Geological characterization of the Muddy/Newcastle ......

Fiddler Creek Presentation, WY CO2 Conference, 5/29/08

Geological characterization of the Geological characterization of the Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone reservoir, Fiddler Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone reservoir, Fiddler

Creek Field, Weston County, Wyoming Creek Field, Weston County, Wyoming

Mark Tomasso and Shaochang WoMark Tomasso and Shaochang Wo

Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie,Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WyomingWyoming


•• Funding for this project was provided by:Funding for this project was provided by:•• Carl D. Underwood Oil and Gas Co.Carl D. Underwood Oil and Gas Co.

•• The State Legislature of Wyoming through the Enhanced Oil RecoveThe State Legislature of Wyoming through the Enhanced Oil Recovery ry Institute at the University of Wyoming.Institute at the University of Wyoming.

•• Schlumberger provided Petrel and Eclipse licenses at Schlumberger provided Petrel and Eclipse licenses at reduced cost to EORIreduced cost to EORI..

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments


•• IntroductionIntroduction

•• DataData

•• Geological CharacterizationGeological Characterization

•• Geological ModelingGeological Modeling

•• Volumetric OOIPVolumetric OOIP

•• Dynamic ModelingDynamic Modeling

•• Comparison to the Grieve studyComparison to the Grieve study

•• ConclusionsConclusions

Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives


•• On eastern margin of On eastern margin of Powder River Basin.Powder River Basin.

•• Divided into East and Divided into East and West units.West units.

•• Muddy/Newcastle Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone (Lower Sandstone (Lower Cretaceous) incisedCretaceous) incised-- valley fill reservoir.valley fill reservoir.

•• Underpinned by major Underpinned by major basement lineaments basement lineaments (Fiddler Creek and (Fiddler Creek and Weston/Hat Creek).Weston/Hat Creek).

IntroductionIntroduction

Modified from Martinsen (2003), Marrs & Raines (1984)


•• On eastern margin of On eastern margin of Powder River Basin.Powder River Basin.

•• Divided into East and Divided into East and West units.West units.

•• Muddy/Newcastle Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone (Lower Sandstone (Lower Cretaceous) incisedCretaceous) incised-- valley fill reservoir.valley fill reservoir.

•• Underpinned by major Underpinned by major basement lineaments basement lineaments (Fiddler Creek and (Fiddler Creek and Weston/Hat Creek).Weston/Hat Creek).



•• Generalized stratigraphic cross section of the Muddy Generalized stratigraphic cross section of the Muddy Fm., showing member level stratigraphy.Fm., showing member level stratigraphy.

• Note the major lowstand surfaces of erosion (Skull Creek, Lazy B, and Rozet unconformities).

• In more landward areas (e.g. Fiddler Creek), Rozet Unconformity cuts directly into the Skull Creek Shale and is overlain by the Ute(?) and Springen Ranch Members.


Martinsen, 1994


•• 212 wells with SP log data.212 wells with SP log data.•• 49 wells with other data (other logs, information from 49 wells with other data (other logs, information from

well files, etc).well files, etc).•• 68 wells (at minimum) with no data.68 wells (at minimum) with no data.•• 85 wells with core porosity and/or permeability.85 wells with core porosity and/or permeability.•• 0 wells with currently available core in reservoir 0 wells with currently available core in reservoir

interval.interval.•• Associated maps and production data.Associated maps and production data.

DataData


•• Picking several horizons on SP logs:Picking several horizons on SP logs:•• MowryMowry Shale datum;Shale datum;•• Top Newcastle Fm.;Top Newcastle Fm.;•• Top Newcastle Sandstone;Top Newcastle Sandstone;•• Top NC Top NC SstSst with >= 15mv SP deflection;with >= 15mv SP deflection;•• Mid NC Mid NC SstSst: SP and/or resistivity kicks, core : SP and/or resistivity kicks, core poroporo--perm changes;perm changes;•• Base NC Base NC SstSst with >= 15mv SP deflection;with >= 15mv SP deflection;•• ((RozetRozet Unconformity (= Base Newcastle Fm. in this field).)Unconformity (= Base Newcastle Fm. in this field).)

