Geological Time Scale

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

Earth and Space Science- Project

• After getting into slide show, use the following home button to go through all the slides. (home buttons

have hyperlinks)• There are four rooms each for one eons.• Each eon has two or more cabins.• For the fourth eon a context table will be provided for all its

periods. You can easily go through all of them using the above home bottoms.• Home button has its specification written side to it.

Instructions

• Room no. 1- Hadean Eon

• Room no. 2 – Archean Eon

• Room no. 2 – Proterozoic Eon

• Phanerozoic Context

Eon Content

• Cabin no. 1- Intro Slide

• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Hadean Eon Cabins

Go Back To Eon Content

(4.6 billion years ago – 3.8 billion years ago)

Hadean Eon

Go Back To Hadean Context

• Eon is named after Greek god of underworld- Hades.• Conditions of earth were

similar to underworld.


• Earth was full of hot magma and molten rock material.• Primitive atmospheric

conditions and lack of oxygen.



• Cabin no. 2

Archean Context


(3.8 billion years to 2.5 billion years ago)

Archean Eon

Go Back To Archean Context

• High volcanic activity• No free oxygen in Earth’s

atmosphere. Includes gases like methane, ammonia and other toxic gases.

No large continents, only small patches of land spread all over the globe.

Go Back To Archean Context


• Cabin no. 2

Proterozoic Eon Context


(2.5 billion years to 542 million years ago)

Proterozoic Eon

Go Back To Proterozoic Context

• Scientists hypothesized that life began in late archean eon.

• But fossils found till now are from late Proterozoic Eon.

• Eon was still dominated by bacteria

• Evidences for O2 in atmosphere.

• First pollution crisis- added more oxygen in atmosphere.

Go Back To Proterozoic Context

• Triassic

• Jurassic

• Cretaceous

• Palaeogene

• Neogene

• Quaternary

• Cambrian

• Ordovician

• Silurian

• Devonian

• Carboniferous

• Permian

Periods of Phanerozoic



• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no.3

Cambrian Period Context

Phanerozoic Periods Context

(542 million years ago to 488 million years ago)

Cambrian Period

Cambrian Context

• Metazoan Phylum with hard parts made its first appearance.• Time of great

evolutionary innovation.• Organisms were

represented by classes.• Start fish, brittle stars and

sea urchins were unfamiliar and haven’t evolved yet.Cambrian

Context

• Rodinia began to fragment into smaller continents.• World climate was mild

and there was no glaciation.• Oceans became

oxygenated.• Oxygen depleting

bacteria reduces resulting in higher oxygen levels in waters.

Cambrian Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no.3

Ordovician Period Context



Ordovician Period

Ordovician Context

• Diverse marine invertebrates- graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods.• During upper Ordovician,

major glaciation centred in Africa occurred resulting in a server drop in sea level contributing to ecological disruption and mass extinction.

Ordovician Context

• Northern area was almost entirely ocean and most of the world’s land was collected into southern supercontinent- Gondwana.• Formation of glacier in

south pole caused shallow seas and lower sea level.

Ordovician Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no.3

Silurian Period Context



Silurian Period

Silurian Context

• Stabilization of Earth’s climate, ending previous extreme climatic fluctuations.• Evolution of fishes.• First clear evidence of life

on land.• Evolution of vascular

plants.

Silurian Context

• No major volcanism.• Major events in Eastern

North America and North-western Europe to form mountain chains.• Rise in sea level created

new habitats.• Low continental

elevations.

Silurian Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no.3

Devonian Period Context



Devonian Period

Devonian Context

• Two major animal groups colonized the land.• First tetrapods (land living

vertebrates)• First terrestrial arthropods and

earliest arachnids.• Devonian Seas were

dominated by brachiopods.• Spread of terrestrial

vegetation.• Late Devonian saw the

emergence of lycophytes, sphenophytes, ferns and progymnosperms.Devonian

Context

• World’s land was collected into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Euro America.• Collision of North America

and Europe resulted in massive granite intrusions and raising of the Appalachian Mountains.• Great uplift of sediments

which were deposited in vast lowlands and shallow seas.• Mass extinction was

triggered by lowering of global sea level (glaciation).Devonian

Context


• Cabin no. 2

Carboniferous Period Context



Carboniferous Period

Devonian Context

• Term is reference to the rich deposits of coal (ideal conditions).• Amniote Egg: gave

ancestors of birds, mammals and reptiles to lay eggs.• Early period had more

uniform, tropical and humid climate like today.• Shallow, warm and marine

waters often flooded continents.Devonian

Context


• Cabin no. 2

Permian Period Context



Permian Period

Permian Context

• Affected marine communities most, extinction of most marine species.• Extinction of diapsids and

synapsids paved the way for dinosaur age.• Earth’s tectonic plates

fused into one supercontinent- Pangaea.

Permian Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Triassic Period Context



Triassic Period

Triassic Context

• Largest extinction in history of life, a time when the survivors spread and recolonized.• Pangaea existence

altered global climate and ocean circulation.

Triassic Context

• Breaking of Pangaea formed Gondwana in the south and Laurasia in north• No occurrence of shallow

sea• Most of inland area was

isolated from the cooling and moist effects of ocean.• Globally arid and dry

climate.

Triassic Context


• Cabin no. 2

Jurassic Period Context



Jurassic Period

Jurassic Context

• Great plant eating dinosaurs, smaller carnivores and oceans full of fish, squid, and coiled ammonites, and long necked plesiosaurs.• Saw the origin of first

birds.• Different floras, no palm

trees.

Jurassic Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Cretaceous Period Context


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Cretaceous Period

Cretaceous Context

• Breakup of continent- Pangaea.• Creation of large

geographical isolation.• Increased regional

differences in floras and faunas.• Seasons began to grow

more pronounced as the global climate become cooler.

Cretaceous Context

• First appearance of flowering plants.• Ferns dominated open,

dry and low nutrient lands.• Conifer diversity was

fairly low in higher latitudes in northern hemisphere.• Modern groups of insects

began to diversify- ants, butterflies.

Cretaceous Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Paleogene Period Context



Paleogene Period

Paleogene Context

• Appearance of early mammals.• On land horses, deer,

camel, elephants and primates began to dominate (exception- Australia).• Late Oligocene marked

expansion of grasslands and prairies.

Paleogene Context

• Ice free high precipitation.• Separation of Antarctica

and Australia created a deep water passage. • Marine biotic provinces

became more fragmented as sea dwellers capable of withstanding cooler temperatures.

Paleogene Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Neogene Period Context


(23 million years ago to 2.5 million years ago)

Neogene Period

Neogene Context

• Expanding open vegetation systems- deserts, tundra.• Mammals and birds

developed new forms.• Cooling and warming of

of global environment contributed to enormous spread of grasslands and savannas.

Neogene Context

• Plate tectonics contributed to the rise of the Andes Mountains in South America.• Many places experiences

acidification.• Tectonic plates were

somewhat similar to today.

Neogene Context


• Cabin no. 2

• Cabin no. 3

Quaternary Period Context


(65 million years ago to present)

Quaternary Period

Quaternary Context

• It was during Pleistocene Epoch most recent episodes of global cooling took place.• Extinction of Pleistocene.• Saw expansion of our

species- Homo Sapiens.

Quaternary Context

• Age of human and space explorations.• By late Holocene's

humans spread all over the planet developing technologies.

Quaternary Context

Geological Time Scale

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Transcript of Geological Time Scale