Geological feature of south west north east kurdistan e
1
Geological feature of South West- North East Kurdistan Dr. Arzu Javadova S1 Site – Plot Plan, 2014 Sarqala-1 Mil Qasim-1 Qamar-1 0 -10 000 -5 000 -4 000 -3 000 -2 000 -1 000 -6 000 -7 000 -8 000 -9 000 1 000 -1 000 1 -1 000 2 0 -10 000 -5 000 -4 000 -3 000 -2 000 -1 000 -6 000 -7 000 -8 000 -9 000 1 000 -1 000 1 -1 000 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 , км 6 Shakal-2 10 1 10 2 10 3 Halabja-1 NW 1’ 1 60, км Simplified stratigraphy e 1 fault-bend anticlines fault-bend anticlines Q Pliocene deposits Miocene deposits Upper Cretaceous deposit Lower Cretaceous deposits Middle And Lower Triassic Paleozoic deposits Pre Cambrian basement Late Tertiary Structural Evolution in the Zagros Orogenic belt of SE-NW Kurdistan Shakal Thrust Kalar Thrust Kurdamir Topkhana Chia Surkh Qara dagh Sarqala Shakal Main fold belt zones: Low Fold Belt • 38 total identified structures • 28 structures with shows • 4 failed structures 6 undrilled blocks • Geologic Success Rate: 90% High Fold Belt • 27 total identified structures • 12 structures with shows • 5 failed structures • 3 structures currently being tested • 10 undrilled blocks • Geologic Success Rate: 70% Thrust belt • Remains untested Main exploration challenges: • Much lost during decades of political instability • Large distances between wells • Large traps buried by Pliocene not seen on satellite imagery • Active deformation • Wellbore instability and over pressured zones Tertiary Oil Cretaceous Oil Jurassic Oil Triassic oil Tertiary gas Cretaceous gas Jurassic gas Triassic gas NW- SE Hanging wall traps Stratigraphic play LOW FOLD BELT HIGH FOLD BELT 4 structural domains ranked by hydrocarbon prospectivity, quality and risk Taurus Foothills Zone - Generally heavy oil - Probably low % recovery - Low geological risk - Large in place resources - Limited infrastructure Zagros Foothills Zone - Large to supergiant oil/gas condensate fields - Low geological risk, higher gas to oil ratios - Medium to high drilling risk and cost - Close to existing infrastructure Zagros Mountains Zone - Gas prone; Minor oil shows - Medium-high risk and cost - Scarce infrastructure - Taurus Mountains Zone - Generally heavy oil - Large range in % oil recovery - Scarce infrastructure - Large in place resources - Low to medium risk Gas prone zone Heavy Oil prone zone Light oil prone zone • Multiple Source Rocks — Paleocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic • Multiple Reservoirs — Pliocene to Cretaceous targets (shallow to deep targets) • Top Seals and traps — Effective evaporitic seals — Effective fine clastic seals • Favorable timing of trap formation v. hydrocarbon migration — Main Zagros deformation Miocene–Present — Late hydrocarbon generation into existing, sealed traps — Re mobilization of existing oil pools 2 major, producing plays: - Tertiary Main Limestone Group and Upper-Mid Cretaceous Group - Multiple source rocks (Paleocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic) - Multiple reservoirs (Miocene to Triassic). Mainly fractured carbonates - Excellent evaporite and shale top seals - >100 large, undrilled anticlines - Favorable timing of trap formation v hydrocarbon generation-migration - Contractional tectonics from Late Cretaceous §Main deformation Miocene – today (Zagros and Taurus fold and thrust belts) - Current hydrocarbon generation and abundant hydrocarbon seeps AIMS AND CONTENTS To give an updated overview of hydrocarbon exploration in Kurdistan Location and regional tectonics Summary of current hydrocarbon exploration Summary of petroleum systems Tectonostratigraphic evolution taking into the account recent field data Main challenges to exploration Review of structural domains of the orogenic belt & structural feature of recent discoveries SE Pg Lower Cretaceous Pg Key Message for High Fold Belt Zone: Porosity reduction in limestone decreases exponentially with depth Increased compaction leads to the development of stylolite's Because the depth is greater than ~2000m dolomitization is critical for porosity & perm preservation The basic problem in carbonate porosity concerns not the creation but rather its preservation due to pore-filling cement in the form of calcite, anhydrite, dolomite and salt Outcrop of limestone formation of Jeribe Near Darzila village close to Shakal area Sustainable system of sub vertical fractures in sub- meridional and sub latitudinal trend. Sub latitudinal fractures