•• Several wells have SP logs that did not penetrate into Several wells have SP logs that did not penetrate into or through reservoir interval, even though there or through reservoir interval, even though there is/was production.is/was production.•• Use of cable tool to drill into reservoir.Use of cable tool to drill into reservoir.

•• Characterization of SP log facies carried out based Characterization of SP log facies carried out based upon linking shape to facies and depositional regime. upon linking shape to facies and depositional regime.

Geological CharacterizationGeological Characterization


SP Log PicksSP Log Picks

*Top Newcastle Formation = transgressive surface of erosion (TSE)

Mowry Shale datum

Shell Creek Shale

Springen Ranch Mbr?

Ute Mbr?

Skull Creek Shale

Sequence BSequence A


SP Log FaciesSP Log Facies

•• SP log faciesSP log facies•• Seven separate log facies can be identified based on the charactSeven separate log facies can be identified based on the character of er of

the available SP logs.the available SP logs.



Generalized depositional model, Generalized depositional model, vertical sequences and electric log vertical sequences and electric log profiles of a meander belt sand profiles of a meander belt sand body produce by a high sinuosity body produce by a high sinuosity channel.channel.

(A) and (B) illustrates a complete fining(A) and (B) illustrates a complete fining-- upward sequence typical of the mid or upward sequence typical of the mid or downdown--stream point bar.stream point bar.

(C) illustrates the truncated vertical (C) illustrates the truncated vertical sequence commonly found in the sequence commonly found in the upstream end of the bar. upstream end of the bar.

From Galloway (1981).From Galloway (1981).

(A) (B) (C)

(A)

(B) (C)



•• SP log interpretationSP log interpretation



•• Classification of fluvial styles, following the fluvialClassification of fluvial styles, following the fluvial--geomorphologicalgeomorphological classification classification of of SchummSchumm (1963), as given in the left(1963), as given in the left--hand column. From Galloway (1981).hand column. From Galloway (1981).



•• Classification of SP log facies indicates Classification of SP log facies indicates somesome patterns.patterns.•• More overbank deposits (crevasse splay, levee) in east unit.More overbank deposits (crevasse splay, levee) in east unit.•• May be possible to May be possible to ““join the dotsjoin the dots”” in west unit to get throughin west unit to get through--going going

sinuous channel.sinuous channel.

0 km 2

0 mi 1


SP Log PicksSP Log PicksMowry Shale datum

Top Newcastle Formation

Red wells: SP logs

Blue wells: Other data

White wells: No data

Red wells: SP logs



0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1


SP Log PicksSP Log PicksTop Newcastle Sandstone

Base Newcastle Sandstone

Red wells: SP logs



Red wells: SP logs



0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1


IsopachIsopach MapsMaps

Mowry Datum to Top Newcastle Sandstone isopach

Mowry Datum to Top Newcastle Formation isopach

Thickness increase to east across a distinct boundary

Thickness increase to east across a distinct boundary

0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1



Newcastle Sandstone isopach

Top Newcastle Fm to top Newcastle Sst isopach

Thins should overly sand-rich channel fill (differential

compaction of muddy facies around channel)

Thicks should indicate good sand, and may illustrate

channel meander patterns

0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1



Sequence A: Mid NC Sst to Base NCE Sst isopach

Sequence B: Top NC Sst to Mid NC Sst isopach

0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1

Fiddler Creek Presentation, WY CO2 Conference, 5/29/08Fly River Delta, Papua New Guinea

Reservoir Analog: ModernReservoir Analog: Modern

0 km 60

Fluvial meander belt in an upper incised valley


Reservoir Analog: ModernReservoir Analog: Modern

•• Early example of Early example of tripartite estuarine tripartite estuarine sedimentation sedimentation zonationzonation, , YaquinaYaquina Bay, Oregon (original Bay, Oregon (original from from KulmKulm and and Byrne, 1967). From Byrne, 1967). From Boyd et al. (2006).Boyd et al. (2006).

