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![Page 1: Geophysics in Archaeology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042517/58aae0101a28ab27178b604d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geophysics in ArchaeologyGeophysics in ArchaeologyA scrapbook A scrapbook
of worldwide dataof worldwide data
Adam O’Neill
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The sitesThe sites
GuatemalaGuatemala++
El SalvadorEl Salvador
Pompeii,Pompeii,ItalyItaly
TurpanTurpan, , ChinaChina
JapanJapan
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The dreamThe dream
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Ground Penetrating RadarGround Penetrating Radar
200 MHz
50 MHz
450 MHz
~10-15 cm / 2 m
<5 cm / < 1 m
+50 cm / +5 m
Resolution / Max. depth
Tx Rx
www.gpr-survey.com
Typicalhyperbolicdiffraction
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Electrical methodsElectrical methods
Arealmapping
Depth profiling
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Magnetic Magnetic gradiometrygradiometry
Earthsfield
Inducedfield
Vertical magnetic gradient (nT/m)
Sensors
Iron objects(swords, tools)
Remanent magnetism(kilns, bonfires)
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ContentsContents
JapanJapan
China
Central America
Pompeii
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EmaEma CastleCastle
Kamioka town, northern Gifu prefecture
Built in 1400’s by Lord of Northern Gifu
Destroyed by fire 1582
Chinese and Japanese pottery from 1200’s to 1500’s
Large trapezoidal and triangular moats
GPR surveys in 1994 and 1997
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EmaEma CastleCastle
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GPR north moatGPR north moat
Line 5
Trapezoidal moat
100 MHz
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GPR west moatGPR west moat
Lines 6&7
Triangular moat
100 MHz
Goodman (1994)
GPR modelling
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Time migrationTime migration
50 MHz
Migrated
Clear V-shape
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Mount Mount ZoubiZoubi
Yoro Town, southern Gifu prefecture
3rd to 6th century
Oldest burial mound tombs of Kofun period
On major east-west military junction
Sites of many battles
Largest mound at hill summit
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Magnetic surveyMagnetic survey
Dipolar anomaly!
FM18 vertical fluxgate gradiometer
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GPR surveyGPR survey
Hyperbolic anomalyMetallic source Second anomaly
1 m deeper again
200 MHz
Gradiometer: Width at
half-amplitude~source depth
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GPR cubeGPR cube
Target 1: Metallic response
Target 2: Underlying anomalyArchaeologists very interested!
E
W
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Excavation surveyExcavation surveyExcavated sword fragments
Post excavation survey
Secondary target revealedBurial?
Swords removed
Swords location
450MHz
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KomochiKomochi VillageVillage
Komochi Village, Gunma prefecture
Burial mounds of Kofun period, 300-700 AD
Mt. Haruna erupted twice in 6th century
‘Pompeii of Japan’
Burying kofun up to 4 m in ash and pumice
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GPR reconnaissanceGPR reconnaissance200 MHz
100 MHzCMP location
Large kofunSmall kofun
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Two frequency GPRTwo frequency GPR
200 MHz
100 MHz
Burial chamber?
Surrounding moat?
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Burial moundsBurial mounds
Burial chamber reconstruction
Exposed kofun
Typical sizeand shape
GPR modelling
Goodman (1994)
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Velocity analysisVelocity analysis
CMPsounding
Velocitymodel
Magneticsusceptibility
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Other tumuliOther tumuli
Giant keyhole
Double-mounds/Clusters
RectangularSingle mound
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ContentsContents
Japan
ChinaChina
Central America
Pompeii
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Site locationsSite locations
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TurpanTurpan
Far northern desert
On the ‘Silk-road’, Middle-east to Asian trading route
Early Kingdoms (from 1st century BC)
Later Mongolian rule (13th-14th century AD)
Autonomous ruling from 1954
Excavations in 1930: 120 tombs, 800 artefacts
Excavations in 1994: Pure gold crown
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Aerial photographyAerial photography
13 m3 helium blimp
Tombs grouped into family clusters
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GPR linesGPR lines
100 MHz antennas
pulseEKKO IV
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GPR sectionsGPR sections
100 MHz
Line 9
Line 10
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Fence displayFence display
Excavation: Sloping entrance to tomb
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Electrical and EMElectrical and EM
EM38 conductivityRM15 twin resistance
3436
Two resistive anomalies
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FollowupFollowup GPRGPR
100 MHz
RM15resistance
Buried cavity? (multiples)
Line 34 Line 36
Surficial anomaly?
100 MHz
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ContentsContents
Japan
China
Central AmericaCentral America
Pompeii
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Central AmericaCentral America
Kaminaljuyu: 500 BC-1000 ADMongoy: earlier (?) Joya de Ceren: 590 AD
Chalchuapa: older (?)
