48

REFERENCES

1. Road Development Authority, April 1999, A guide to the structural design of

roads under Sri Lankan Conditions, Colombo

2. AASHTO. 1993. AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. Washington, DC: American association of state highway and transportation officials.

3. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Overseas Road Note 31(1993), United Kingdom

4. Huang Y.H.(2004),Pavement Analysis and Design, 2nd

Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

5. Samed E.(2011)., Sensitivity Analysis In Flexible Pavement Performance Using Mechanistic Empirical Method (Case Study: Cirebon–Losari Road Segment, West Java) Balai Besar Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional IV, Ditjen Bina Marga, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

6. Janaraj T.,&Mampearachchi W.K.(2009), Comparison of Structural Capacity of Hot Mix Asphalt(HMA) Pavement Designs (AASHTO & TRL RN-31). Engineer Journal of Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka, Vol XXXXIV, No 01,2009, ISSN 1800-1122.

49

APPENDIX-A: INVESTIGATION DATA

Table A1: DCP TEST RESULT SUMMARY OF EXISTING PAVEMENT

Chainage Side Layer Thickness

/ [mm] CBR DESIGN CBR

35+250 CL

1 7 0

15

2 113 33 3 120 34 4 138 19 5 262 10 6 195 13

35+750 CL

1 12 0

41

2 123 6 3 145 88 4 145 57 5 387 31

36+250 CL

1 10 0

43

2 125 34 3 131 109 4 179 112 5 200 51 6 190 40

36+750 CL

1 5 0

22

2 15 55 3 42 25 4 24 22 5 14 39 6 8 70

37+250 CL

1 5 0

67

2 63 114 3 117 149 4 110 104 5 328 59 6 160 34

37+750 CL

1 15 0

5

2 48 52 3 192 15 4 605 3

50

Chainage Side Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR

DESIGN CBR

38+250 CL

1 5 0

48

2 263 103 3 135 62 4 137 40 5 320 25

38+500 CL

1 35 0

29

2 65 42 3 142 69 4 212 38 321 20

39+250 CL

1 15 0

15

2 451 21 3 168 11 4 216 7 5

39+750 CL

1 30 0

34

2 93 35 3 102 98 4 325 33 5 220 63

40+250 CL

1 35 0

64

2 245 105 3 230 73 4 302 36 5

40+750 CL

1 30 0

30

2 80 23 3 155 91 4 173 64 5 327 33

41+250 CL

1 25 0

27

2 133 20 3 105 20 4 200 41 5 322 25

41+750 CL

1 25 0

33

2 6 302 3 170 65 4 273 34 5 277 19

51

Chainage Side Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR DESIGN

CBR

42+250 CL

1 25 0

15 2 60 17 3 130 27 4 195 20 5 420 9

42+750 CL

1 5 0

19 2 83 136 3 77 273 4 405 19 5 290 18

43+250 CL

1 15 0

18 2 126 19 3 80 27 4 130 33 5 464 14

43+750 CL

1 5 0

37 2 58 37 3 25 239 4 32 184 5 17 359

44+250 CL

1 30 0

15 2 230 17 3 285 10 4 110 24 5 180 38

44+750 CL

1 5 0

27 2 10 27 3 3 95 4 12 276 5 9 518

Table A2: DCP TEST REPORT SUMMARY OF SUBGRADE IN WIDENING SECTIONS – LHS

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness /

[mm] CBR DESIGN CBR

35+000 LHS 2.9

1 15 0

9

2 78 10 3 131 24 4 641 9

52

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR

DESIGN CBR

35+500 LHS

1 20 0

3

2 203 9 3 290 5 4 342 3

36+000 LHS 3.9

1 15 0

4

2 157 22 3 190 12 4 428 4

36+500 LHS 4

1 25 0

4

2 79 34 3 191 16 4 515 4

37+000 LHS 3.7

1 15 0

16

2 107 41 3 159 28 4 249 18 5 320 14

37+250 LHS

1 25 0

3

2 83 19 3 53 85 4 192 5 5 350 3

38+000 LHS 4

1 105 0

3

2 194 3 3 161 8 4 235 3 5

38+500 LHS 4.1

1 45 0

1

2 340 1 3 290 2 4 90 3 5

39+000 LHS 3.8

1 35 0

8

2 87 6 3 136 7 4 332 19 5 236 15

53

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR

DESIGN CBR

39+500 LHS 4.1

1 15 0

6

2 235 9 3 303 5 4 282 7

40+000 LHS 4.1

1 25 0

16

2 71 46 3 124 91 4 210 66 5 375 7

40+500 LHS 4.1

1 30 0

22

2 53 108 3 145 77 4 77 35 5 540 22

41+000 LHS 3.9

1 35 0

9

2 65 12 3 347 9 4 373 8

41+500 LHS 4.1

1 10 0

5

2 90 17 3 300 7 4 455 4

42+000 LHS 3.7

1 15 0

15

2 205 6 3 395 8 4 220 37

42+500 LHS 4.1

1 25 0

8

