Geometrical Optics for 1 st year Physics Honours Course By Arnab Gangopadhyay.
-
Upload
annabella-armstrong -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Geometrical Optics for 1 st year Physics Honours Course By Arnab Gangopadhyay.
Geometrical Optics
for
1st year Physics Honours Course
By Arnab Gangopadhyay
Light
The light, with which we see, is a small part of the vast spectrum of electro magnetic field.
Interaction of light with matter divided into three regimes.
l << a Geometrical Optics
l ~ a Physical Optics
l >> a EM Wave theory
Rays of LightThe rays are defined as the wave normal
The light behaves as stream of energy travelling along the rays which are directed outwards from the source.
They obey the classical laws of reflection and refraction.
Rays of Light
Fermat’s Principle
The path along which the disturbance travels from one point to another point is such that the time taken is at a stationary value
Refracting index is defined by
m=c/v
The time taken by the light ray is given by
t =1
i ii
n lc
Snell’s law from Fermat’s principle
. .n d n d
0d
dx
.sin 'sinn i n r
The total optical path is
As this to be minimum,
After some simple algebra, one can find
Geometrical Optics by Euclidean Geometry Considerations
•Rays considered are paraxial rays.
•tanq = sinq=q can be used
•A co-linear relationship exists
between LHS and RHS
•Image is said to be conjugate to the object
and vice-versa
•Reflected ray is conjugate to the incident ray
Cardinal points
There are total six cardinal or important plains.
Principal plane: The planes at which transverse magnification is 1
Nodal plane: The planes at which the angular magnification is 1
Focal plane: The plane has its conjugate at infinity
The Helmholtz Lagrange Equation
This equation is most fundamental equation of geometrical optics
This relates r.i. , angular magnification and transverse magnification between LHS and RHS of the optical system
n.h.tanu=n′.h′.tanu′
The Helmholtz Lagrange Equation
Reference
1. Geometrical and physical optics by R.S. Longhurst
2. Fundamentals of Optics by F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White.
3. Optics by A.Ghatak
Thank You For
Kind Att enti on