Geology Exam 1 Geology Exam 1 Archaeology F.I.G.Archaeology F.I.G.

By: The Most Awesome F.I.G. By: The Most Awesome F.I.G. Members there is!!! Members there is!!!

Relative AgeRelative Age• The Age of Something Compared to The Age of Something Compared to

something else.something else.

1.) Law of Horizontality:1.) Law of Horizontality:Rocks are deposited in horizontal layers…Rocks are deposited in horizontal layers…DUH!DUH!

2.) Law of Superposition:2.) Law of Superposition:Rock layers on the bottom of a sequence of Rock layers on the bottom of a sequence of layers are oldestlayers are oldest

3.)Law of Cross-Cutting Relationship:3.)Law of Cross-Cutting Relationship:

What can be used to What can be used to determine relative age on a determine relative age on a large scale?large scale?

Hmmm….could it be….FOSSILSHmmm….could it be….FOSSILS

Called the Called the Law Of Faunal SuccessionLaw Of Faunal Succession

Which was discovered by William Which was discovered by William Smith in C. 1790 Smith in C. 1790

Absolute AgeAbsolute Age

• A number in yearsA number in years

i.e. Earth = 4.6 Billioni.e. Earth = 4.6 Billion

RADIO ACTIVITY RADIO ACTIVITY Radio active Parent atom => Stable Radio active Parent atom => Stable

Daughter AtomDaughter Atom

Absolute Age VOCAB.Absolute Age VOCAB.

• Isotopes: Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of Atoms with the same number of

Protons in the nucleus but with a Protons in the nucleus but with a different different number of number of NeutronsNeutrons

• Half Life: Half Life: The The TimeTime it takes for Half the it takes for Half the

Parent material to decay to its stable Parent material to decay to its stable daughter.daughter.

Section 2Section 2

Planetary GeologyPlanetary Geology

THE UNIVERSETHE UNIVERSE

Really Old…13 BILLION yrs. OldReally Old…13 BILLION yrs. Old

1.) Big Bang Theory1.) Big Bang Theory

2.) Big Crunch 2.) Big Crunch (Big Bang + Big Bang in (Big Bang + Big Bang in reverse)reverse)

3.) Static…BORING 3.) Static…BORING

BIG BANG THEORYBIG BANG THEORY• 1920’s 1920’s

• Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble

• Discovered through the observation of Discovered through the observation of “Red Shifting”.“Red Shifting”.

• The Universe formed do to an The Universe formed do to an explosion of materials that formed explosion of materials that formed stars and planets. stars and planets.

Universe Cont….Universe Cont….

Universe>>Universe>>

Galaxies>>>Galaxies>>>

Solar Systems>>>Solar Systems>>>

Star w/ Planet (s) that revolve around itStar w/ Planet (s) that revolve around it

Terrestrial PlanetsTerrestrial Planets

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, MarsMercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

- They are Small… - They are Small… smallsmall……

- Rotate Slowly on Axis - Rotate Slowly on Axis

MercuryMercury

• Innermost Planet ~ 58 Million Km Innermost Planet ~ 58 Million Km away from sunaway from sun

• NO AtmosphereNO Atmosphere

• Not Geologically ActiveNot Geologically Active

• Surface Temp. -175 – 425 *CSurface Temp. -175 – 425 *C

• 50% of planet (volume) is an IRON 50% of planet (volume) is an IRON core = 70% of Planets masscore = 70% of Planets mass

VenusVenus

• Second planet from the sun 108 Second planet from the sun 108 million Km away from sun.million Km away from sun.

• Thick corrosive atmosphere(96% CO2)Thick corrosive atmosphere(96% CO2)

• Atmospheric Pressure at surface (90 Atmospheric Pressure at surface (90 times that of Earth’s Surface)times that of Earth’s Surface)

• Surface Temp. >>> 500*CSurface Temp. >>> 500*C

• Surface: Craters, lava, ets.Surface: Craters, lava, ets.

MarsMars• Fourth Planet ~ 228 Million Km away Fourth Planet ~ 228 Million Km away

from Sunfrom Sun• Polar Ice CapsPolar Ice Caps• Geologically (Volcanically) ActiveGeologically (Volcanically) Active• No evidence of plate tectonics No evidence of plate tectonics • Evidence of running water and large Evidence of running water and large

dust stormsdust storms• Surface Temps. -30 to -80* CSurface Temps. -30 to -80* C• Meteorites from MarsMeteorites from Mars

Jovian PlanetsJovian Planets

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and NeptuneJupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

• LargeLarge

• Composed of lighter elements (H, He, Composed of lighter elements (H, He, O)O)

• Rotate rapidly on axis i.e.> Jupiter = Rotate rapidly on axis i.e.> Jupiter = 10 hrs.10 hrs.