0 km 2Fiddler Creek

Hilight Draw

Deeper Powder River Basin


Reservoir Analog: AncientReservoir Analog: Ancient

Dakota Dakota ““JJ”” Sandstone (Muddy equiv.), Sandstone (Muddy equiv.), Dinosaur Ridge, Morrison, CO. Dinosaur Ridge, Morrison, CO.

(A)(A) Fluvial channel incision into Fluvial channel incision into underlying tidal muddy siltstones. underlying tidal muddy siltstones.

(B)(B) Inclined bedding of channel Inclined bedding of channel pointpoint--bar, indicating channel bar, indicating channel migration to right. migration to right.

(C)(C) IntraIntra--channel storey contact, channel storey contact, with ripples along top of with ripples along top of underlying pointunderlying point--bar sandstones. bar sandstones. Channels ~15Channels ~15’’ t, 100t, 100’’ w.w.

(A) (B)

(C)


Reservoir Analog: AncientReservoir Analog: Ancient

(A)(A) IsopachIsopach of fineof fine--grained sandstone, siltstone and mudstone, constituting the fillgrained sandstone, siltstone and mudstone, constituting the fill of the abandoned channel overlying the Q Sandstone at Little Creof the abandoned channel overlying the Q Sandstone at Little Creek Field, LA, ek Field, LA, and underlying a regional marker that defines the top of the fluand underlying a regional marker that defines the top of the fluvial interval. vial interval.

(B)(B) Cross sections through the Q Sandstone and overlying beds in LitCross sections through the Q Sandstone and overlying beds in Little Creek Field, tle Creek Field, LA. From LA. From WerrenWerren et al. (1990).et al. (1990).

(A)

(B)


Top Newcastle Sandstone

Probable Weston/Hat Creek basement lineament

Isolated structures?

Linear features in East Unit parallel to NNE-SSW

basement trend

Structure: Horizon Dip Att.Structure: Horizon Dip Att.

•• Dip attribute maps for each horizon show similar Dip attribute maps for each horizon show similar character:character:•• ~300~300’’ displacement to SW in western part of west unit displacement to SW in western part of west unit –– Weston/Hat Weston/Hat

Creek basement lineament.Creek basement lineament.•• Isolated structures in central part of west unit.Isolated structures in central part of west unit.•• NWNW--SE and NESE and NE--SW linear features through east unit, parallel and SW linear features through east unit, parallel and

normal to basement trend.normal to basement trend.

0 km 2

0 mi 1


•• Structure models for Weston/Hat Creek lineament.Structure models for Weston/Hat Creek lineament.

Structural ModelStructural Model

(A) (A) Monocline above Monocline above

lineament.lineament.

(B) (B) Fault zone along Fault zone along

lineament.lineament.

(C) (C) Discrete fault.Discrete fault.


Mowry Shale datum

Lineament zone

Fracture Zone

Structure: Structure: ZonationZonation

•• 3 main structural zones can be defined:3 main structural zones can be defined:•• Lineament zone Lineament zone –– large offset over basement lineament.large offset over basement lineament.•• ““QuiescentQuiescent”” zone zone –– isolated structure.isolated structure.•• Fracture zone Fracture zone –– many probable fractures.many probable fractures.

•• All structures appear to be postAll structures appear to be post--depositional.depositional.•• Dip attribute structure is also present in the overlying Dip attribute structure is also present in the overlying MowryMowry Shale.Shale.

“Quiescent” zone

0 km 2

0 mi 1


•• Characterize channels:Characterize channels:•• Channel widths/thickness model building (82Channel widths/thickness model building (82’’*82*82’’*1*1’’ grid).grid).•• Channel sinuosity?Channel sinuosity?•• Probability maps?Probability maps?