often disclosed (without mineral filling) packstone, greystone Sedimentation environment: internal ramp Fracture porosity + 5% micro porosity mudstone, vackstone external ramp 13% micro porosity Fractured reservoirs Oligocene carbonates. Close to Sarqala area Lower Fars Jeribe Shiranish Mil Qasim Upper Fars Looking NE Looking N Outcrop of Lower Bakhtiari formation near Mil Qasim area. Some joints are bed confined, others are through-going, enhancing fluid migration. Depending on mechanical unit could be bed limited or through going Upper Fars Lower Fars Shallow water carbonate ramp facies very analogous to Tertiary carbonate facies in Kurdistan. The only difference is age. Reservoir is intensively dolomitized and fractured. High Production Rates is related mainly to fracturing SW NE Lithological column Lithology description Seal reservoir source rocks Key Tectonic Regional Events Oil and Gas fields sandstone mudstone Seal Reservoir claystone sandstone silstone Seal sandstone conglomerate Reservoir mudstone claystone anhydrite halite Jeribe limestone Reservoir Dhiban anhydrite halite Seal marly limestone Kurdamir, Topkhana Gercus mudstone Seal silstone claystone Shiranish mudstone Kometian limestone Qamchuqa or Balambo marly limestone Reservoir source Rock Mil Qasim Pulkhana,Sarqala Kurdamir Topkhana Pulkhana,Hasira, Sarqala Pulkhana, Kurdamir Topkhana Chia Surkh Pulkhana, Topkhana, Shakal, Kurdamir Development of Mesopotamian basin and sediment infill Tectonic extension & HC generation Stratigraphic unit sandstone conglomerate argillaceous, marly limestone argillaceous limestone Contraction & Zagros Mountain building & anticline growth. HC generation & migration Ihrahim Azkand Anah Tarjil Baba & Bajawan Sheikh Alas Palani Reservoir Basin infill by carbonate rocks & episodic tectonic Progressive shallowing upwards to evaporitic conditions Mil Qasim Upper Bakhtiari Lower Bakhtiari Seal Lower Fars Upper Fars Seal Reservoir Paleocene Cretaceous Euphrates Serikagni Jaddala Pila Spi Avanah Aaliji Reservoir Seal Source rock Reservoir Upper Pliocene & recent Lower Pliocene Upper Miocene Middle Lower Miocene Oligocene Eocene
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Transcript of Geological feature of south west north east kurdistan e
Geological feature of South West- North East Kurdistan
Dr. Arzu Javadova
S1 Site – Plot Plan, 2014
Shakal Garmian Kurdamir Halabja
Sarqala-1Mil Qasim-1
ЮЗ СВ
Qamar-1
0
-10 000
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
-6 000
-7 000
-8 000
-9 000
1 000
-1 0001
-1 0002
0
-10 000
-5 000
-4 000
-3 000
-2 000
-1 000
-6 000
-7 000
-8 000
-9 000
1 000
-1 0001
-1 0002
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 , км6
Shakal-2
1 01 1 02 1 03
Halabja-1
NW
1’
1
60, км
Simplified stratigraphy
e
1 fault-bend anticlines
fault-bend anticlines
Q
Pliocene deposits
Miocene depositsUpper Cretaceous deposit
Lower Cretaceous deposits
Middle And Lower Triassic
Paleozoic deposits
Pre Cambrian basement
Late Tertiary Structural Evolution in the Zagros Orogenic belt of SE-NW Kurdistan
Shakal
Thrust
Kalar
Thrust
Kurdamir TopkhanaChia Surkh
Qara dagh
Sarqala
Shakal
Main fold belt zones:
Low Fold Belt
• 38 total identified structures
• 28 structures with shows
• 4 failed structures
6 undrilled blocks
• Geologic Success Rate: 90%
High Fold Belt
• 27 total identified structures
• 12 structures with shows
• 5 failed structures
• 3 structures currently being
tested
• 10 undrilled blocks
• Geologic Success Rate: 70%
Thrust belt• Remains untested
Main exploration challenges:
• Much lost during decades of political instability
• Large distances between wells • Large traps buried by Pliocene
not seen on satellite imagery • Active deformation• Wellbore instability and over
pressured zones
Tertiary Oil
Cretaceous Oil
Jurassic Oil
Triassic oil
Tertiary gas
Cretaceous gas
Jurassic gas
Triassic gas
NW-
SE
Hanging wall traps Stratigraphic play
LOW FOLD BELT HIGH FOLD BELT
4 structural domains ranked by hydrocarbon prospectivity, quality and
risk
Taurus Foothills Zone- Generally heavy oil
- Probably low % recovery- Low geological risk
- Large in place resources- Limited infrastructure
Zagros Foothills Zone- Large to supergiant oil/gas condensate fields
- Low geological risk, higher gas to oil ratios- Medium to high drilling risk and cost
- Close to existing infrastructure
Zagros Mountains Zone- Gas prone; Minor oil shows- Medium-high risk and cost
- Scarce infrastructure
- Taurus Mountains Zone