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Guatemala CityGuatemala City
Mayan civilisations, buried by volcanic ash
Kaminaljuyu: 500 BC-1000 AD
Mongoy: has older black soil cover, earlier
Pacaya volcano 25 km to south
Active from 3000-700 years BP
Parasitic eruptions in 16th C
Horse bones, Spanish conquest
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Guatemala CityGuatemala City
KaminaljuyuArchaeological Park
MongoyMound
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KaminaljuyuKaminaljuyu
Survey area: Flat ground between mounds
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Electrical and Electrical and magneticsmagneticsRM15 resistance FM18 gradiometer
Coincident resistance and magnetic linear anomaly
Clear edges of large platformor foundation
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MongoyMongoy
‘Gran Basamento’mound
‘Gran Muro’Ancient
foundation
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Electrical surveyElectrical survey
RM15 resistance
Shallow platform revealed
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Targets and excavationsTargets and excavations
Waste pits:Many artefacts
recovered
Topographic contoursSite excavation map
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El SalvadorEl Salvador
Joya de Ceren: Agricultural village, 40-50 families
Clay construction
Loma Caldera tuff ring 600 m to north
Erupted during rainy season of ~590 AD
Chalchuapa: Political centre
Stone construction
Pyramid mounds and defensive walls
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JoyaJoya de de CerenCeren
Thick clay walls
On raisedfoundations
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GPR profilesGPR profiles
100 MHz
50 MHz
Buried structureOn raised platform
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InterpretationInterpretation
100 MHz 50 MHz
Thatched roof collapseAsh drapes over clay walls
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ChalchuapaChalchuapa
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GPR surveyGPR survey
Mound 5
Typical section
Burial cache
100 MHz
50 MHz
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GPR surveyGPR surveyMound 2
50 MHz
Construction cutaway
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Boundary wallsBoundary walls
100 MHz
50 MHz
Excavation
Slope of rock wall
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ContentsContents
Japan
China
Central America
PompeiiPompeii
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PompeiiPompeii
Mount Vesuvius eruption August 24, AD79
Rediscovered 1748
Over two-thirds excavated and restored
Some boundary fortifications remain buried
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Mount VesuviusMount Vesuvius
Most famous site buried by volcano
Victims seared byhot gas and ash
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Ash Ash isopachisopach
Pom
peii
AD79
Modern soil
1000 AD– 1900 ADeruptions
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Survey linesSurvey lines
Unexcavated part:Expected buried
boundary walls of the Porta di Capua
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MultiMulti--surveyssurveys
Line 30
EM31 deep
200 MHz
100 MHz
Ash flow
North South
Dipping layers
ResistivityVEx5
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Electrical Electrical modellingmodelling
Numericalresult
Syntheticmodel
Fielddata
Multiple techniques essential
GPR alone not always enough
100 MHzGPR
Line 150
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Fence displayFence display
Diffraction from top of wall aligns across
sections
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Summary and acknowledgementsSummary and acknowledgements
Geophysics and archaeology: Essential integration
Prefer multi-methods (GPR-resistivity-magnetics-EM)
Try to use more than one GPR frequency
Get in before excavations start !!!
Yasushi Tanaka, Tanaka Geological Corporation
Dr. Dean Goodman, Geophysical Archaeometry Lab. http://www.gpr-survey.com
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OtherOther
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ChatanChatan AirbaseAirbase
Okinawa main Island
Post war occupation US airbase
Base designated for closure and repatriation to local families
Archaeological surveys required for:(i) Cultural heritage mapping(ii) Pre-war land ownership boundaries
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GPR surveyGPR survey
Pipes and other modern clutter
Anomaly of interest
200 MHzraw
Migrated
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ExcavationExcavation
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Time slicesTime slices
200 MHzraw
Migrated
Focusedanomaly
Clear pipes
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OtherOther
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VV--trench modeltrench model
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Velocity effectsVelocity effects
Too slow(0.06 m/ns)
Correct(0.095 m/ns)
Too fast(0.11 m/ns)
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OtherOther
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San San XiaXia
Yangtse River (Chang Jiang)
From 2 million years B.P. to Ming Dynasty (13th-17th C B.C.)
Several thousand years of civilisation
‘Three Gorges Dam’ over 170 m high
Over 1 million people displaced
Over 800 sites will be flooded
Over 10000 tombs expected
Villages still present, difficult surveying
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Site locationsSite locations
Steeptopography!
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Dam from spaceDam from space
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EM and GPREM and GPREM38 conductivity
100 MHz Anomaly!
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More GPRMore GPR100 MHz
Real opportunitiy for archaeo-geophysics!
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OtherOther
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PrePre--exacavationexacavation surveysurveyRM15 resistance
Good accessMany lineaments
Shallow platform revealed
Waste pits
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PostPost--exacavationexacavation surveysurvey
Imaging‘Gran Muro’
wall
RM15 resistance
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OtherOther
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Yasushi Tanaka, Tanaka Geological Corporation
Prof. Toshi Matsuoka, Kyoto University
Dr. Dean Goodman, Geophysical Archaeometry Lab. http://www.gpr-survey.com
OYO Corporation, Japan (Chatan data)
West Australian Maritime Museum (Abrolhos Island data)
University of Western Australia