•• Data analysis:Data analysis:•• Facies, porosity, permeability, netFacies, porosity, permeability, net--toto--gross.gross.•• Distributions.Distributions.•• VariogramVariogram analysis.analysis.

•• Facies modeling.Facies modeling.•• PetrophysicalPetrophysical modeling.modeling.•• Volumetric OOIP.Volumetric OOIP.

Geological ModelingGeological Modeling


Channel Sinuosity and AspectChannel Sinuosity and Aspect

•• Classification of alluvial Classification of alluvial channels by sediment channels by sediment load (load (SchummSchumm 1963, 1963, 1985).1985).


Channel and Channel Belt Widths from Thickeness, after Bridge & Mackey (1993)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

5 10 15 20 25 30

channel thickness, ft

wid

th, f

t

channels

•• Determine channel widths from sand thicknesses.Determine channel widths from sand thicknesses.

Channel CharacterizationChannel Characterization

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5 10 15 20 25 30

thickness, ft

SP lo

g fa

cies

#

Series1

0 ft 100

Laterally-offset fluvial channels, Dakota “J” Sandstone, Dinosaur Ridge, Morrison, CO


Channel CharacterizationChannel Characterization

•• Use Newcastle Sandstone Use Newcastle Sandstone isopachisopach map to determine map to determine channel probability map.channel probability map.•• 0=0% probability, 1=100% probability.0=0% probability, 1=100% probability.

•• Sinuosity based on correlation of Sinuosity based on correlation of thicksthicks;;•• Between 1.7 and 2.8.Between 1.7 and 2.8.

1

0

0 km 2

0 mi 1


•• Upscale logs into modeling grid:Upscale logs into modeling grid:•• Facies, porosity, permeability, Facies, porosity, permeability, RSRS ww , , RSRS oo ..

•• Data analysis:Data analysis:•• Define probability curves and spatial Define probability curves and spatial variogramsvariograms for parameters.for parameters.•• Correlate porosity with facies; permeability with facies and porCorrelate porosity with facies; permeability with facies and porosity.osity.

Data AnalysisData Analysis


Facies ModelingFacies Modeling

Representative facies model

•• ObjectObject--based based stochastic modeling:stochastic modeling:•• RuleRule--based modeling of based modeling of

individual channels, individual channels, crevasse splay, and levees.crevasse splay, and levees.

•• Based on channel aspect Based on channel aspect ratio, sinuosity, channel ratio, sinuosity, channel probability mapping.probability mapping.

0 km 2

0 mi 1


PetrophysicsPetrophysics: : PoroPoro--PermPerm

•• CoreCore--based porosity and permeability.based porosity and permeability.•• High scatter around an exponential correlation of KH with phi.High scatter around an exponential correlation of KH with phi.•• Good sands show KV is ~0.75 of KH. Overall, probably ~0.01 of KGood sands show KV is ~0.75 of KH. Overall, probably ~0.01 of KH.H.


PetrophysicsPetrophysics: : PoroPoro--PermPerm

•• CoreCore--based porosity and permeability.based porosity and permeability.•• Fair correlation of Fair correlation of poroporo--perm with SP facies.perm with SP facies.•• Overall Overall poroporo--perm trend is consistent in E and W units.perm trend is consistent in E and W units.


•• Sequential Gaussian simulation:Sequential Gaussian simulation:•• RuleRule--based distribution of porosity and permeability, correlated by based distribution of porosity and permeability, correlated by

facies.facies.•• Uses rules (distribution, Uses rules (distribution, variogramsvariograms) derived in data analysis process.) derived in data analysis process.•• Permeability coPermeability co--kriggedkrigged with porosity.with porosity.