• Thick Atmospheres (H, He, N, CH4)Thick Atmospheres (H, He, N, CH4)

Section 3Section 3

Rocks and MineralRocks and Mineral

Rocks and MineralsRocks and Minerals

• Rocks: Made of one or minerals\Rocks: Made of one or minerals\

– Minerals: Made of one or more elementsMinerals: Made of one or more elements

•Elements: #1 (H) - #92 (U) naturally occurring Elements: #1 (H) - #92 (U) naturally occurring

– Atoms: Smallest particle of matter that Atoms: Smallest particle of matter that retains the physical characteristics of an retains the physical characteristics of an elementelement

Atoms 101Atoms 101

• Atoms are made of…Atoms are made of…Protons (+), Neutrons (), Electrons (-)Protons (+), Neutrons (), Electrons (-)

Mineral Criteria Mineral Criteria

1.) SOLID1.) SOLID

2.) INORGANIC2.) INORGANIC

3.) NATURALLY OCCURRING3.) NATURALLY OCCURRING

4.) Highly- Ordered internal crystalline structure4.) Highly- Ordered internal crystalline structure

5.) Definite Chemical Composition that can be 5.) Definite Chemical Composition that can be expressed as a formulaexpressed as a formula

Most Abundant Elements Most Abundant Elements (on (on earth)earth)

• Oxygen >>>Oxygen >>> 46.6%46.6%• Silicon Silicon (Never found without Oxygen)(Never found without Oxygen)>>>>>>

27.72%27.72%• Aluminum>>>Aluminum>>> 8.3%8.3%• Iron>>>Iron>>> 5%5%• Calcium>>>Calcium>>> 3.63%3.63%• Sodium>>>Sodium>>> 2.83%2.83%• Potassium>>>Potassium>>> 2.59%2.59%• Magnesium>>>Magnesium>>> 2.09%2.09%

Total:Total: 98.59%98.59%

What are minerals based What are minerals based on?on?

Chemical Composition Chemical Composition

Silicates Silicates

Basis: SiOBasis: SiO44

Ex.Ex.

(Mg, Fe)(Mg, Fe)22 SiO SiO44 = Olivine = Olivine

SiOSiO22 = Quartz = Quartz

CarbonatesCarbonates

BasisBasisCOCO33

Ex.Ex.

CaCOCaCO33 = Calcite = Calcite

BasisBasis

ClClEx.Ex.

NaCl = HaliteNaCl = Halite

Halides

SulfatesSulfates

Basis:Basis:SOSO44

Ex.Ex.CaSOCaSO44 * 2H * 2H2200

SulfidesSulfides

Basis:Basis:

SulfurSulfur

Ex.Ex.

FeSFeS2 2 = Pyrite= Pyrite

Native ElementsNative Elements

Can Occur By ItselfCan Occur By Itself

SulfurSulfur

CarbonCarbon

AluminumAluminum

CopperCopper

Section 4Section 4

Badass RocksBadass Rocks

Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks

• Formed from cooled (crystallized) Formed from cooled (crystallized) Magma/LavaMagma/Lava

• Magma= under the earths surface = Magma= under the earths surface = Intrusive or PlutonicIntrusive or Plutonic

• Lava = above earths surface = Lava = above earths surface = Extrusive or Volcanic Extrusive or Volcanic

Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks ClassificationsClassifications

Classified on two thingsClassified on two things

TextureTextureAndAnd

CompositionComposition

TEXTURETEXTURE

- Size of mineral crystals (phenocrysts) Size of mineral crystals (phenocrysts) that compose the rock.that compose the rock.

- Aphanitic: Aphanitic: Small Phenocrysts (extrusive)Small Phenocrysts (extrusive)

- Phaneritic: Phaneritic: Large Phenocrysts (intrusive)Large Phenocrysts (intrusive)

- Viscous: Viscous: Rate of flow (toothpaste like > Rate of flow (toothpaste like > Extrusive)Extrusive)

- Vesicular: Vesicular: Air PocketsAir Pockets

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

What Minerals are made of… A.K.A. What Minerals are made of… A.K.A. The Chemical Composition The Chemical Composition

Common Igneous Rock Forming Common Igneous Rock Forming MineralMineralOverall Lighter ColorOverall Lighter Color

High in SiOHigh in SiO22, K, Na, K, Na

(Felsic)(Felsic)

Quarty– SiOQuarty– SiO22

Orthoclase- K Al SiOrthoclase- K Al Si33 OO88

(K Feldspar)(K Feldspar)

Albite- Na Al SiAlbite- Na Al Si33 O O88

(Na Feldspar)(Na Feldspar)

Muscovite (K Rich)Muscovite (K Rich)

Overall Darker ColorOverall Darker Color

High in Ca, Fe, MgHigh in Ca, Fe, Mg

(Mafic)(Mafic)

BiotiteBiotiteOlivine- (Mg, Fe)Olivine- (Mg, Fe)22 Si O Si O44

Anorthite- Ca FeldsparAnorthite- Ca Feldspar

Amphibole- Amphibole- HornblendeHornblende

Pyroxene- AugitePyroxene- Augite

Ferromagnesium Ferromagnesium MineralsMinerals

Igneous RocksIgneous RocksWhy do they Melt?Why do they Melt?

