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Geomorphology study as SOP for recommendation area
development (case study Kerinci area, Jambi Province)
HW Utama1 and R Mulyasari
2
1 Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Jambi, Muaro Jambi, Jambi,
Indonesia 2Geophysics Engineering Department, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung,
Lampung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract. Kerinci area is located on the west to south-western of Jambi Capital Province. It has
irresistible geomorphologic site which consisted of physiography of Barisan Range Zone and
Sumateran Fault System Zone. Moreover this area is also known as volcanic - tectonics
complex. Geomorphology has an important role to give information and overview on the
existing landscape in an area. The aim of this paper is to know geomorphological
characteristics of this area that could provide an information to land use, disaster mitigation,
and references for infrastructure development (Standard Operating Procedure/SOP). Analysis
of morphology aspect was employed in this study, which are morphography, morphometry,
and morphogenetics aspect including morphostructure active, passive, dynamic, and also
consider morphoconservation aspect. Remote sensing is a method which is carried out to know
characteristic of drainage pattern and geologic mapping. The geomorphologic map is resulted
based on analysis morphology aspect. This area could be divided into several geomorphologic
units, there are volcanic – denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural –
denudational, and fluvial morphology. In addition, based on geomorphologic map, SOP could
be designed and developed as a recommendation for area development in Kerinci.
Keywords: geomorphology, SOP, Kerinci.
1. Introduction
Kerinci is one of areas located on the Barisan Arc Magmatic Zone [1]. This area is located on the west
to south-western of Jambi Capital Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). It has irresistible geomorphologic
site which is consisted of physiography of Barisan Range Zone and Sumatran Fault System Zone.
Moreover, this area is also known as volcanic - tectonics complex [2]. That condition has impacts on
the morphological landforms of Kerinci, which triggers a number of disasters. Therefore, study
geomorphological condition of an area is necessary for development of that area. Geomorphological
studies have an important role to provide information and overview on the existing landscape of an
area on a map.
Geomorphological map can be considered as graphical inventories of a landscape depicting
landforms and surface as well as subsurface materials. This map can act as a preliminary tool for land
management, geomorphological and geological risk management, as well as providing baseline data
for other applied sectors of environmental research [3].
The purpose of this study is to analysis geomorphological characteristics of this area that could
provide information of land use, disaster mitigation, and references for infrastructure development
(Standard Operating Procedure/SOP). The geomorphologic aspects would be analyzed using remote
sensing analysis.
Figure 1. Research Area.
2. Regional Geology
Sumatera island was resulted from subduction of Indian Ocean plate boundary beneath the Eurasian
Continent plate in the Cenozoic Period which is thought to cause a clockwise rotation of Sumatera
Island [4, 5, 6]. This subduction made changing position of Sumatera Island, which initially directed
west – east to northwest – southeast [7]. Deformation changes in Sumatra Island occurred in Oligo –
Miocene Period [2]. This deformation caused movement of Sumatran fault which became active at
that time.
2.1 Physiography
Physiography of Sumatra Island is divided into several physiographic zones: Bukit Barisan Zone,
Semangko Fault Zone (Sumatera Fault Zone), Highland and Hills Zone, Bukit Tiga Puluh Zone, Outer
Arc Zone, and Sunda Exposure Zone [1]. Kerinci area is part of Bukit Barisan Zone – Sumatera Fault
Zone Physiography (Figure 2).
2.2 Tectonic setting
Regional tectonic setting of Sumatera island have several phases. Active tectonics began in the
Paleocene–Eocene Cenozoic Era. Magmatisme activity starts from Oligo–Miocene along Sumatera
Fault Zone/Sumatera Fault System (SFS). Pliocene tectonic activity produces basalt which is crushed
as an indication of tectonic traces, then accompanied by active quaternary volcanic activity [8, 9].
Based on [10], there are 19 segments of Sumatera Fault Zone, the research area is included in the
Siulak segment (Figure 3). This segment is suspected as controlling the formation of Kerinci
geomorphology, indicated a relationship between Siulak fault segment with the existence of active
volcano, volcano-tectonic lake, hotspring, and another geomorphological forms [11] (Figure 4).