2 61 8 3 134 7 4 266 9 5 329 7

43+000 LHS 4

1 5 0

5

2 106 20 3 181 16 4 202 7 5 306 3

43+500 LHS 4.1

1 15 0

5

2 175 4 3 210 7 4 143 3 5 297 8

54

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR DESIGN

CBR

44+000 LHS 3.5

1 23 0

8

2 139 17 3 126 14 4 130 14 5 388 5

44+500 LHS 3.5

1 12 0

6

2 167 6 3 137 9 4 297 5 5 210 8

45+000 LHS 3.5

1 20 0

7

2 130 10 3 195 13 4 95 13 5 410 6

Table A3: DCP TEST REPORT SUMMARY OF SUBGRADE IN WIDENING SECTIONS – RHS

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness /

[mm] CBR DESIGN CBR

35+500 RHS

1 10 0

13 2 220 27 3 175 12 4 235 11 5 200 20

36+000 RHS 3.9

1 15 0

5

2 195 13 3 193 16 4 142 9 5 210 2

36+500 RHS 3.1

1 10 0

6

2 135 19 3 118 15 4 187 8 5 280 4 6 100 7.4

37+000 RHS 3.2

1 10 0

7 2 180 13 3 406 6 4 252 8

55

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR DESIGN

CBR

37+500 RHS 3.2

1 10 0

8

2 125 12 3 425 8 4 150 19 5 130 12

38+000 RHS 3.8

1 35 0

4 2 255 10 3 335 4 4 195 5

38+500 RHS 3.5

1 27 0

3 2 211 5 3 157 3 4 351 2

39+000 RHS 3.8

1 15 0

10 2 106 7 3 354 16 4 186 17 5 160 25

39+500 RHS 3.9

1 47 0

3 2 136 9 3 260 4 4 375 3

40+000 RHS 3.3

1 70 0

5 2 75 3 3 166 6 4 109 9 5 335 5

40+500 RHS 3.8

1 20 0

6 2 96 8 3 197 6 4 290 11 5 228 7

41+000 RHS 3.8

1 30 0

13 2 100 18 3 120 15 4 119 13 5 241 45

41+500 RHS 3.8

1 17 0

6 2 216 6 3 305 4 4 285 8

56

Chainage Side Offset/m Layer Thickness / [mm] CBR DESIGN

CBR

42+000 RHS 3.9

1 15 0

12 2 85 12 3 185 11 4 194 10 5 301 14

42+500 RHS -

1 10 0

7 2 91 17 3 154 10 4 360 7 5 200 7

43+000 RHS 3.9 1 15 0

5 2 245 8 3 565 4

43+500 RHS 3.9

1 15 0

7 2 125 6 3 160 11 4 180 4 5 340 11

44+000 RHS 3.6

1 5 0

4

2 120 8 3 170 15 4 115 4 5 330 4 80 9

44+500 RHS 4.1

1 10 0

7 2 343 11 3 120 2 4 347 15

45+000 RHS 4

1 20 0

4 2 34 23 3 233 5 4 423 4 5 120 11

57

APPENDIX-B: THE INITIAL TRAFFIC LOADS USED FOR THE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS CALCULATION OF CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF STANDARD AXLE LOAD

Road Name

NAVATHKULI - KARAITIVU - MANNAR ROAD Route No

AB-032

2 Number of Lanes Design Life (yrs)

10 ADT (Average) 2004 Year 2009

Vehicle Type MCL TWL CAR VAN MBU LBU LGV

R2 HG3 AG3 AG4 AG5 AG6 FVH

Total MGI MG2

Growth Rate (2009-2012) 12.70% 12.70% 11.40% 11.40% 11.40% 5.70% 9.30% 5.70% 23.70% 11.40% 11.40% 11.40% 11.40% 11.40% 11.40% Growth Rate (2012-2017) 11.70% 11.70% 10.50% 10.50% 10.50% 5.30% 4.30% 5.30% 12.10% 10.50% 10.50% 10.50% 10.50% 10.50% 10.50% Growth Rate (2017-2022) 11.20% 11.20% 10.10% 10.10% 10.10% 5.00% 2.50% 5.00% 4.60% 10.10% 10.10% 10.10% 10.10% 10.10% 10.10% Vehicle Composition 8.18 9.77 3.1 11.76 0 0.64 45.83 11.2 6.04 1.43 0 0.04 0.16 0.71 0.79 100 Vehicle/ Day (2009) 164 196 62 236 0 13 918 224 121 29 0 1 3 14 16 1997 Vehicle/ Day (2012) 235 280 86 326 0 15 1199 265 229 40 0 1 4 20 22 2722 Vehicle/ Day (2017) 408 487 141 537 0 20 1480 343 406 65 0 2 7 32 36 3965 Ave. ESA 0 0.3091 0.002 0.1059 4.0184 24.532 0 20.261 12.132 50.268 0 ESA/ Day/Lane at 2012 0 0.001 0 0.005 0.168 0.177 0 0.004 0.01 0.18 0 0.546 ESA/ Day/Lane at 2017 0 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.297 0.292 0 0.007 0.016 0.297 0 0.918

Design Life CNSA for Each Vehicle Type 5 (2012-2017) 0 0.005 0.002 0.028 1.07 1.094 0 0.025 0.061 1.113 0 3.397 5 (2017-2022) 0 0.006 0.003 0.037 1.63 1.788 0 0.041 0.099 1.819 0 5.422

10 (2012-2022) 0 0.011 0.005 0.065 2.7 2.881 0 0.067 0.159 2.931 0 8.82 The Cumulative Number of Standard Axles (CNSA) for a design life of 10 years (2012 to 2022) for the design lane is calculated to be 8.82 million standard axles (msa) Decision was made in meetings to consider design traffic volume as 6msa in pavement designs.