PetrophysicalPetrophysical ModelingModeling


PetrophysicalPetrophysical ModelingModeling

Representative porosity model

Representative permeability model

0 km 2

0 mi 1

0 km 2

0 mi 1


Volumetric OOIPVolumetric OOIP

Representative RSw model

•• Use porosity models to determine volumetric OOIP.Use porosity models to determine volumetric OOIP.•• Use dynamic porosity based on facies model, with average reservoUse dynamic porosity based on facies model, with average reservoir ir

netnet--toto--gross of 75%.gross of 75%.•• Multiple model realizations should provide an accurate estimate.Multiple model realizations should provide an accurate estimate.•• Calculate residual oil saturation from Calculate residual oil saturation from RSRS ww measured from core data.measured from core data.•• Formation volume factor=~1.3Formation volume factor=~1.3

0 km 2

0 mi 1


Volumetric OOIPVolumetric OOIP

Representative OOIP model

VolumetricsVolumetrics, 633 runs:, 633 runs:

•• Pore volume=98.5 MMBOPore volume=98.5 MMBO•• HC Pore volume=82.3 MMBOHC Pore volume=82.3 MMBO•• OOIP=63.3 MMBOOOIP=63.3 MMBO

0 km 2

0 mi 1


MMP DeterminationMMP Determination

Calculation of MMP Calculation of MMP for COfor CO22 using oil using oil sample from West sample from West Unit.Unit.

•• 1.2 PV CO1.2 PV CO 22 injected in injected in slim tube experiments.slim tube experiments.

•• MMP=1318 psi.MMP=1318 psi.•• Injection at these lower Injection at these lower

pressures significantly pressures significantly reduces the risk of reduces the risk of opening fractures opening fractures through through overpressuringoverpressuring..

H. Adidharma, pers. comm., 2008


•• Significant challenges:Significant challenges:•• Large field with many wells.Large field with many wells.•• Significant reservoir heterogeneity Significant reservoir heterogeneity –– channel compartmentalization.channel compartmentalization.•• Significant structural heterogeneity Significant structural heterogeneity –– fractured vs. nonfractured vs. non--fractured fractured

sectors.sectors.

Dynamic Modeling for EORDynamic Modeling for EOR

MiallMiall, 1996, 1996

•• Significant challenges:Significant challenges:•• Large field with many wells.Large field with many wells.•• Significant reservoir heterogeneity Significant reservoir heterogeneity –– channel compartmentalization.channel compartmentalization.•• Significant structural heterogeneity Significant structural heterogeneity –– fractured vs. nonfractured vs. non--fractured fractured

sectors.sectors.

•• Carry out sector modeling for each unit (west, east).Carry out sector modeling for each unit (west, east).•• Approximates to reservoir structural Approximates to reservoir structural zonationzonation..

0 km 2

0 mi 1


ZoneZone--Based Dynamic ModelingBased Dynamic Modeling

PseudoPseudo--excess matrix production map for Steamboat Field, Bighorn Basin,excess matrix production map for Steamboat Field, Bighorn Basin, WY WY (Marathon). Note the two sectors of porosity control (Marathon). Note the two sectors of porosity control –– matrix and fractured. matrix and fractured.

Kulkarni et al., 2008.


•• The Fiddler Creek study is, by necessity, different to The Fiddler Creek study is, by necessity, different to the Grieve study.the Grieve study.•• Fiddler Creek has more wells by a factor of 8.Fiddler Creek has more wells by a factor of 8.•• Fiddler Creek did not have core available.Fiddler Creek did not have core available.•• The field is has too many wells for a historyThe field is has too many wells for a history--matched field simulation.matched field simulation.

•• ZoneZone--based modeling is a way to estimate recoverable based modeling is a way to estimate recoverable hydrocarbons using different EOR techniques for hydrocarbons using different EOR techniques for different structural sectors:different structural sectors:•• Used by Marathon in Steamboat Field (Used by Marathon in Steamboat Field (KulkarniKulkarni et al., 2008).et al., 2008).

•• The study has been a success, even with limited data.The study has been a success, even with limited data.