Figure 2. Physiography map of Central Sumatera, Kerinci and surrounding areas are included in
Bukit Barisan Zone-Sumatera Fault Zone Physiography modified from van Bemmelen (1939) and
Tobler (1917) in [1].
Figure 3. Sumatra Fault Zone segments [10], research area assosiated with Siulak Fault Segment.
Figure 4. Indicating a relationship between Siulak Fault with the existence of active volcano,
volcano-tectonic lake, hotspring, and another geomorphological forms (modified from [11]).
2.3 Stratigraphy
Based on regional geological maps of Sungaipenuh and Ketahun sheet [8] and Painan sheet [9] (Figure
5), stratigraphy of Kerinci and surrounding regions are generally composed by Paleozoic-Tertiary
basement groups and Quaternary – Recent volcanic rocks.
Quaternary rocks consist of volcanic rock products (basalt-andesite-riolite, breccia, tuff, and lava
products), sedimentary rocks consist of breccias, conglomerates, and sandstones. Tertiary rocks
compose of sandstone, conglomerates, and breccias. Paleozoic rocks compose of basement such as
metamorphic rock, granite, diorite and conglomerate.
2.4 Geology of Kerinci Area
Geology of Kerinci area is obtained based on geological map data, remote sensing and several
checking surface geological mapping method. Furthermore, research area have 16 (sixteen)
stratigraphy units (Figure 5). The age determination of stratigraphy units is based on previous research
and refer to regional geological maps. There is change in formation boundary units from regional to
local geological map because of the difference of scale. Furthermore, the dynamic geological
conditions of Kerinci are influenced by the existence of Siulak Fault segmentation.
3. Data and Method
Data used in this research were Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM
DEM) data with spatial resolution 90 m and digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM) with spatial
resolution 30 m, which are available free of cost from USGS website [12, 13], geological map of
Sungaipenuh Ketahun and Painan sheets with scale of 1:250.000, data from Geological Research and
Development Centre [8, 9]. All of data were used to analyze and specify geomorphological aspects.
The research was presented to find geomorphological aspects, namely morphology,
morphogenesis, and morphochronology [14, 15]. Data and geomorphological parameters were used to
calculate and compute geomorphic index using remote sensing method integrated with GIS
(Geographic Information System) techniques.
The image of SRTM DEM-ASTER GDEM was used as the basic data to analyze and interpret
geomorphological aspects. Several stages of analysis were carried out to achieve objectives of study.
First, analyze hillshade with four irradiations directions to find out the development of lineaments and
the presence of fault. Second, determine manual lineaments and delineate structural geology to
determine structural geological aspects. Third, overlay regional geology and SRTM data to find out
local geological map. Fourth, based on local geological map can be determined geomorphic units, this
units used to determine morphological-morphochronological aspects. In addition, this research was
supported by checking several location for deciding and ascertaining data.
Figure 6. Geological map of Kerinci and Surrounding Area (modified from [8, 9]).
4. Result and Discussion
Geomorphic features were analyses by remote sensing method integrated with GIS techniques. Several
stage of analyses were resulted morphology, morphometry, morphogenesis, and morphochronology
aspect. Futhermore, several investigation of geology (lithology units-formation, tectonics and
neotectonics interpretation) were did to checked data. Result of the research is focused on
geomorphology aspect to recommendation development area.
4.1 Drainage pattern
Drainage pattern research area is composed by dendritic on the alluvial plain. In the slope inside a
Kerinci depression have formed bearing a resemblance to radial centripetal drainage pattern,
characteristic of Kerinci Ancient Caldera (KAC). This drainage pattern is occupied of volcanic
structural landforms. The outer of Kerinci ancient caldera was characterized parallel drainage pattern
that indicated by a hills and undulations KAC, whereever possibility primary drainage/stream has
intermittent or secondary stream perpendicular flow drainage to primary drainage.