58

Vehicle Classification MCL : Motor Cycles TWL : Three Wheelers MBU : Medium Passenger Vehicles LBU : Large Passenger Vehicles LGV : Light Good Vehicles R2 : Medium/Large Good Vehicles HG3 :3 Axels vehicles (Combined) AG3 :3 Axels vehicles (Articulated) AG4 :4 Axels vehicles (Articulated) AG5 :5 Axels vehicles (Articulated) AG6 :6 Axels vehicles (Articulated) FVH : Farm Vehicles

The cumulative number of standard axles for the design life can be determined by the use of the formula given below:-

A = ( )[ ] in

i

m

ii rrP /11365

1−+∑

=

A = cumulative number of standard axles (CNSA) for design life

Pi = number of standard axles per day as an average for the 1st

r

year after construction for vehicle type i

I

m = number of types of vehicles

= rate of growth of traffic for vehicle type i

n = design life in years

59

APPENDIX-C: FIELD DATA ANALYES RESULTS IN

KENLAYER TITLE –TEST 02 MATL = 1 FOR LINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 4 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 5 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 1 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 15 25 10 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 15 40 50 52.5 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 3.000E+06 2 3.500E+05 3 1.550E+05 4 2.000E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 1 CONTACT AREA CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 15 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 524.2 RADIAL COORDINATES OF 3 POINT(S) (RC) ARE : 0 0 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 RADIAL VERTICAL VERTICAL COORDINATE COORDINATE DISPLACEMENT 0.00000 0.00000 0.07507 0.00000 15.00000 0.07496 0.00000 40.00000 0.07045 0.00000 50.00000 0.06762 0.00000 52.50000 0.06644 0.00000 0.00000 0.07507 0.00000 15.00000 0.07496 0.00000 40.00000 0.07045

60

0.00000 50.00000 0.06762 0.00000 52.50000 0.06644 0.00000 0.00000 0.07507 0.00000 15.00000 0.07496 0.00000 40.00000 0.07045 0.00000 50.00000 0.06762 0.00000 52.50000 0.06644 TITLE : TEST 03 MATL = 1 FOR LINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 3 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 4 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 1 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 18.6 7.2 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.3 0.35 0.4 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 18.6 25.8 26 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 3.000E+06 2 3.500E+05 3 2.000E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 1 CONTACT AREA CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 15 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 554.7 RADIAL COORDINATES OF 3 POINT(S) (RC) ARE : 0 0 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 RADIAL VERTICAL VERTICAL COORDINATE COORDINATE DISPLACEMENT 0.00000 0.00000 0.10530 0.00000 18.60000 0.10467 0.00000 25.80000 0.10244 0.00000 26.00000 0.10226

61

0.00000 0.00000 0.10530 0.00000 18.60000 0.10467 0.00000 25.80000 0.10244 0.00000 26.00000 0.10226 0.00000 0.00000 0.10530 0.00000 18.60000 0.10467 0.00000 25.80000 0.10244 0.00000 26.00000 0.10226 TITLE : TEST 04 MATL = 1 FOR LINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 3 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 4 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 1 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 12.7 5.5 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.3 0.35 0.4 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 12.7 21.2 22 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 3.000E+06 2 3.500E+05 3 2.000E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 1 CONTACT AREA CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 15 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 554.7 RADIAL COORDINATES OF 3 POINT(S) (RC) ARE : 0 0 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 RADIAL VERTICAL VERTICAL COORDINATE COORDINATE DISPLACEMENT 0.00000 0.00000 0.14925 0.00000 12.70000 0.14863

62

0.00000 21.20000 0.14043 0.00000 22.00000 0.13915 0.00000 0.00000 0.14925 0.00000 12.70000 0.14863 0.00000 21.20000 0.14043 0.00000 22.00000 0.13915 0.00000 0.00000 0.14925 0.00000 12.70000 0.14863 0.00000 21.20000 0.14043 0.00000 22.00000 0.13915

63

APPENDIX-D: AASHTO AND ORN ANALYSED RESULTS IN

KENLAYER TITLE - AASHTO MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 3 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 4 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 30 16 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 30 46 47 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 5.000E+04 3 9.650E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 1 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 38

64

R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 8.53600 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 50000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.000E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 1.838E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.470E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.795E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.960E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.045E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.088E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.109E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 41.091 -20.949 -14.932 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 41.091 8.935 8.935

65

POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 0.00000 0.03116 552.000 777.094 745.700 766.264 (STRAIN) 1.470E-04 1.771E-04 1.468E-04 1.662E-04 1 30.00000 0.02560 49.764 50.505 -183.655 -146.858 (STRAIN) 1.180E-04 1.187E-04 -1.071E-04 -1.071E-04 1 46.00000 0.02296 23.876 24.159 -36.942 -30.740 (STRAIN) 1.635E-04 1.648E-04 -1.103E-04 -1.103E-04 1 47.00000 0.02272 23.315 23.963 -0.427 0.840 (STRAIN) 2.372E-04 2.466E-04 -1.072E-04 -1.072E-04 2 0.00000 0.02909 0.000 416.055 293.946 378.296 (STRAIN) 1.137E-05 1.291E-04 1.137E-05 9.271E-05 2 30.00000 0.02638 49.373 49.399 -189.745 -138.823 (STRAIN) 1.174E-04 1.174E-04 -1.132E-04 -1.132E-04 2 46.00000 0.02361 25.389 25.417 -39.686 -33.824 (STRAIN) 1.762E-04 1.763E-04 -1.168E-04 -1.168E-04 2 47.00000 0.02335 24.793 24.859 -0.573 1.071 (STRAIN) 2.546E-04 2.555E-04 -1.134E-04 -1.134E-04 3 0.00000 0.02860 0.000 356.154 224.574 322.312 (STRAIN) -9.207E-06 1.177E-04 -9.207E-06 8.504E-05 3 30.00000 0.02645 48.570 48.570 -188.869 -134.070 (STRAIN) 1.154E-04 1.154E-04 -1.135E-04 -1.135E-04 3 46.00000 0.02369 25.550 25.550 -39.990 -34.108 (STRAIN) 1.775E-04 1.775E-04 -1.176E-04 -1.176E-04 3 47.00000 0.02343 24.953 24.953 -0.592 1.110 (STRAIN) 2.564E-04 2.564E-04 -1.142E-04 -1.142E-04 TITLE – ORN 31 MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 4 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 5 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1

66

Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 15 25 10 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 15 40 50 51 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 5.000E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 9.950E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 1 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 27.5 R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21 20 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 6.07000

67

FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 50000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.000E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.118E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.007E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.473E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.716E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.843E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.909E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.943E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 69.926 -37.312 -24.804 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 69.926 15.205 15.205 POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 0.00000 0.03988 552.000 802.000 584.834 772.571 (STRAIN) 2.409E-05 2.335E-04 2.410E-05 2.051E-04 1 15.00000 0.03655 165.356 166.660 -281.933 -224.737 (STRAIN) 2.445E-04 2.457E-04 -1.869E-04 -1.869E-04 1 40.00000 0.02998 30.035 30.102 -101.965 -84.079 (STRAIN) 2.648E-04 2.651E-04 -2.038E-04 -2.038E-04 1 50.00000 0.02408 25.889 26.732 13.007 13.414 (STRAIN) 4.833E-04 5.214E-04 -9.845E-05 -8.003E-05 1 51.00000 0.02387 25.449 25.981 4.680 5.514 (STRAIN) 2.126E-04 2.201E-04 -7.958E-05 -7.958E-05 2 0.00000 0.03879 0.000 550.391 293.945 485.780 (STRAIN) -4.908E-05 1.982E-04 -4.908E-05 1.359E-04

68

2 15.00000 0.03722 119.670 120.814 -222.902 -57.514 (STRAIN) 1.553E-04 1.564E-04 -1.750E-04 -1.750E-04 2 40.00000 0.03116 32.133 32.140 -109.863 -92.212 (STRAIN) 2.865E-04 2.865E-04 -2.177E-04 -2.177E-04 2 50.00000 0.02481 27.674 27.770 14.325 14.590 (STRAIN) 5.184E-04 5.227E-04 -8.450E-05 -8.450E-05 2 51.00000 0.02458 27.192 27.250 4.953 6.014 (STRAIN) 2.290E-04 2.298E-04 -8.394E-05 -8.394E-05 3 0.00000 0.03826 0.000 478.973 224.574 416.240 (STRAIN) -6.339E-05 1.819E-04 -6.339E-05 1.214E-04 3 15.00000 0.03710 102.655 102.655 -198.974 0.167 (STRAIN) 1.230E-04 1.230E-04 -1.678E-04 -1.678E-04 3 40.00000 0.03130 32.363 32.363 -110.605 -92.710 (STRAIN) 2.883E-04 2.883E-04 -2.193E-04 -2.193E-04 3 50.00000 0.02490 27.890 27.890 14.435 14.789 (STRAIN) 5.226E-04 5.226E-04 -8.506E-05 -8.506E-05 3 51.00000 0.02467 27.403 27.403 4.986 6.080 (STRAIN) 2.309E-04 2.309E-04 -8.449E-05 -8.449E-05

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APPENDIX-E: CASE STUDY ANALYSED RESULTS IN

KENLAYER TITLE – CASE STUDY OPTION 01 ATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 5 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 6 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 5 17.5 30 30 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 5 22.5 52.5 82.5 83.5 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 5.000E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 9.950E+04 5 3.100E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 3 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 13.75 37.5

70

R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21.2 21 20 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.53 K0 = 0.45 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 2.99500 3 8.03000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 50000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 31000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.000E+04 3 3.100E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.183E+05 3 1.995E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.015E+05 3 2.634E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.985E+05 3 2.891E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.486E+05 3 2.996E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.741E+05 3 3.037E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.871E+05 3 3.052E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.936E+05 3 3.057E+05

71

LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 245.641 15.199 33.651 3 52.441 -19.980 -12.220 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 245.641 53.412 53.412 3 52.441 11.403 11.403 POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 0.00000 0.05757 552.000 656.964 429.724 650.363 (STRAIN) -1.989E-05 1.992E-04 -1.989E-05 1.929E-04 1 5.00000 0.05863 487.061 487.420 96.333 99.550 (STRAIN) 2.988E-04 2.992E-04 -7.793E-05 -7.759E-05 1 22.50000 0.05274 108.338 110.156 -109.884 -79.436 (STRAIN) 2.643E-04 2.680E-04 -1.761E-04 -1.761E-04 1 52.50000 0.04611 19.964 20.374 -52.325 -45.644 (STRAIN) 1.930E-04 1.949E-04 -1.381E-04 -1.381E-04 1 82.50000 0.04000 8.151 8.201 -14.424 -13.366 (STRAIN) 1.934E-04 1.941E-04 -1.242E-04 -1.242E-04 1 83.50000 0.03974 8.028 8.157 -0.045 0.146 (STRAIN) 2.556E-04 2.617E-04 -1.220E-04 -1.220E-04 2 0.00000 0.05427 0.000 331.715 147.960 315.846 (STRAIN) -5.620E-05 1.210E-04 -5.620E-05 1.057E-04 2 5.00000 0.05642 182.177 358.776 102.808 111.864 (STRAIN) 3.231E-05 2.026E-04 -4.423E-05 -4.423E-05 2 22.50000 0.05373 95.973 96.011 -101.568 -38.240 (STRAIN) 2.190E-04 2.191E-04 -1.798E-04 -1.798E-04 2 52.50000 0.04704 21.563 21.607 -55.721 -49.764 (STRAIN) 2.085E-04 2.087E-04 -1.455E-04 -1.455E-04 2 82.50000 0.04054 8.479 8.484 -15.034 -14.295 (STRAIN) 2.031E-04 2.032E-04 -1.277E-04 -1.277E-04 2 83.50000 0.04027 8.344 8.359 -0.065 0.135 (STRAIN) 2.679E-04 2.686E-04 -1.254E-04 -1.254E-04 3 0.00000 0.05195 0.000 247.718 92.432 239.200 (STRAIN) -5.571E-05 9.403E-05 -5.571E-05 8.582E-05 3 5.00000 0.05528 51.092 359.511 51.092 132.642 (STRAIN) -8.654E-05 2.109E-04 -8.654E-05 -7.906E-06 3 22.50000 0.05383 90.687 90.687 -97.404 -25.529 (STRAIN) 2.016E-04 2.016E-04 -1.780E-04 -1.780E-04 3 52.50000 0.04722 21.750 21.750 -56.074 -50.176 (STRAIN) 2.102E-04 2.102E-04 -1.463E-04 -1.463E-04