Comparison to Grieve StudyComparison to Grieve Study


•• Fiddler Creek Field represents a thin (~15Fiddler Creek Field represents a thin (~15--2020’’) fluvial system ) fluvial system that is the landward projection of the that is the landward projection of the SpringenSpringen Ranch Ranch MbrMbr., ., Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone.Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone.

•• Based upon SP log character, the field is characterized by a Based upon SP log character, the field is characterized by a meandering channel belt that can be divided into lower and meandering channel belt that can be divided into lower and upper sequences.upper sequences.

•• Structurally, the field can be divided into three main zones Structurally, the field can be divided into three main zones –– lineament, quiescent, and fracture.lineament, quiescent, and fracture.

•• Stochastic modeling of the reservoir carried out for calculationStochastic modeling of the reservoir carried out for calculation of of volumes:volumes:•• Volumetric OOIP=63.3 MMBO Volumetric OOIP=63.3 MMBO –– in agreement with prior estimates.in agreement with prior estimates.

•• MMP calculation indicates COMMP calculation indicates CO 22 can be injected at low pressure.can be injected at low pressure.•• Reduces risk of opening fractures using higher pressures.Reduces risk of opening fractures using higher pressures.

•• Currently finalizing injection modeling for recovery estimates.Currently finalizing injection modeling for recovery estimates.•• Initial results promising.Initial results promising.

ConclusionsConclusions


•• Baker, D. R., 1962, The Newcastle Formation in Weston County, WyBaker, D. R., 1962, The Newcastle Formation in Weston County, Wyoming: A oming: A nonmarinenonmarine (alluvial) plain deposit. (alluvial) plain deposit. In:In: EnyertEnyert, R. L. and Curry, W. H. , R. L. and Curry, W. H. III (III (edseds), ), Symposium on Early Cretaceous Rocks of Wyoming and Adjacent AreaSymposium on Early Cretaceous Rocks of Wyoming and Adjacent Areass, 17, 17thth Annual Field Conference Guidebook, Wyoming Geological Annual Field Conference Guidebook, Wyoming Geological Association, Casper, 148Association, Casper, 148--162.162.

•• Boyd, R., Boyd, R., DalrympleDalrymple, R. W. and , R. W. and ZaitlinZaitlin, B., 2006, Estuarine and incised, B., 2006, Estuarine and incised--valley facies models. valley facies models. In:In: PosamentierPosamentier, H. W. and Walker, R. G. (, H. W. and Walker, R. G. (edseds), ), Facies Facies Models RevisitedModels Revisited, SEPM Special Publication 84, SEPM, Tulsa, 171, SEPM Special Publication 84, SEPM, Tulsa, 171--235.235.

•• Bridge, J. S., 2006, Fluvial facies models: Recent Developments.Bridge, J. S., 2006, Fluvial facies models: Recent Developments. In:In: PosamentierPosamentier, H. W. and Walker, R. G. (, H. W. and Walker, R. G. (edseds), ), Facies Models RevisitedFacies Models Revisited, SEPM , SEPM Special Publication 84, SEPM, Tulsa, 85Special Publication 84, SEPM, Tulsa, 85--170.170.

•• Bridge, J. S. and Mackey, S. D., 1993, A theoretical study of flBridge, J. S. and Mackey, S. D., 1993, A theoretical study of fluvial sandstone body dimensions. uvial sandstone body dimensions. In:In: Flint, S. S. and Bryant, I. D. (Flint, S. S. and Bryant, I. D. (edseds), ), The The Geological Geological ModellingModelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analoguesof Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues, IAS Special Publication 15, Blackwell Scientific Publications,, IAS Special Publication 15, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 213Oxford, 213-- 236.236.

•• Galloway, W. E., 1977, Galloway, W. E., 1977, Catahoula Formation of the Texas Coastal Plain Catahoula Formation of the Texas Coastal Plain –– Depositional Systems, Mineralogy, Structural Development, GrounDepositional Systems, Mineralogy, Structural Development, Groundd--Water Water Flow History, and Uranium Distribution. Flow History, and Uranium Distribution. Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations, 8787, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, , The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 59 pp.59 pp.