Because Of…Because Of…

TemperatureTemperature

PressurePressure

And the presence of water And the presence of water (it lowers the melting pt.)(it lowers the melting pt.)

Why are there different types Why are there different types of Igneous Rocks?of Igneous Rocks?Because of FARMS…Don’t trust the farmers!!Because of FARMS…Don’t trust the farmers!!

FFractional Crystallization: The Separation of mineral ractional Crystallization: The Separation of mineral crystals from the magma.crystals from the magma.

AASSimilation: Incorporating other rocks into magma SSimilation: Incorporating other rocks into magma

RReplenishment: Incorporating new magma with eplenishment: Incorporating new magma with cooling magma.cooling magma.

MMixing of different magma types ixing of different magma types

Section 5Section 5

VolcanoesVolcanoes

VolcanoesVolcanoes

• Mountains built by Igneous activityMountains built by Igneous activity

• Made OfMade Of

1.) Lava (morphology) 1.) Lava (morphology)

2.) Pyroclastic debris2.) Pyroclastic debris

Lava Lava

1.) “AA”- Blocky1.) “AA”- Blocky

2.) “Pa Hoe Hoe”- Ropelike 2.) “Pa Hoe Hoe”- Ropelike

Pryoclastic DebrisPryoclastic Debris

• Dust: < 1/16 mmDust: < 1/16 mm

• Ash: Sand SizeAsh: Sand Size

• Cinders: Sand – 10 in.Cinders: Sand – 10 in.

• Block/ Bomb: > 10 in.Block/ Bomb: > 10 in.

Why do some Volcanoes Why do some Volcanoes Explode?Explode?

1.) Type of Lava = Felsic = High 1.) Type of Lava = Felsic = High ViscosityViscosity

2.) Amount of Volatiles = Felsic (most 2.) Amount of Volatiles = Felsic (most volatiles in it)volatiles in it)

Igneous Rocks and a slight Igneous Rocks and a slight reviewreview

• Magma rises through cracks in earths Magma rises through cracks in earths surface it exploits rocks.surface it exploits rocks.

• Finds where the rocks are less denseFinds where the rocks are less dense

• Rocks can be an insulator, makes Rocks can be an insulator, makes magma red hotmagma red hot

More on VolcanoesMore on Volcanoes

• There can be small Volcanoes within There can be small Volcanoes within the big volcanoes; they have long the big volcanoes; they have long lives and erupts every so oftenlives and erupts every so often

• LaharsLahars are melted glacier and water are melted glacier and water that mixes with Pyroclastic flow; like that mixes with Pyroclastic flow; like either watery or wet cementeither watery or wet cement

• Hot spots are place like the Hawaiian Hot spots are place like the Hawaiian Islands; the volcano is a cinder coneIslands; the volcano is a cinder cone

Volcanoes againVolcanoes again

• Fresh Volcanic Ash- Fresh Volcanic Ash- tuff lithfide volcanic ashtuff lithfide volcanic ash

• Hot Springs- Hot Springs- Magma body heating the water Magma body heating the water on the surface-> I.E. Iceland, Yellowstoneon the surface-> I.E. Iceland, Yellowstone

• Volcanic Neck- Volcanic Neck- inner throat of the volcano-> inner throat of the volcano-> shown because of erosion of the volcanoshown because of erosion of the volcano

• If a volcano erupts under water “pillow” If a volcano erupts under water “pillow” basalt instantaneous cooling all over the basalt instantaneous cooling all over the ocean floorocean floor

You know the drillYou know the drill

• Fossils-Fossils- evidence of the past life not evidence of the past life not likely in Igneous rocks.likely in Igneous rocks.

• Ash is a good for find fossils I.E. Ash is a good for find fossils I.E. Pompeii Pompeii

• Ash is made up of fractured lavaAsh is made up of fractured lava

Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

• Formed from the consolidation of Sediments are Formed from the consolidation of Sediments are derived fromderived from

1.1.Weathering and erosion of Rocks and Earths SurfaceWeathering and erosion of Rocks and Earths Surface

1.1. Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock creates sedimentcreates sediment

2.2. Transportation of sediments-> water, ice, Transportation of sediments-> water, ice, Gravity, windGravity, wind

3.3. Deposition of sediment-> water (Mississippi) and Deposition of sediment-> water (Mississippi) and land (Sahara)land (Sahara)

4.4. Compaction of sedimentsCompaction of sediments

LOOK THIS UP IN YOUR NOTES!!! From the LAST CLASS WE HAD

THE END THE END