72

3 82.50000 0.04068 8.523 8.523 -15.080 -14.381 (STRAIN) 2.041E-04 2.041E-04 -1.280E-04 -1.280E-04 3 83.50000 0.04040 8.387 8.387 -0.055 0.146 (STRAIN) 2.692E-04 2.692E-04 -1.257E-04 -1.257E-04 TITLE – CASE STUDY OPTION 01 - DAMAGE ANALYSIS MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA=2, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WITH DETAILED PRINTOUT WILL BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 5 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 6 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 5 17.5 30 30 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 5.000E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 9.950E+04 5 3.100E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 3 0

73

Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 13.75 37.5 R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21.2 21 20 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.53 K0 = 0.45 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 2.99500 3 8.03000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 50000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 31000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR BOTTOM TENSION (NLBT)---- = 1 NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR TOP COMPRESSION (NLTC)--- = 4 LAYER NO. FOR BOTTOM TENSION (LNBT) ARE: 1 LAYER NO. FOR TOP COMPRESSION (LNTC) ARE: 2 3 4 5 LOAD REPETITIONS (TNLR) IN PERIOD 1 FOR EACH LOAD GROUP ARE : 600000 DAMAGE COEF.'S (FT) FOR BOTTOM TENSION OF LAYER 1 ARE: 0.0796 3.291 0.854 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 2 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 3 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477

74

DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 4 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 5 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.000E+04 3 3.100E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 3.183E+05 3 1.995E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.015E+05 3 2.634E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.985E+05 3 2.891E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.486E+05 3 2.996E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.741E+05 3 3.037E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.871E+05 3 3.052E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.936E+05 3 3.057E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 245.641 15.199 33.651 3 52.441 -19.980 -12.220 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 245.641 53.412 53.412 3 52.441 11.403 11.403 POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 5.00000 0.05863 487.061 487.420 96.333 99.550 (STRAIN) 2.988E-04 2.992E-04 -7.793E-05 -7.759E-05 1 5.00010 0.05863 487.295 487.852 235.277 237.211 (STRAIN) 4.298E-04 4.309E-04 -7.893E-05 -7.780E-05 1 22.50010 0.05274 108.337 111.576 -8.028 2.952 (STRAIN) 3.568E-04 3.717E-04 -1.761E-04 -1.761E-04 1 52.50010 0.04611 19.964 20.970 -8.057 -6.755 (STRAIN) 2.561E-04 2.703E-04 -1.381E-04 -1.381E-04

75

1 82.50010 0.04000 8.151 8.285 -0.059 0.140 (STRAIN) 2.598E-04 2.661E-04 -1.242E-04 -1.242E-04 2 5.00000 0.05642 182.177 358.776 102.808 111.864 (STRAIN) 3.231E-05 2.026E-04 -4.423E-05 -4.423E-05 2 5.00010 0.05642 182.327 312.945 87.409 129.473 (STRAIN) 6.247E-05 3.261E-04 -1.291E-04 -4.422E-05 2 22.50010 0.05373 95.970 96.035 -8.974 18.888 (STRAIN) 3.009E-04 3.012E-04 -1.798E-04 -1.798E-04 2 52.50010 0.04704 21.563 21.673 -8.443 -6.599 (STRAIN) 2.767E-04 2.783E-04 -1.455E-04 -1.455E-04 2 82.50010 0.04054 8.479 8.494 -0.079 0.130 (STRAIN) 2.726E-04 2.733E-04 -1.277E-04 -1.277E-04 3 5.00000 0.05528 51.092 359.511 51.092 132.642 (STRAIN) -8.654E-05 2.109E-04 -8.654E-05 -7.906E-06 3 5.00010 0.05528 51.093 205.559 51.093 97.175 (STRAIN) -1.009E-04 2.109E-04 -1.009E-04 -7.909E-06 3 22.50010 0.05383 90.687 90.687 -9.110 22.564 (STRAIN) 2.791E-04 2.791E-04 -1.780E-04 -1.780E-04 3 52.50010 0.04722 21.749 21.749 -8.474 -6.553 (STRAIN) 2.790E-04 2.790E-04 -1.463E-04 -1.463E-04 3 82.50010 0.04068 8.523 8.523 -0.070 0.140 (STRAIN) 2.739E-04 2.739E-04 -1.280E-04 -1.280E-04 AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 TENSILE STRAIN = -7.759E-05 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.509E+07 DAMAGE RATIO = 3.975E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 4.298E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.615E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 3.715E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 3 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 3.568E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 3.713E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 1.616E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 4 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 2.790E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.118E+07 DAMAGE RATIO = 5.369E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 2.739E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.213E+07 DAMAGE RATIO = 4.945E-02 ****************************** * SUMMARY OF DAMAGE ANALYSIS *

