Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.1.1: How is our atmosphere changing? (The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect)

KPI Name: To be able to explain how the earth’s climate is naturally regulated (greenhouse effect) and how global temperatures have varied historically and to be able to describe the causes of the recent increase in temperatures through the enhance greenhouse effect known as global warming.

Key words and terms: The greenhouse effect: The natural process by which the earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation, warming the earth enough to support life. The enhanced greenhouse effect: The process by which the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere is causing the earth’s temperature to increase. Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the earth. Solar radiation: The energy from the sun. Carbon dioxide (CO2): A greenhouse gas which is released by burning fossil fuels, such as coal, cutting down and burning trees and making certain products, such as cement. Methane (CH4): A greenhouse gas which is released by livestock, such as cows and sheep, landfills, producing natural gas and mining coal. Nitrous oxide (N2O): A greenhouse gas which is released by certain types of farming and by burning fossil fuels. Water vapour: Water in its gaseous state. It forms a part of the atmosphere. Climate change: The long term shift in the earth’s average temperature.

The Greenhouse Effect: - The greenhouse effect is a naturally

occurring effect. - Energy from the sun bounces off the

earth’s surface as some of this energy is absorbed by the gases forming the atmosphere. Roughly 30% of this absorbed energy is then radiated back towards the earth.

- This effect causes the earth’s average temperature to be around 15°C.

- Without the natural greenhouse effect, the earth’s average temperature would be around -18°C. This would be far too cold to sustain many forms of life.

The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change: - Data demonstrates that the earth’s average temperature has been increasing rapidly over the last 100 years (see

graph). - The average global temperature has risen by 0.9°C and the UK’s temperature has risen by 1°C. - Scientists have theorised that this is because of the drastic increase in the amount of greenhouse gases humans

are releasing into the atmosphere. They have called this the enhanced greenhouse effect. - These greenhouse gases are mainly carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gases. The release of

these gases has been accelerated by the burning of fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, deforestation and farming.

- There are some who disagree with the concept of the enhanced greenhouse effect. - These opponents argue that this increase in temperature is because human settlements are now much closer to where the measurements about temperature is taken. - As a result, they argue that temperatures only appear to be rising because settlements are warmer as surfaces concrete absorb more heat energy. - However, the majority of the scientific community disagree with this view.

Economic Environmental Social

Alpine ski resorts may be forced to close.

Hurricanes would probably become more

frequent.

Diseases such as malaria would spread.

While some crops will become more

productive in cooler countries, other areas will experience food

shortages.

Some low lying countries, like the

Maldives, could disappear because of

rising sea levels.

People who lose their homes to floods would

be forced to migrate elsewhere.

Because of melting sea ice and rising sea levels, certain ocean passages could become open for commercial shipping.

Between 20 and 50% of species in Africa could

become extinct.

Droughts would increase, causing severe

water shortages.

Deserts would expand (desertification).

Thousands of people would be left without clean water, causing

diseases such as cholera. Governments will be forced to purchase and maintain flood defences on coasts and in coastal

cities.

Delicate ecosystems would fall out of sync

and collapse as animals migrate or lose their

habitats.

A lack of clean water may lead to war or

conflicts.

Effects of global warming:

- The world’s average temperature has increased by 0.9°C over the last 100 years.

- While this does not sound like much, this is already having a significant affect on the world.

- Ice is melting worldwide, including the poles, glaciers and arctic sea ice.

- This has caused sea levels across the globe to rise.

- This table shows how these changes are affecting humans and the environment now and in the future.

- Although most people agree that we should stop global warming, not all effects of global warming are negative.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.1.2: How is our atmosphere changing? (The effects)

KPI Name: To be able to describe the social, environmental, economic and political effects of global warming both nationally and globally.

