearingand time-serving because the govern-ment is being permitted to strike out atthose who are fearless enough to thinkas they please and say what they think.This trend must be halted if we are tokeep faith with the Founders of ourNation and pass on to future generationsof Americans the great heritage of free-dom which they sacrificed so much toleave to us. The choice is clear to me."

It is this choice that George Anas-taplo, in a lone-wolf battle that has costhim thousands of dollars and covered11 years, has made clear. It is no slightcontribution for a man to make whohas never handled any law case excepthis own-who is, as Anastaplo says withwry humor at his own expense, merelyan "ex almost-lawyer." * THE END

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