The outer of KAC has also formed rectangular drainage pattern to indicate drainage stream
associated with fracture zone such as Siulak fault system and joints. Determination of drainage
patterns conducted to help comprehend landform characteristics.
4.2 Geomorphic Features
Geomorphological map has been analyzed using some approaches for determining geomorphic
units, namely identification, interpretation and determination to classify geomorphic unit. This
geomorphic aspect has been used in morphology, morphogenesis and morphochronology.
Combination of three aspect will be conducted morphoconservation aspect. Morphoconservation is
utility of a geomorphic unit, such as recommendation for development area.
4.2.1 Geomorphic Identification
Geomorphic identification of Kerinci Lake and surrounding was conducted using ASTER
GDEM–SRTM DEM image with 30–90 m resolution/pixel. Resolution of the image help on precisely
distinguishing between geomorphic features. This data have been overlaid with geological map, then
integrated between geological units and geomorphic features.
4.2.2 Geomorphic Interpretation
The interpretation of research area is conducted by determining dominantly geomorphic process
which control of landforms and landscape generally. Interpretation included endogenic processes
(lithology, resistance, structural geology, soluble (morphogenesis)) and exogenic processes
(weathering, eroded (morphogenesis), landform or morphography, slope, elevation (morphology),
degree of deformation and morphostratigraphy (morphochronology)). According to this approach,
Kerinci Lake process is dominantly controlled by volcanic and structural process, whereas only
fractional of fluviatil, denudational, and karst process.
4.2.3 Determination of Geomorphic Unit
According to the explanation of geomorphic unit for identification and interpretation stage, the
research area were determined based on approaches affirmed. Research area was divided into 7
landforms, namely volcanic–denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural–
denudational, and fluvial landform (Figure 7) and (Table 1). These determination landforms were also
bended on morphochronological aspect. The geomorphic unit is also supported by surface mapping of
several landscape and outcrop location (Figure 8 and 9).
Table 1. Geomorphic units of the Kerinci Lake and surrounding (oldest to young).
No Morphology
Id
Morphochronology
(Landform) Id
Morphogenesis Degree of
Potential
Stratigraphy
1 AP Fluvial Plain, alluvial, flat
relatively, active fault
system
High Recent
2 LAKE Volcanic
Structural
Lake, meteoric-
volcanic water,
volcano-tectonic
- Holocene-
Recent
3 TIH Volcanic
Structural
Hill, isolated, tuff,
volcanism, active
Siulak fault, angle-
steep slope
Very high Pleistocene
4 VDU Volcanic Undulate, volcanic Moderate Pleistocene
Denudational breccia, tuff, step
slope, volcanism, low
resistance, weathering,
eroded
5 KFEU Structural Undulate, breccia,
fault system, low-
middle resistance
Very High Pleistocene
6 KFEVU Volcanic
Structural
Undulate, volcanic
breccia, andesitic tuff,
volcanism, fault
system, middle
resistance
Very high Pleistocene
7 PGFV Structural Valley, sandstone,
structural, high
resistance
Moderate Pleistocene
8 PGFU Structural Undulate, angle of
slope, claystone,
siltstone, structural,
high resistance
Very high Pleistocene
9 PGSDV Structural
Denudational
Valley, siltstone,
sandstone, micro fault,
low resistance,
weathering, eroded
High Pleistocene
10 KVH Volcanic Hill, pumiceous
claystone, volcanism,
angle slope, middle
resistance
Low Pleistocene
11 KFH Structural Hill, sandstone,
conglomerate, breccia,
active fault SFS, angle
slope, deformation
Very high Pliocene
12 ASV Structural Valley, tectonic-fault,
basalt silicified-
sheared, deformation
Very high Pliocene
13 SPGH Volcanic Hill, granodiorite,
high resistance,
magmatism
Low Pliocene
14 SGH Volcanic Hill, granodiorite,
high resistance,
magmatism
Low Pliocene
15 GH Volcanic Hill, granite, high
resistance, magmatism
Low Miocene
16 SDFH Structural Hills, steep slope,
lava, breccia,
ignimbrite, fault
Moderate Oligo-Miocene
17 BSVH Volcanic
Structural
Hill, angle-steep
slope, volcanism-