76

****************************** AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 3.975E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 3.715E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 3 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 1.616E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 4 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 5.369E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 4.945E-02 MAXIMUM DAMAGE RATO = 3.715E-01 DESIGN LIFE IN YEARS = 2.69 TITLE – CASE STUDY - OPTION 02 MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA = 0, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WILL NOT BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 5 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 6 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 5 17.5 45 15 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 VERTICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS (ZC) ARE: 0 5 22.5 67.5 82.5 83.5 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 6.650E+04 5 2.000E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145

77

NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 3 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 13.75 45 R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21.2 21 19.6 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.53 K0 = 0.45 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 2.99500 3 9.62000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 44000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 31000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.766E+05 3 1.737E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.372E+05 3 2.307E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.231E+05 3 2.552E+05

78

AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.678E+05 3 2.660E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.907E+05 3 2.706E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.025E+05 3 2.726E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.085E+05 3 2.734E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 244.161 17.043 35.915 3 42.613 -16.156 -10.824 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 244.161 53.090 53.090 3 42.613 9.266 9.266 POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 0.00000 0.06595 552.000 333.682 151.188 327.322 (STRAIN) -5.726E-05 1.187E-04 -5.726E-05 1.126E-04 1 5.00000 0.07235 481.877 482.170 56.450 56.744 (STRAIN) 3.158E-04 3.161E-04 -9.441E-05 -9.441E-05 1 22.50000 0.06572 111.098 112.783 -97.943 -68.008 (STRAIN) 2.906E-04 2.945E-04 -1.904E-04 -1.904E-04 1 67.50000 0.05641 9.194 9.297 -52.916 -48.780 (STRAIN) 1.822E-04 1.828E-04 -1.358E-04 -1.358E-04 1 82.50000 0.05309 6.167 6.203 -11.456 -10.623 (STRAIN) 2.253E-04 2.261E-04 -1.457E-04 -1.457E-04 1 83.50000 0.05279 6.075 6.170 -0.028 0.119 (STRAIN) 2.996E-04 3.064E-04 -1.429E-04 -1.429E-04 2 0.00000 0.06571 0.000 302.934 126.256 293.160 (STRAIN) -5.884E-05 1.115E-04 -5.884E-05 1.021E-04 2 5.00000 0.06982 182.948 364.813 86.182 117.601 (STRAIN) 3.426E-05 2.096E-04 -5.905E-05 -5.905E-05 2 22.50000 0.06673 99.647 99.696 -89.768 -27.964 (STRAIN) 2.411E-04 2.412E-04 -1.947E-04 -1.947E-04 2 67.50000 0.05720 9.769 9.780 -55.596 -52.519 (STRAIN) 1.939E-04 1.939E-04 -1.408E-04 -1.408E-04 2 82.50000 0.05369 6.405 6.409 -11.960 -11.378 (STRAIN) 2.367E-04 2.368E-04 -1.500E-04 -1.500E-04 2 83.50000 0.05338 6.305 6.316 -0.054 0.097

79

(STRAIN) 3.140E-04 3.148E-04 -1.470E-04 -1.470E-04 3 0.00000 0.06497 0.000 255.638 92.432 247.327 (STRAIN) -5.972E-05 9.766E-05 -5.972E-05 8.965E-05 3 5.00000 0.06866 55.525 391.124 55.525 129.776 (STRAIN) -9.056E-05 2.330E-04 -9.056E-05 -1.896E-05 3 22.50000 0.06696 94.551 94.551 -85.772 -15.681 (STRAIN) 2.221E-04 2.221E-04 -1.928E-04 -1.928E-04 3 67.50000 0.05750 9.859 9.859 -55.896 -52.949 (STRAIN) 1.953E-04 1.953E-04 -1.414E-04 -1.414E-04 3 82.50000 0.05397 6.456 6.456 -12.005 -11.455 (STRAIN) 2.382E-04 2.382E-04 -1.505E-04 -1.505E-04 3 83.50000 0.05365 6.355 6.355 -0.039 0.113 (STRAIN) 3.161E-04 3.161E-04 -1.475E-04 -1.475E-04 TITLE – CASE STUDY - OPTION 02 - DAMAGE ANALYSIS MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA=2, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WITH DETAILED PRINTOUT WILL BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 5 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 6 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 5 17.5 45 15 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 6.650E+04 5 2.000E+04 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0

80

WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 3 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 13.75 45 R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21.2 21 19.6 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.53 K0 = 0.45 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 2.99500 3 9.62000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 44000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 31000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR BOTTOM TENSION (NLBT)---- = 1 NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR TOP COMPRESSION (NLTC)--- = 4 LAYER NO. FOR BOTTOM TENSION (LNBT) ARE: 1 LAYER NO. FOR TOP COMPRESSION (LNTC) ARE: 2 3 4 5

81

LOAD REPETITIONS (TNLR) IN PERIOD 1 FOR EACH LOAD GROUP ARE : 600000 DAMAGE COEF.'S (FT) FOR BOTTOM TENSION OF LAYER 1 ARE: 0.0796 3.291 0.854 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 2 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 3 ARE: 1.350E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 4 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 5 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.766E+05 3 1.737E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.372E+05 3 2.307E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.231E+05 3 2.552E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.678E+05 3 2.660E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.907E+05 3 2.706E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.025E+05 3 2.726E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.085E+05 3 2.734E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 244.161 17.043 35.915 3 42.613 -16.156 -10.824 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 244.161 53.090 53.090 3 42.613 9.266 9.266 POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS

82

NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 5.00000 0.07235 481.877 482.170 56.450 56.744 (STRAIN) 3.158E-04 3.161E-04 -9.441E-05 -9.441E-05 1 5.00010 0.07235 482.108 482.594 225.377 225.564 (STRAIN) 4.956E-04 4.967E-04 -9.514E-05 -9.464E-05 1 22.50010 0.06572 111.098 114.025 -3.233 8.049 (STRAIN) 3.950E-04 4.100E-04 -1.904E-04 -1.904E-04 1 67.50010 0.05641 9.194 9.549 -8.231 -7.555 (STRAIN) 2.311E-04 2.385E-04 -1.358E-04 -1.358E-04 1 82.50010 0.05309 6.167 6.265 -0.045 0.109 (STRAIN) 3.047E-04 3.119E-04 -1.457E-04 -1.457E-04 2 5.00000 0.06982 182.948 364.813 86.182 117.601 (STRAIN) 3.426E-05 2.096E-04 -5.905E-05 -5.905E-05 2 5.00010 0.06982 183.110 306.820 87.220 121.697 (STRAIN) 8.227E-05 3.669E-04 -1.384E-04 -5.903E-05 2 22.50010 0.06673 99.644 99.726 -3.762 23.953 (STRAIN) 3.348E-04 3.352E-04 -1.947E-04 -1.947E-04 2 67.50010 0.05720 9.769 9.809 -8.593 -7.882 (STRAIN) 2.457E-04 2.466E-04 -1.408E-04 -1.408E-04 2 82.50010 0.05369 6.405 6.416 -0.073 0.086 (STRAIN) 3.197E-04 3.205E-04 -1.500E-04 -1.500E-04 3 5.00000 0.06866 55.525 391.124 55.525 129.776 (STRAIN) -9.056E-05 2.330E-04 -9.056E-05 -1.896E-05 3 5.00010 0.06866 55.526 200.332 55.526 90.802 (STRAIN) -1.001E-04 2.330E-04 -1.001E-04 -1.897E-05 3 22.50010 0.06696 94.551 94.551 -3.838 27.660 (STRAIN) 3.109E-04 3.109E-04 -1.928E-04 -1.928E-04 3 67.50010 0.05750 9.859 9.859 -8.620 -7.903 (STRAIN) 2.476E-04 2.476E-04 -1.414E-04 -1.414E-04 3 82.50010 0.05397 6.456 6.456 -0.058 0.101 (STRAIN) 3.218E-04 3.218E-04 -1.505E-04 -1.505E-04 AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 TENSILE STRAIN = -9.441E-05 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 7.914E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 7.581E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 4.956E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 8.533E+05 DAMAGE RATIO = 7.031E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 3 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 3.950E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 2.331E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 2.574E-01

83

AT TOP OF LAYER 4 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 2.476E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.905E+07 DAMAGE RATIO = 3.149E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 3.218E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 5.895E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 1.018E-01 ****************************** * SUMMARY OF DAMAGE ANALYSIS * ****************************** AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 7.581E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 7.031E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 3 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 2.574E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 4 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 3.149E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 1.018E-01 MAXIMUM DAMAGE RATO = 7.031E-01 DESIGN LIFE IN YEARS = 1.42 TITLE – CASE STUDY - OPTION 03 - DAMAGE ANALYSIS MATL = 2 FOR NONLINEAR ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM NDAMA=2, SO DAMAGE ANALYSIS WITH DETAILED PRINTOUT WILL BE PERFORMED NUMBER OF PERIODS PER YEAR (NPY) = 1 NUMBER OF LOAD GROUPS (NLG) = 1 TOLERANCE FOR INTEGRATION (DEL) -- = 0.001 NUMBER OF LAYERS (NL)------------- = 5 NUMBER OF Z COORDINATES (NZ)------ = 6 LIMIT OF INTEGRATION CYCLES (ICL)- = 80 COMPUTING CODE (NSTD)------------- = 9 SYSTEM OF UNITS (NUNIT)------------= 1 Length and displacement in cm, stress and modulus in kPa unit weight in kN/m^3, and temperature in C THICKNESSES OF LAYERS (TH) ARE : 5 17.5 20 55 POISSON'S RATIOS OF LAYERS (PR) ARE : 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 ALL INTERFACES ARE FULLY BONDED FOR PERIOD NO. 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 1 1.400E+06 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 4 6.650E+04 5 2.000E+04

84

LOAD GROUP NO. 1 HAS 2 CONTACT AREAS CONTACT RADIUS (CR)--------------- = 10.7 CONTACT PRESSURE (CP)------------- = 552 NO. OF POINTS AT WHICH RESULTS ARE DESIRED (NPT)-- = 3 WHEEL SPACING ALONG X-AXIS (XW)------------------- = 0 WHEEL SPACING ALONG Y-AXIS (YW)------------------- = 34.29 RESPONSE PT. NO. AND (XPT, YPT) ARE: 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 11.500 3 0.000 17.145 NUMBER OF NONLINEAR LAYERS (NOLAY)-------------------------- = 2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (ITENOL) = 15 LAYER NUMBER (LAYNO) AND SOIL TYPE (NCLAY) ARE: 2 0 3 0 Z COORDINATES (ZCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 13.75 32.5 R COORDINATE (RCNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ---------- = 0 X COORDINATE (XPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 Y COORDINATE (YPTNOL) FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS --------- = 0 SLOPE OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION (SLD) ---------------------------- = 0 TOLERANCE (DELNOL) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ------------------- = 0.01 RELAXATION FACTORS (RELAX) FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF EACH PERIOD ARE: 0.5 UNIT WEIGHT OF LAYERS (GAM) ARE: 22.8 21.2 21.2 21 19.6 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.45 K0 = 0.3 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 K2 = 0.53 K0 = 0.45 LAYER NUMBER AND GEOSTATIC STRESS (GEOS) ARE: 2 2.99500 3 6.97000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 2 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 44000 FOR PERIOD 1 LAYER NO. = 3 NCLAY = 0 PHI = 40 K1 = 31000 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND X COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0 FOR LOAD GROUP 1 LAYER NO. AND Y COORDINATE FOR COMPUTING MODULUS ARE: 2 0 3 0