Key words and terms: Global warming: The gradual increase in the earth’s temperature as a result of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Social effect: Something which affects communities or the way people live their lives. Economic effect: Something which affects money or a country’s ability to make money. Environmental effect: Something which affects the plants, animals and ecosystems in an area. Desertification: The process where fertile land becomes desert. Migration: The movement of people or animals from one area to another. Drought: A long period without rainfall. Glacier. A slowly moving river of ice formed by compacted snow. Permafrost: A thick layer of soil that remains constantly frozen throughout the year.

Case Study: Global Warming in the Alps: - The Alps are a major mountain range in Europe. They have been severely

affected by global warming and climate change. - Glaciers in the Alps are getting smaller, increasing the risk of floods and

avalanches. - Alpine plants are being forced to grow further uphill where there is less space,

they are being exposed to diseases which can now survive in the water climate and new species of plants are invading the evergreen forests.

- Higher temperatures are causing layers of permafrost to melt. This is causing slopes to become unstable, increasing the risk of rock falls and landslides.

What the measure is: How it works:

Carbon credits 1 carbon credit is equal to 1 tonne of carbon dioxide. Companies pay for a certain number of carbon credits to allow them to release carbon dioxide. This is designed to encourage companies to reduce their costs as much as possible.

Tax changes The government charges “gas guzzlers” higher road tax in an effort to encourage people to use more environmentally friendly forms of transport.

London’s congestion charge

London charges drivers £11.50 per day to drive into the city . Vans and lorries pay more. All of the profits made by this charge are used to improve public transport in and around London.

Insulation grants Until recently, the government offered people grants (free lump sums of money) to improve their homes insulation, so they used less energy to heat it, or to install green energy sources, such as solar panels.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.1.3: How is our atmosphere changing? (Responses)

KPI Name: To be able to understand the ways in which the global community is responding to global warming.

Key words and terms: Local: Actions that can be taken within our homes and communities. National: Actions which are taken across an entire country, usually by a government. International: Actions which are taken by more than one country working together.

Local and national responses to global warming: In 2006, the British government published a review in to global warming called the Stern Review. It focused on the effects of global warming and how the government should deal with these effects. As a result of this review, the government decided to: - Set targets to reduce carbon emissions by 30% by 2020 and then by 60% in 2050. - Create 100,000 new jobs by investing in green technology, such as solar farms and wind turbines. - Create a $20 billion fund with the World Bank to help poorer countries adapt to global warming. In order to meet these targets, the government and local councils have put a number of schemes and laws into effect. The table below is not an exhaustive list, but gives examples of some of these measures.

International Agreements: There have been a number of agreements between countries over the last 20 years which have aimed to limit climate change. There is debate as to their effectiveness.

The Kyoto Protocol (2005)

Over 170 countries agreed to reduce their carbon emissions by an average of 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012. The

USA and Australia refused to sign.

The Copenhagen Accord (2009)

World leaders agreed to reduce carbon emissions and to support poorer

countries to help them to do so. This was not a legally binding agreement.

The Paris Agreement (2015)

195 countries signed a legally binding agreement to lower carbon emissions to

a level that oceans and forests can absorb, keep climate change below a

2°C increase in temperature, and to give $100 billion a year to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas

emissions.

The debate about LDCs and MDCs: LDCs often find it difficult to adapt to climate change and some NICs (newly industrialised countries) argue that they should not have to use more expensive, cleaner forms of energy as they are using fossil fuels to become more wealthy. Agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to provide funds for LDCs so they can afford to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.2.1: How can we achieve sustainable living? (Urbanisation)

KPI Name: I know what urbanisation is and I know the global pattern of urbanisation.

Key words and terms: Urban: Town and cities. Rural: Countryside (areas outside towns and cities). Urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. Counter-urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population moves away from towns and cities. Migration: When people move from one area to another. Rural to urban migration: When people move from the countryside to towns or cities. HIC: High income country. LIC: Low income country. NEE: Newly emerging economies. Megacities: Cities with a population over 10 million.