•• Galloway, W. E., 1981, Galloway, W. E., 1981, Fluvial and Deltaic Depositional Systems and Hydrocarbon ExploraFluvial and Deltaic Depositional Systems and Hydrocarbon Exploration.tion. Tulsa Geological Society, Continuing Education Series, Tulsa Geological Society, Continuing Education Series, 56 p.56 p.

•• Gay, P., 2002, Mapping geologic structure of basement and role oGay, P., 2002, Mapping geologic structure of basement and role of basement in hydrocarbon entrapment. AAPG Search and Discoveryf basement in hydrocarbon entrapment. AAPG Search and Discovery Article 40052, Article 40052, AAPG, Tulsa.AAPG, Tulsa.

•• Hamilton, D. S., 1995, Approaches to identifying reservoir heterHamilton, D. S., 1995, Approaches to identifying reservoir heterogeneity in barrier/ogeneity in barrier/strandplainstrandplain reservoirs and the opportunities for increased oil reservoirs and the opportunities for increased oil recovery: an example from the prolific oilrecovery: an example from the prolific oil--producing Jacksonproducing Jackson--YeguaYegua trend, south Texas. trend, south Texas. Marine and Petroleum Geology, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1212, 273, 273--290.290.

•• Martinsen, R. S., 1994, Stratigraphic compartmentalization of reMartinsen, R. S., 1994, Stratigraphic compartmentalization of reservoir sandstones: Examples from the Muddy Sandstone, Powder Riservoir sandstones: Examples from the Muddy Sandstone, Powder River Basin, ver Basin, Wyoming. Wyoming. In: In: OrtolevaOrtoleva, P. J. (ed.), , P. J. (ed.), Basin Compartments and SealsBasin Compartments and Seals, AAPG Methodology and Concepts, , AAPG Methodology and Concepts, M61M61, AAPG, Tulsa, 273, AAPG, Tulsa, 273--296.296.

•• Martinsen, R. S., 2003, Depositional remnants, part 2: Examples Martinsen, R. S., 2003, Depositional remnants, part 2: Examples from the Western Interior Cretaceous basin of North America. from the Western Interior Cretaceous basin of North America. AAPG BulletinAAPG Bulletin, , 8787, , 18831883--1909.1909.

•• MiallMiall, A. D., 1996, , A. D., 1996, The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Sedimentary Facies, Basin AnalThe Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis, and Petroleum Geology.ysis, and Petroleum Geology. SpringerSpringer--VerlagVerlag, Berlin, 582 p., Berlin, 582 p.•• Slack, P. B., 1981, Slack, P. B., 1981, PaleotectonicsPaleotectonics and hydrocarbon accumulation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. and hydrocarbon accumulation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. AAPG BulletinAAPG Bulletin, , 6565, 730, 730--743.743.•• Weimer, R. J., Weimer, R. J., EmmeEmme, J. J., Farmer, C. L., Anna, L. O., Davis, T. L. and Kidney, R., J. J., Farmer, C. L., Anna, L. O., Davis, T. L. and Kidney, R. L., 1982, Tectonic influence on sedimentation, Early CretaceousL., 1982, Tectonic influence on sedimentation, Early Cretaceous, ,

east flank Powder River Basin, Wyoming and South Dakota. east flank Powder River Basin, Wyoming and South Dakota. Colorado School of Mines QuarterlyColorado School of Mines Quarterly, , 7777, 59 pp., 59 pp.•• Wilson, B. W., and Wilson, B. W., and NanzNanz, R. H., 1959, , R. H., 1959, Sand Conditions as Indicated by the SelfSand Conditions as Indicated by the Self--Potential Log.Potential Log. Shell EPR Memorandum, Shell EPR Memorandum, 5151, Shell Development Co., , Shell Development Co.,

Houston, 56 pp.Houston, 56 pp.

ReferencesReferences

Geological characterization of the Muddy/Newcastle ......

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