Geological Features at Sea Geological Features at Sea and on Landand on Land

PangeaPangea Nearly 100 years ago Alfred Wegner Nearly 100 years ago Alfred Wegner

thought that the map looked like a thought that the map looked like a giant jigsaw puzzel.giant jigsaw puzzel.

This thinking lead to the This thinking lead to the development of the Theory of Plate development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics!Tectonics!

Ocean Topography Ocean Topography Main FeaturesMain Features

TopographyTopography

Is the study of Earth's surface shape Is the study of Earth's surface shape and features.and features.

Ocean topography is the study of the Ocean topography is the study of the ocean floor and the features. ocean floor and the features.

ShorelineShoreline

A A shoreshore or or shorelineshoreline is is the fringe of land at the the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. sea, or lake.

In physical oceanography, In physical oceanography, a shore is the wider fringe a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically that is geologically modified by the action of modified by the action of the body of water past and the body of water past and present, while the beach is present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore.at the edge of the shore.

Abyssal hillsAbyssal hills Hills along the ocean floor. Hills along the ocean floor. Ranging in height and diameter, Ranging in height and diameter,

these hills are much larger then the these hills are much larger then the hills we see on land. 100-2000 hills we see on land. 100-2000 meters high and several KM across. meters high and several KM across.

Abyssal plainsAbyssal plains Abyssal plains Abyssal plains are flat or very gently are flat or very gently

sloping areas of the deep ocean sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. basin floor.

They generally lie between the foot They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge. oceanic ridge.

Sea caveSea cave

A A sea cavesea cave, or , or littoral cavelittoral cave, , is a type of cave formed is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of primarily by the wave action of the sea, or erosion!.the sea, or erosion!.

Sea caves are found Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively throughout the world, actively forming along present forming along present coastlines and as relict sea coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines. caves on former coastlines.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

Brain Pop: The Ocean FloorBrain Pop: The Ocean Floor

http://www.brainpop.com/science/http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/oceanfloor/earthsystem/oceanfloor/

Continental shelfContinental shelf The The continental shelfcontinental shelf is the is the

extended perimeter of each extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal continent and associated coastal plain.plain.

This area was part of the continent This area was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods.undersea during interglacial periods.

Continental slopeContinental slope

The descending slope which The descending slope which connects the sea floor to the connects the sea floor to the Continental shelf. Continental shelf.

It is still considered to be part of the It is still considered to be part of the Continent. Continent.

Sea MountSea Mount A A seamountseamount is a mountain rising is a mountain rising

from the ocean seafloor that does from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea not reach to the water's surface (sea level). level).

They are also called underwater They are also called underwater volcanoes because are typically volcanoes because are typically formed from extinct volcanoes, that formed from extinct volcanoes, that rise abruptly.rise abruptly.

GuyotGuyot A A guyotguyot also known as a also known as a

tablemounttablemount, is a flat-topped , is a flat-topped seamount. Their flatness is due to seamount. Their flatness is due to erosion by waves, winds, and erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes.atmospheric processes.

Mid-Ocean ridgeMid-Ocean ridge A A mid-ocean ridgemid-ocean ridge is an underwater is an underwater

mountain range, formed by plate mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. tectonics.

It is usually an It is usually an oceanic spreading oceanic spreading centercenter, which is responsible for , which is responsible for seafloor spreading.seafloor spreading.

TrenchTrench The The oceanic trenchesoceanic trenches are are

hemispheric-scale long but narrow hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea topographic depressions of the sea floor. floor.

They are also the deepest parts of They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor.the ocean floor.

Mariana TrenchMariana Trench

Is the deepest part of Is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the world's oceans, and the deepest location on the deepest location on the surface of the the surface of the Earth's crust. It has a Earth's crust. It has a maximum depth of maximum depth of about 10,911meters, or about 10,911meters, or 11 kilometers.11 kilometers.

Oceanic Oceanic IslandIsland One type of oceanic island is found in One type of oceanic island is found in

a volcanic island arc. These islands a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under subduction of one plate under another is occurring.another is occurring.

AtollAtoll An An atollatoll is an island of coral that is an island of coral that

encircles a lagoon partially or encircles a lagoon partially or completely.completely.

Volcanic fissureVolcanic fissure A linear volcanic vent through which A linear volcanic vent through which

lava erupts, usually without any lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long kilometers long

Hydrothermal VentHydrothermal Vent A A hydrothermal venthydrothermal vent is a is a

fissure in a planet's surface fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal from which geothermal heated water issues. heated water issues.

Hydrothermal vents are Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near commonly found near volcanically active places, volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.basins, and hotspots.

Answer the Following Answer the Following Questions:Questions:

1.1. Compare the formation of Seamounts and Compare the formation of Seamounts and Volcanoes.Volcanoes.

2.2. Explain the relationship between river valleys Explain the relationship between river valleys and sea canyons.and sea canyons.

3.3. List 2 ways in which basins are formed.List 2 ways in which basins are formed.

4.4. How does water enter lakes?How does water enter lakes?

5.5. What 3 Oceans does Canada’s water flow into?What 3 Oceans does Canada’s water flow into?

Geological Features ProjectGeological Features Project Working either on your own or with a Working either on your own or with a

partner you are going to create a 3-D partner you are going to create a 3-D model of the geological features model of the geological features found on the ocean floor.found on the ocean floor.

You must include 10 different You must include 10 different geological features that are found on geological features that are found on the ocean floor. (If you are working the ocean floor. (If you are working by yourself you only have to include by yourself you only have to include 5) 5)

Today…Today…

Create a diagram of your 3-D model.Create a diagram of your 3-D model. This diagram must include all of the This diagram must include all of the

features that you plan to include.features that you plan to include. It is essentially a map of what your model It is essentially a map of what your model

will look like.will look like. I have to approve this plan in order for you I have to approve this plan in order for you

to start building your model.to start building your model. You will have to hand this in with the final You will have to hand this in with the final

project and it will be assessed.project and it will be assessed.

What I am looking for…What I am looking for…

Complete diagram with all features.Complete diagram with all features. Neat and Labelled featuresNeat and Labelled features Coloured diagramColoured diagram A description of each feature must be A description of each feature must be

included on a separate piece of paper.included on a separate piece of paper.

** You will be using this to create your model ** You will be using this to create your model so make it realistic. I will be looking to see so make it realistic. I will be looking to see that your model resembles your diagram.that your model resembles your diagram.

List of Geological FeaturesList of Geological Features

Continental ShelfContinental Shelf Continental SlopeContinental Slope SeamountSeamount Mid ocean ridge (mountain range)Mid ocean ridge (mountain range) Sea CanyonsSea Canyons TrenchesTrenches GuyotsGuyots Abyssal HillsAbyssal Hills Abyssal PlainsAbyssal Plains Sea CaveSea Cave AtollAtoll Oceanic IslandsOceanic Islands Hydrothermal VentHydrothermal Vent Volcanic FissureVolcanic Fissure