tectonic fault, volcanic
breccia, tuff
High Eocene
18 SLH Karst Hill, angle slope,
soluble, limestone
Moderate Cretaceous
19 PFV Structural Valley, tuffaceous High Cretaceous
shale, minor fault
system
20 PFU Structural Undulate, angle slope,
fault, tuffaceous shale,
minor fault system
High Cretaceous
21 SVDH Volcanic
Denudational
Hills, angle slope,
tuffaceous shale, low
resistance, eroded,
weathering
Moderate Cretaceous
Abbreviation morphology id (see explanation below)
1. Volcanic Denudational
This landform has been producted volcanic process associated with Barisan Range, however
resistance of lithology, such as on the ductile deformation in Siulak Formation which tuffaceous shale,
of Mesozoic Epoch were secondary factor controlled of landform processes. It has combination factor
of volcanism Pra-Tertiary–Tertiary, several stratigraphy unit have weathering, eroded, and
resedimentary. This landform composed of Siulak Volcanic Denudational Hill (SVDH) and Volcanic
Denudational Undulation (VDU).
2. Structural
SFS was the first controlled landform, primary Siulak fault which have southeastern - northwestern
oriented direction, which is Peneta Fault Undulation (PFU), Peneta Fault Valley (PFV), Siulak Deras
Fault Hills (SDVH), Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Valley (KFV), Pengasih Fault
Valley (PGFV), Pengasih Fault Undulation (PGFU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU).
This landform is composed by tuffaceous shale, basalt silicified and sheared, sandstone, conglomerate,
breccia. Basalt silicified–sheared indicated track/fossil of tectonic Pra-Quarter.
3. Karst
Karst landform was the little (fractional) area of the research area. This landform characterized by
metasedimentary limestone in Cretaceous. Geological processes such as tectonics active would have
been being since Cretaceous Mesozoic-Paleocene Cenozoic–Quarternary Cenozoic. Basically, Karst
area have multibasinal drainage pattern, whereas to identified secondary drainage pattern. This
landform is only Siulak Limestone Hill (SLH).
4. Volcanic structural
Volcanic Structural landform is combination of volcanism Tertiary – Quarternary and also
controlled by SFS. The SFS was active in Tertiary, several stratigraphy units have weathering with
low to middle degree. This landform is generally composed by volcanic breccia, andesitic tuff. It is
very attractive landform, which is Kerinci lake volcano tectonic and Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH) (Figure
9). Either geomorphic is orientation southeastern – northwestern, which are similarly to SFS especially
Siulak fault is dextral fault could be pull apart, whereas stratigraphy composed by tuff, volcanic
breccia. In addition, this landform include by Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU) and
Bandan Structural Volcanic Hills (BSVH). Fault escarpment is an active tectonic role to show
approximately of northeastern - southwestern side of Kerinci Lake.
5. Volcanic
More than half research area is composed by product of volcanic and controlled by SFS.
Magmatism would have Pra – Tertiery, specifically for research area since of Oligo-Miocene–
Pliocenewere granite, granodiorite. Kunyit Volcano has product of tuff, pummiceous claystone. This
volcano would have been being active having granite–granodiorite magmatism. This landform is half
of Barisan Range, that more half Quarternary active volcano. Granite Hill (GH), Seblat Granodiorite
Hill (SGH), Sungai penuh Granodiorite Hill (SPGH) were plutonic rocks whereas Kunyit Volcanic
Hill (KVH) was volcanic rocks and volcanic-sedimentary rocks.
6. Structural denudational
This landform has been formed by product of tectonics process associated with Sumateran Fault
System. However, this landform have resistance of lithology, such as on the ductile deformation in
Siulak Formation which sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and metasediment of Mesozoic Epoch.
This landform was specified controlled by Siulak fault segment. This landform only composed of
Pengasih Structural Denudational Valley (PGSDV). Degree of weathering deformation are other factor
that have been forming this landform.
