Geology Terms
-
Upload
latif-hyder-wadho -
Category
Engineering
-
view
202 -
download
7
description
Transcript of Geology Terms
P a g e | 1K13-CE-19
NAME LATIF HYDER WADHO
BATCH 13
ROLL NO K13-CE-19
Assignment Geological Terms
1 ndash Folds and Its types
2- Faults
3-Zones of Earthquakes
4-Ground Water
5- Aquifer
6- Tunnel
7- Earthquake Zones in Pakistan
Assigned By Sir Heemu Karira
Date 2632014
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB CAMPUS
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
P a g e | 2K13-CE-19
1-FoldsA fold is when the earthrsquos crust is pushed up from its sides
There are six types of folds that may occur
1 Anticline2 Syncline3 Tight Fold4 Over fold 5 Recumbent Fold6 Nappe Fold
1 AnticlineAn anticline occurs when a tectonic plate is compressed by movement of other plates This causes the center of the compressed plate to bend in an upwards motion
Fold Mountains are formed when the crust is pushed up as tectonic plates collide When formed these mountains are usually enormous like the newly formed Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the United States
To the top right is a picture of an anticline Beneath is a picture of the Rocky Mountains
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 3K13-CE-19
2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture
3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline
It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller
Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia
To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks
4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 4K13-CE-19
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other
An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below
5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical
There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo
To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding
6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 5K13-CE-19
2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface
There are five types of faults that can occur
1 Normal Fault
2 Reverse Fault
3 Tear Fault
4 Rift Valley
5 Horst Fault
1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart
When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 2K13-CE-19
1-FoldsA fold is when the earthrsquos crust is pushed up from its sides
There are six types of folds that may occur
1 Anticline2 Syncline3 Tight Fold4 Over fold 5 Recumbent Fold6 Nappe Fold
1 AnticlineAn anticline occurs when a tectonic plate is compressed by movement of other plates This causes the center of the compressed plate to bend in an upwards motion
Fold Mountains are formed when the crust is pushed up as tectonic plates collide When formed these mountains are usually enormous like the newly formed Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the United States
To the top right is a picture of an anticline Beneath is a picture of the Rocky Mountains
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 3K13-CE-19
2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture
3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline
It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller
Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia
To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks
4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 4K13-CE-19
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other
An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below
5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical
There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo
To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding
6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 5K13-CE-19
2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface
There are five types of faults that can occur
1 Normal Fault
2 Reverse Fault
3 Tear Fault
4 Rift Valley
5 Horst Fault
1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart
When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 3K13-CE-19
2 SynclineA syncline is similar to an anticline in that it is formed by the compression of a tectonic plate However a syncline occurs when the plate bends in a downward motionThe lowest part of the syncline is known as the troughTo the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold center is the trough) Beneath is an example of a syncline in California Can you distinguish the trough in this picture
3 Tight FoldA tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline
It is just a regular anticline or syncline but was compressed with a greater force causing the angle to be much smaller
Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in Whistler British Columbia
To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these rocks
4 Over foldAn over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 4K13-CE-19
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other
An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below
5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical
There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo
To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding
6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 5K13-CE-19
2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface
There are five types of faults that can occur
1 Normal Fault
2 Reverse Fault
3 Tear Fault
4 Rift Valley
5 Horst Fault
1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart
When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 4K13-CE-19
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even overlap each other
An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below
5 Recumbent FoldThis type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical
There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an ldquosrdquo
To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding
6 Nappe FoldThis fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding and overlapping However nappe folding becomes so overturned that rock layers become fractured To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 5K13-CE-19
2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface
There are five types of faults that can occur
1 Normal Fault
2 Reverse Fault
3 Tear Fault
4 Rift Valley
5 Horst Fault
1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart
When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 5K13-CE-19
2-FAULTSA fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart This process can occur very rapidly in the form of earthquakes The damage caused by this event can be very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface
There are five types of faults that can occur
1 Normal Fault
2 Reverse Fault
3 Tear Fault
4 Rift Valley
5 Horst Fault
1 Normal FaultThis occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart
When the rocks move apart the side with the less stable tectonic plate drops below the side with the more stable plate
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault A picture is also shown below Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 6K13-CE-19
2 Reverse FaultReverse faults are the opposite of normal faults Rocks are compressed such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it
When plates compress and crack usually the more dense one is forced under the less dense one This is similar to the action of the continental crust colliding with the oceanic crust Here the more dense crust being the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault Below that is a real picture of what a reverse fault looks like
3 Tear FaultA tear fault also known as a transform fault occurs when two tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind against each other These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time
Tear faults can occur frequently especially along the coast of California
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 7K13-CE-19
4 Rift ValleyA rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults
There are two major examples of this One being the Great Rift Valley in North Africa and the other the San Andreas Fault in California
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5 Horst Fault
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 8K13-CE-19
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley The land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate movement is one inch per year
There are examples of horst faults on the left
3-Zones of EarthFrom seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers somewhat like the layers of an onion
The outermost layer is the crust composed mainly of compounds of aluminum and silicates
The next layer is the mantle composed mainly of rocks containing iron and magnesium silicates
The innermost layer is the core made up of mostly iron and nickel
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 9K13-CE-19
THE lsquoSPHERESrsquo OF EARTHThe crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the lsquolithospherersquo
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the lsquohydrospherersquo
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the lsquoatmospherersquo
The portion of the hydrosphere atmosphere and solid land where life exists is together known as the lsquobiospherersquo
EARTHrsquoS MANTLEUnlike the crust which is mostly hard rock the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-like material that can flow
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion which makes the continental plates move
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and garnets are formed
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 10K13-CE-19
EARTHrsquoS COREThe core is divided into two layers the outer core and the inner core
Mainly made up of iron and nickel
Temperatures range from 4000C to 7500C
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earthrsquos magnetism
Earthrsquos magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 11K13-CE-19
4-Ground WaterGroundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth Earthrsquos spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size shape arrangement cementation and compaction of subsurface material PermeableImpermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock its removal could result in the rock collapsing in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- AquiferA layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer porous rock often sandstone or limestone
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 12K13-CE-19
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers 1048708 An aquifer
between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way enclosed except for entrance and exit commonly at each end A tunnel is relatively long and narrow the length is often much greater than twice the diameter
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS
P a g e | 13K13-CE-19
7- Earthquake Zones in PakistanFollowings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8 2005 850 AM OCTOBER 8 2005
Magnitude 76
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 78
6-Hunza Magnitude 62
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 64
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 78
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 77 that Took Place on 24 September with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIRrsquoS