Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole...

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Geophysics at the borehole and Geophysics at the borehole and cross cross - - borehole scale borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams and John Williams OGW OGW - - Branch of Geophysics Branch of Geophysics

Transcript of Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole...

Page 1: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Geophysics at the borehole and Geophysics at the borehole and crosscross--borehole scaleborehole scale

Carole Johnson, John Lane Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williamsand John Williams

OGWOGW--Branch of GeophysicsBranch of Geophysics

Page 2: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Overview

• Historical data and Geologic maps• Surface geophysics• Borehole geophysics• Cross-hole Testing • Hydraulic Measurements hydraulic

testing, water levels, sampling, pumping tests

• Integration and iteration

Page 3: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Historical applicationof surface geophysics

Electromagnetics (EM)• Conductive fluids in overburden and

shallow bedrock

Seismic Refraction• Saturated thickness

and bedrocktopography

Page 4: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Shallow conductive anomalies

EM61

GPR and GPS

EM31

Page 5: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Seismic reflection Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

• Subsurface stratigraphy • Bedrock topography

Surface geophysicsSurface geophysics

Page 6: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Surface geophysicsSurface geophysics

Electromagnetics (EM)• Sheet-like conductive fluids or layers

in bedrockDC resistivity profiling

• Subsurface bedrock structureAzimuthal square-array resistivity

• Bedrock anisotropy – fractures and/ or lithology

Page 7: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

0 200 400-550

-450

-350

-250

-150

-50

DIS

TA

NC

E, I

N F

EE

T

DISTANCE, IN FEET

0

-18

30

Well B13

EM 34 anomalyEM 34 anomaly30º

Page 8: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Modeling 2D Resistivity DataModeling 2D Resistivity DataInverted Resistivity Section

Forward Model

Inverted Resistivity Section of Forward Modeled

Synthetic Data

RES2DINV (Loke, 1997)

Conductive anomaly

OverburdenWetland

Till / weathered bedrock

RES2DMOD (Loke, 1997)

Page 9: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Borehole geophysicsBorehole geophysics

Characterize hydrogeology in and surrounding the borehole

• Conventional logs• Acoustic televiewer• Optical televiewer

• Radar• Borehole flowmeter• Hydraulic and geochemical testing

Page 10: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

VIRGINIA COASTAL PLAIN

Sand

Fining upSand to Clay

Coarsening up Clay to Sand

Sand

Page 11: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

EM CONDUCTIVITY LOGS AND DISSOLVED CHLORIDESGreat Neck, Long Island

Sea level

250

125

ft

13,00012,500

13

18

Sand and gravel Silt and clay Bedrock

Freshwater-Saltwater Interface

Confining Unit

Page 12: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics
Page 13: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics
Page 14: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

62 ft

64 ft

Page 15: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Evaluate orientation of hydraulically active fracture sand structure at the field scale and site scale

Page 16: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

CrossCross--hole geophysicshole geophysics

Radar tomography - 30 to 100m

Resistivity tomography – up to100 m

Seismic tomography – 10 to 1 km

Page 17: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

VELOCITY ATTENUATION

HIGH

LOWMW73 MW73MW74 MW74

DE

PT

H, I

N F

EE

TRADAR

Page 18: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

VELOCITY ATTENUATION

HIGH

LOWMW73 MW73MW74 MW74

DE

PT

H, I

N F

EE

TRADAR

Page 19: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

FSE Well Field Site Map& Tracer Injection Method

FSE-4 FSE-3

FSE-2 FSE-1

Injection

Extraction

~9m

~13m

Extraction Injection

Packers

Pump

PVC CorePipe

Tracer

Page 20: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Difference Tomograms

17 Hrs 37 Hrs

Page 21: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Hydraulic evaluationHydraulic evaluation

Conventional single hole flowmeter logging – ambient and pumping conditions (flow prevention)

• Discrete interval hydraulic testing -pumping or injection conditions

• Discrete interval geochemical sampling• Discrete interval, long-term head

monitoring• Cross-hole flowmeter logging

Page 22: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

CROSSHOLE TRANSIENT FLOWMETER MEASUREMENTS

Paillet (2001)

Page 23: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Paillet(2001)

CROSSHOLE TRANSIENT FLOWMETER MEASUREMENTS

Page 24: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics
Page 25: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

FSE WELL FIELD

Page 26: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

• Seismo-electric effect – work proposed by Ellefsen, and others

• Borehole stress measurements –evaluation of the stress field from induced fractures in boreholes(Hickman and others)

With concurrent tomographic diff-erencing methods (Lane and Wright)

Research TopicsResearch Topics

Hydraulic fra

cture

hmin

Hmaxx-section of well

Page 27: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

0 10 20 30 METERS

• 2D-Azimuthal resistivity – before and after pumping to evaluate anisotropy and potentially contributing recharge area

•0

•1000

•2000

•3000

•4000•2

•17•32

•47•62

•77

•92

•107

•122•137

•152•167

•182•197

•212•227

•242

•257

•272

•287

•302•317

•332•347

•APPARENT RESISTIVITIES,•IN OHM-METERS

•AZIMUTH, IN DEGREES

Research topics Research topics -- continuedcontinued

Page 28: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Surface to boreholeSurface to borehole

• Borehole to surface measurements –Resistivity, EM, and Seismic (tube waves)

• Surface or borehole NMR may be useful•

• Identify correlations with surrogate data. Collect surrogate data, such as tomography data and hydraulic data and combine geostatistically (soft kriging or anealing process, Day-Lewis)

Research topicsResearch topics–– continuedcontinued

Page 29: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

USGS Long Beach Pier C Test Well

800 ft

900 ft

GAMMA LITHOLOGY

Page 30: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

3D Data collection and 3D Data collection and processingprocessing

• 2-D and 3-D resistivity

• 3-D Radar (Mark P. Grasmueck, RSMAS University of Miami)

• Seismic reflection

Research topicsResearch topics–– continuedcontinued

Page 31: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

2D resistivity in a 3-D Fence Diagram

Example from Chris Braun ABF in Fort Worth, TX

Page 32: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

3D representation ofinverted resistivityvalues along fourhorizontal planesat elevations of 192,190, 188, and 186 m.

Braun, Dodec 2001

Page 33: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

10 m

3-D Radar ApplicationGrasmueck

Page 34: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

10 m

3-D GPR Survey Outline

Page 35: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

3-D Ground Penetrating Radar Acquisition

Survey lines every 10 cm

Page 36: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

3-D GPR

Grasmueck,1996

Page 37: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

3-D GPR

Grasmueck, 1996

Page 38: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Interpretation Needs• Integrate data over various scales

• Upscaling: Integrate data from multiple disciplines, including geologic mapping, geochemical data – NAWQA, isotope dating

• Assess transferablility: Can data collected at multiple sites be statistically or geostatistically meaningful? Is the measurement parameter meaningful, and at what scale?

Page 39: Geophysics at the borehole and cross-borehole … at the borehole and cross-borehole scale Carole Johnson, John Lane and John Williams OGW-Branch of Geophysics

Measurements at Regional Scale

Remote sensing:• Thematic mapping• Airborne EM• Temperature –

non urban areas

• Seismic Reflection: 1 Kilometer deep and apart (Odum)