85

NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR BOTTOM TENSION (NLBT)---- = 1 NUMBER OF LAYERS FOR TOP COMPRESSION (NLTC)--- = 4 LAYER NO. FOR BOTTOM TENSION (LNBT) ARE: 1 LAYER NO. FOR TOP COMPRESSION (LNTC) ARE: 2 3 4 5 LOAD REPETITIONS (TNLR) IN PERIOD 1 FOR EACH LOAD GROUP ARE : 600000 DAMAGE COEF.'S (FT) FOR BOTTOM TENSION OF LAYER 1 ARE: 0.0796 3.291 0.854 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 2 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 3 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 4 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE COEFICIENTS (FT) FOR TOP COMPRESSION OF LAYER 5 ARE: 1.365E-09 4.477 DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF PERIOD NO. 1 LOAD GROUP NO. 1 AT ITERATION 1 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.400E+04 3 3.100E+04 AT ITERATION 2 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 2.798E+05 3 2.161E+05 AT ITERATION 3 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 4.395E+05 3 2.799E+05 AT ITERATION 4 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.238E+05 3 3.038E+05 AT ITERATION 5 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.671E+05 3 3.128E+05 AT ITERATION 6 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 5.892E+05 3 3.158E+05 AT ITERATION 7 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.003E+05 3 3.166E+05 AT ITERATION 8 LAYER NO. AND MODULUS ARE : 2 6.059E+05 3 3.167E+05 LAYER NUMBER AND THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES 2 241.521 15.053 32.698 3 55.927 -42.493 -31.205 LAYER NUMBER AND ADJUSTED THREE NORMAL STRESSES INCLUDING GEOSTATIC STRESSES FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC MODULUS ARE: 2 241.521 52.516 52.516 3 55.927 12.161 12.161

86

POINT VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL MAJOR MINOR INTERMEDIATE PRINCIPAL PRINCIAL P. STRESS NO. COORDINATE DISP. STRESS STRESS STRESS (HORIZONTAL (STRAIN) (STRAIN) (STRAIN) P. STRAIN) 1 5.00000 0.07981 481.291 481.784 72.972 75.537 (STRAIN) 3.065E-04 3.070E-04 -8.721E-05 -8.673E-05 1 5.00010 0.07981 481.524 482.334 232.960 234.634 (STRAIN) 4.855E-04 4.874E-04 -8.885E-05 -8.697E-05 1 22.50010 0.07320 103.635 107.688 -22.099 -10.983 (STRAIN) 3.639E-04 3.818E-04 -1.919E-04 -1.919E-04 1 42.50010 0.06765 25.663 26.732 -4.830 -3.003 (STRAIN) 4.266E-04 4.491E-04 -2.154E-04 -2.154E-04 1 97.50010 0.05331 5.988 6.057 0.081 0.175 (STRAIN) 2.921E-04 2.971E-04 -1.362E-04 -1.362E-04 2 5.00000 0.07754 182.041 379.131 107.860 123.394 (STRAIN) 2.294E-05 2.130E-04 -4.859E-05 -4.859E-05 2 5.00010 0.07754 182.179 310.210 92.033 131.465 (STRAIN) 6.861E-05 3.645E-04 -1.397E-04 -4.858E-05 2 22.50010 0.07454 88.594 88.636 -24.409 5.245 (STRAIN) 3.039E-04 3.041E-04 -1.957E-04 -1.957E-04 2 42.50010 0.06904 27.499 27.601 -5.113 -2.371 (STRAIN) 4.579E-04 4.601E-04 -2.287E-04 -2.287E-04 2 97.50010 0.05383 6.167 6.175 0.076 0.172 (STRAIN) 3.026E-04 3.031E-04 -1.390E-04 -1.390E-04 3 5.00000 0.07633 54.589 413.310 54.589 152.143 (STRAIN) -1.024E-04 2.435E-04 -1.024E-04 -8.301E-06 3 5.00010 0.07633 54.590 209.651 54.590 100.665 (STRAIN) -1.148E-04 2.435E-04 -1.148E-04 -8.304E-06 3 22.50010 0.07473 82.727 82.727 -24.709 8.972 (STRAIN) 2.811E-04 2.811E-04 -1.938E-04 -1.938E-04 3 42.50010 0.06932 27.674 27.674 -5.137 -2.257 (STRAIN) 4.606E-04 4.606E-04 -2.301E-04 -2.301E-04 3 97.50010 0.05402 6.203 6.203 0.087 0.183 (STRAIN) 3.041E-04 3.041E-04 -1.393E-04 -1.393E-04 AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 TENSILE STRAIN = -8.673E-05 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.046E+07 DAMAGE RATIO = 5.736E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 4.855E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 9.353E+05 DAMAGE RATIO = 6.415E-01

87

AT TOP OF LAYER 3 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 3.639E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 3.401E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 1.764E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 4 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 4.606E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 1.184E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 5.067E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN = 3.041E-04 ALLOWABLE LOAD REPETITIONS = 7.600E+06 DAMAGE RATIO = 7.895E-02 ****************************** * SUMMARY OF DAMAGE ANALYSIS * ****************************** AT BOTTOM OF LAYER 1 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 5.736E-02 AT TOP OF LAYER 2 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 6.415E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 3 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 1.764E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 4 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 5.067E-01 AT TOP OF LAYER 5 SUM OF DAMAGE RATIO = 7.895E-02 MAXIMUM DAMAGE RATO = 6.415E-01 DESIGN LIFE IN YEARS = 1.56