- Generally heavy oil
- Large range in % oil recovery
- Scarce infrastructure
- Large in place resources
- Low to medium risk
Gas
prone zone
Heavy Oil
prone zone
Light oil
prone zone
• Multiple Source Rocks
— Paleocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic
• Multiple Reservoirs
— Pliocene to Cretaceous targets (shallow to deep targets)
• Top Seals and traps
— Effective evaporitic seals
— Effective fine clastic seals
• Favorable timing of trap formation v. hydrocarbon migration
— Main Zagros deformation Miocene–Present
— Late hydrocarbon generation into existing, sealed traps
— Re mobilization of existing oil pools
2 major, producing plays:
- Tertiary Main Limestone Group and Upper-Mid Cretaceous
Group
- Multiple source rocks (Paleocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic,
Triassic)
- Multiple reservoirs (Miocene to Triassic). Mainly fractured
carbonates
- Excellent evaporite and shale top seals
- >100 large, undrilled anticlines
- Favorable timing of trap formation v hydrocarbon
generation-migration
- Contractional tectonics from Late Cretaceous §Main
deformation Miocene – today (Zagros and Taurus fold
and thrust belts)
- Current hydrocarbon generation and abundant
hydrocarbon seeps
AIMS AND CONTENTS
To give an updated overview of hydrocarbon exploration in Kurdistan
Location and regional tectonics
Summary of current hydrocarbon exploration
Summary of petroleum systems Tectonostratigraphic evolution taking into the account recent field data
Main challenges to exploration
Review of structural domains of the orogenic belt & structural feature of recent discoveries
SE
Pg
Lower Cretaceous
Pg
Key Message for High Fold Belt Zone:
Porosity reduction in limestone decreases exponentially with depth
Increased compaction leads to the development of stylolite's
Because the depth is greater than ~2000m dolomitization is critical for porosity & perm preservation
The basic problem in carbonate porosity concerns not the creation but rather its preservation due to
pore-filling cement in the form of calcite, anhydrite, dolomite and salt
Outcrop of limestone formation of Jeribe Near Darzila village close to Shakal area
Sustainable system of sub vertical fractures in sub- meridional and sub latitudinal trend.
Sub latitudinal fractures often disclosed (without mineral filling)
packstone,
greystone
Sedimentation
environment:
internal ramp
Fracture porosity +
5% micro porosity
mudstone,
vackstone
external ramp
13% micro porosity
Fractured reservoirs Oligocene carbonates. Close to Sarqala area
Lower Fars
Jeribe
Shiranish
Mil Qasim
Upper
Fars
Looking NELooking N
Outcrop of Lower Bakhtiari formation near Mil Qasim area.
Some joints are bed confined, others are through-going, enhancing fluid migration.
Depending on mechanical unit could be bed limited or through going
Upper Fars
Lower Fars
Shallow water carbonate ramp
facies very analogous to Tertiary
carbonate facies in Kurdistan.
The only difference is age.
Reservoir is intensively
dolomitized and fractured. High
Production Rates is related mainly
to fracturing
SW NE
Lithological
column
Lithology
description
Seal
reservoir
source
rocks
Key Tectonic Regional EventsOil and Gas
fields
sandstone
mudstone Seal
Reservoir
claystonesandstone
silstone Sealsandstone
conglomerate Reservoir
mudstone
claystone
anhydri te ha l i te
Jeribe limestone Reservoir
Dhiban anhydri te ha l i te Seal
marly l imestone
Kurdamir,
Topkhana
Gercus mudstone Seal
silstone
claystone
Shiranish mudstone
Kometian limestone
Qamchuqa
or Balambo
marly
limestone
Reservoir
source
Rock
Mil Qasim
Pulkhana,Sarqala
Kurdamir
Topkhana
Pulkhana,Has ira ,
Sarqala
Pulkhana,
Kurdamir
Topkhana Chia
Surkh
Pulkhana,
Topkhana, Shakal ,
Kurdamir
Development of
Mesopotamian basin and
sediment infill
Tectonic extension & HC
generation
Stratigraphic unit
sandstone
conglomerate
argillaceous,
marly
limestone
argillaceous
limestone
Contraction & Zagros Mountain
building & anticline growth. HC
generation & migration
Ihrahim
Azkand
Anah Tarjil
Baba &
Bajawan
Sheikh Alas
Palani
Reservoir
Basin infill by carbonate rocks
& episodic tectonic
Progressive shallowing
upwards to evaporitic
conditions
Mil QasimUpper
Bakhtiari
Lower
Bakhtiari
SealLower Fars
Upper Fars
Seal
Reservoir
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Euphrates
Serikagni
Jaddala Pila
Spi Avanah
Aaliji
Reservoir
Seal
Source
rock
Reservoir
Upper Pliocene
& recent
Lower Pliocene
Upper Miocene
Middle Lower
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