7. Fluvial
Fluviatil was recent geologic settings, sedimentary processes, unlitification, sedimentary
material. Generally, this landform has characteristic plain slope, such as Alluvial Plain (AP). Fossil of
minor structural geology is bid fair to cover below of alluvial lithology, so as reactivity fault that
triggering Siulak segment, it possibility will be change to morphology.
4.3 Morphology aspect as SOP for recommendation area
Study geomorphology as SOP is the focus of the research. Based on considerable study,
geomorphology map and geological map have made potential zonation, with the result that could be
standard operational procedural for recommendation development area. According previous
explanation, research area was divided to 4 zonation based on geomorphic unit (Figure 10).
Principle of making zonation is counted by morphology, morphogenesis (lithology, structural
geology, weathering, eroded), which is very high, high, medium, and low (See Table 1). In addition,
aspect of lithology and structural is very important, especially active structural SFS, because this
research area is located dense/capital population or residence, government building, public
transportation such as road, bridge, and irrigation, therefore full research area covered that
characterized.
1. Very high potential
Very high potential is classified as very high risk when will become area for development. Lithology
comprise of sandstone, volcanic breccia, tuff, basalt silicified. The existence of SFS Siulak segment is
primary cause or trigger of mass movement. SFS is active fault, accordingly needed to precisely
handling which considerably study of hydrogeology and engineering geology. The characterized very
high potential comprise of Volcanic structural landform, which is Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH), Kerinci
Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Volcanic Undulation (KFEVU), and
structural landforms (Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Hill (KFH) and Pengasih Fault
Undulation (PGFU)).
2. High potential
In the Fluvial landform, Alluvial Plain (AP) was included high potential category. Although, the
lithology is sedimentary material, however the existence of minor fault of SFS concealed alluvial
deposits, by any chance reactivate fault SFS will be triggering mass movement and risk for
development area such residence another. The considerably study hidro-geotech which localize
specify area. This classified is included by Structural Denudational, which is
PengasihStructuralDenudational Valley (PGSDV). Volcanic structural landform, there is Bandan
Structural Volcanic Hills (BSVH). Structural landform comprise of Peneta Fault Undulation (PFU)
and Peneta Fault Valley (PFV). Lithology comprised of category such as tuffaceous shale, sandstone,
and siltstone.
3. Moderate potential
This landform is occupied by volcanic denudational which is Siulak Volcanic Denudational Hills
(SVDH), Volcanic Denudational Undulation (VDU), karst landform there is Siulak Limestone Hill
(SLHM), structural landform which is Siulak Deras Fault Hills (SDFH), Pengasih Fault Valley
(PGFV). Research area composed and formed lithology of andesitic lava, volcanic breccia, sandstone,
claystone, and limestone. This classified is recommended for development area a fortiori which
characterized lithology relatively resistance, ductile - brittle deformation, only fault approximately.
4. Low potential
Low potential occupied of volcanic landform which is Kunyit Volcanic Hill (KVH), Sungaipenuh
Granodiorite Hill (SPGH), Seblat Granite Hill (SGH), and Granite Hill (GH). Character of lithology is
crystalline rocks, high resistance, not influenced by active fault. Therefore, this area is very
recommended for development area such as government building, public transportation, and residence
another.
Figure 7. Geomorphology map of Kerinci Lake and surrounding.
Figure 8. Landscape of Kerinci lake and morphology surrounding (Photoshoot from northeastern).
Figure 9. Landscape Kerinci lake from northwestern, to show of Tanco Isolated hill associated of
Kerinci lake.
Figure 10.Geohazard potential zone of Kerinci Lake and surrounding.
5. Conclusions
The result found that geomorphologic map is resulted based on analysis morphology aspect. This area
could be divided into several geomorphologic units, there are volcanic – denudational, karst,
structural, volcanic-structural, structural – denudational, and fluvial morphology. In addition, based on
geomorphologic map, SOP could be designed and developed as a recommendation for area
development in Kerinci.
6. References
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