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Geology and Geography of Oil. Outline Energy resource overview The geology of oil –Origin of oil...
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Transcript of Geology and Geography of Oil. Outline Energy resource overview The geology of oil –Origin of oil...
Geology and Geography of OilGeology and Geography of Oil
OutlineOutline
• Energy resource overview
• The geology of oil– Origin of oil– How to find oil
• The geography of oil: resource, production and consumption
World
Nuclear power
6% Hydropower, geothermal,solar, wind
7%
NaturalGas23%
Biomass11%
Oil32%
Coal21%
United States
Nuclear power8% Hydropower
geothermalsolar, wind
4%
Biomass4%
NaturalGas23%
Oil39%
Coal22%
Energy Resources
Oil e
qu
ivale
nt
(million
s o
f m
etr
ic t
on
s)
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
Year
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Global Consumption of Fossil Fuels
Primitive
Hunter–gatherer
Earlyagricultural
Advancedagricultural
Earlyindustrial
Modern industrial(other developed
nations)
Modern industrial(United States)
Society Kilocalories per Person per Day
260,000
130,000
60,000
20,000
12,000
5,000
2,000
Daily Energy Use Per Person
in Different Stages of
Development
Per Capita Energy Use and GNP
The Story of Petroleum
Chemical composition of OilHydrocarbons
• Gas – C1-C4
• Liquid – C5-C15
• Solid – above C15
Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms
Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface
How to find oil: Source rock, reservoir rock, structural traps
Source Rock• Organic rich shale
– Late Cretaceous (90 Ma)– Late Jurassic (150 Ma)
• Oil window– Thermal history 60-120oC– 2000-4500 meter
Reservoir Rock• Porosity and permeability
– Sandstone and limestone
Oil Traps
How to find oil
• Surface exploration
• Subsurface exploration– Seismic reflection– Drilling
Oil seepOil seep
Source rock analysis
Exploration Wells - Wildcats
Location of world petroleum deposits
Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves
Middle East 67.9%
Western Europe
2%
North America
6.7%
Africa5%
Latin America
6.5%
Eastern Europe
and Russia
8%Far East
and Oceania
5.9%
Oil Reserve by country (billion barrel)
0 - 6
7 - 22
23 - 40
41 - 133
134 - 263
None
Oil Reserve by Country
## CountryCountry Reserve (10Reserve (1099 barrels) barrels)
1 Saudi Arabia 262.7
2 Canada 178.9
3 Iran 133.3
4 Iraq 112.5
5 United Arab Emirates 97.8
6 Kuwait 96.5
7 Venezuela 75.6
8 Russia 69.0
9 Libya 40.0
10 Nigeria 36.0
11 Mexico 33.3
12 Kazakhstan 26.0
13 Angola 25.0
14 United States 22.5
Countries with most oil reserve
Oil Production by Country
Production (million barrel per day)0.00 - 0.27
0.28 - 0.79
0.80 - 2.13
2.14 - 3.98
3.99 - 9.48
No Data
Top Oil producing countries# Producing Nation for 2004 (×106bbl/d) (×103m³/d)
1 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10.37 1,649
2 Russia 9.27 1,474
3 United States 8.69 1,382
4 Iran (OPEC) 4.09 650
5 Mexico 3.83 609
6 China 3.62 576
7 Norway 3.18 506
8 Canada 3.14 499
9 Venezuela (OPEC) 2.86 455
10 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 2.76 439
11 Kuwait (OPEC) 2.51 399
12 Nigeria (OPEC) 2.51 399
13 United Kingdom 2.08 331
14 Iraq (OPEC) 2.03 323
Oil Export by Country
Export (million barrel per day)
0.00 - 0.23
0.24 - 0.72
0.73 - 1.97
1.98 - 3.47
3.48 - 7.92
No Data
Top petroleum-exporting countries In order of amount exported in 2003:
1. Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 2. Russia 3. Norway4. Iran (OPEC) 5. United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 6. Venezuela (OPEC) 7. Kuwait (OPEC) 8. Nigeria (OPEC) 9. Mexico10.Algeria (OPEC) 11.Libya (OPEC)
Consumption by Country
Consumption (million barrel per day)0.00 - 0.34
0.35 - 1.17
1.18 - 2.65
2.66 - 6.53
6.54 - 20.73
No Data
Top petroleum-consuming countries
# Consuming Nation (bbl/day) (m³/day)
1 United States 20,030,000 3,184,516
2 China 6,391,000 1,016,088
3 Japan 5,578,000 886,831
4 Russia 2,800,000 445,164
5 Germany 2,677,000 425,609
6 India 2,320,000 368,851
7 Canada 2,300,000 365,671
8 South Korea 2,061,000 327,673
9 France 2,060,000 327,514
10 Italy 1,874,000 297,942
11 Saudi Arabia 1,775,000 282,202
12 Mexico 1,752,000 278,546
13 United Kingdom 1,722,000 273,776
14 Brazil 1,610,000 255,970
Import (million barrel per day)
0.00 - 0.32
0.33 - 1.08
1.09 - 3.18
3.19 - 5.45
5.46 - 13.15
No Data
Import (million barrel per day)
0.00 - 0.32
0.33 - 1.08
1.09 - 3.18
3.19 - 5.45
5.46 - 13.15
No Data
Oil Import by Country
Top petroleum-importing countries
#Importing Nation (bbl/day) (m³/day)
1 United States 13,150,000 2,790,683
2 Japan 5,449,000 866,322
3 China 3,226,000 512,893
4 Netherlands 2,284,000 363,127
5 France 2,281,000 362,650
6 South Korea 2,263,000 359,788
7 Italy 2,158,000 343,095
8 Germany 2,135,000 339,438
9 India 2,090,000 332,283
10 Spain 1,582,000 251,518
11 United Kingdom 1,084,000 172,342
12 Belgium 1,042,000 165,665
13 Canada 963,000 153,105
14 Turkey 616,500 98,016
International Crude Oil Flow by Sea
Future of Oil – Peak Oil?
US Oil Discovery and Production
Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050
Petroleum depletion
Oil Use in US
• 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas
• 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil
• 1.7% of world oil reserve
• Use 30% of global oil production
– 70% for transportation
• Import 60% of oil supplies