Urbanisation: - Urbanisation is the proportion of the world’s population who live in cities. - Urbanisation is growing because of the dramatic increase in the world’s population and rural

to urban migration. - Urbanisation occurs at different times in different parts of the world. - The UK experienced a rapid period of urbanisation between 1750 and 1900. This was due to

the industrial revolution, where most people changed from working on farms in the countryside to working in factories in towns and cities.

Global patterns of urbanisation: - Globally, the proportion of people living in cities is increasing. In 2015 there were 28

megacities in the world (cities with a population over 10 million). The UN has predicted that there will be as many as 50 by 2050.

- Generally, in richer countries, more than 60% of the population live in urban areas. This percentage appears to be lower in poorer countries.

- However, urbanisation is occurring at different rates in different areas of the world. - In 1950, the majority of the

world‘s population lived in cities in Europe.

- However, by 2007, this pattern dramatically shifted. Most of the world’s urban population now lives in Asia.

- Research suggests that cities in poorer parts of the world are growing more quickly and growth of cities in richer parts of the world Is slowing down. Some cities are even experience counter-urbanisation.

Problem Solution(s)

Squatter settlements

- Vision Mumbai is a project where squatter settlements are demolished and the land is sold to property developers. The developers have to use some of the land to build higher quality, low cost homes. (However, due to the economic slowdown this project has not been very successful.)

- Residents are encouraged to improve their homes and in some cases squatter settlements are made legal and services, such as sanitation, are improved.

Water pollution and flood risk

- The Mithi River was dredged and widened to allow the water in the river to flow easily to the sea. - More public toilets have been built to stop raw waste being dumped in the river. - The amount of waste that factories produce and dump in the river is being monitored.

Air pollution - Mumbai built a new metro system. - The city has banned the use of diesel, a form of petrol, in all of its taxis. - The main roads in an out of the city have been upgraded to avoid traffic and pollution.

Problem Solution(s)

There was not enough good quality housing.

- Birmingham used government funding to regenerate and rebrand areas in the inner city. - Some unpopular or run down housing was demolished and replaced with affordable housing. Other,

older houses were refurbished.

There was too much traffic and pollution.

- A park and ride scheme, where you park outside the centre and take a bus in. - Bus lanes, to make buses quicker so people are more likely to use them. - A tramline, to allow people to quickly and easily travel into the CBD.

The CBD was run down and had a lot of unused buildings.

- A major shopping centre was redeveloped and redesigned. - The main shopping areas in the CBD were pedestrianised. - Run down areas, such as an area of old warehouses, were repurposed as up-market shopping areas.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.2.2: How can we achieve sustainable living? (Problems faced by cities)

KPI Name: I know problems which cities face in MDCs and LDCs.

Key words and terms: Urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. Regenerate: To bring new business to an area by improving its quality. Rebrand: To change the image of an area in order to encourage people and businesses to move there. CBD: The central business district of a city. Pedestrianised: To close an area to cars or traffic so it is only open to pedestrians. Squatter settlements: Illegal settlements that are built out of materials people can find using land that doesn’t belong to them. They usually occur because of overcrowding. Sanitation: Public health facilities, such as providing clean drinking water and sewage disposal. Dredging: Making a river deeper by removing soil or sediment.

Problems which usually occur in MDCs: Rapid urbanisation can cause problems for cities in MDCs. Birmingham is a good example of problems which have occurred in Birmingham and how the city has attempted to solve them.

Problems which usually occur in LDCs: Mumbai in India is a good example of a city experiencing rapid urbanisation in a poorer country. The problems cities in poorer countries face are usually different, as are the way these countries attempt to solve them.

Features of a sustainable city:

Public transport is seen as a good alternative to travelling by car.

Walking and cycling is safe and easy.

Renewable resources are used whenever possible.

Waste is recycled whenever possible.

Open spaces, such as parks, are safe, high quality and enjoyable.

There is access to affordable housing.

Communities work together, deciding how areas are run.

People have good access to cultural amenities, such as museums.

New housing is energy efficient.

The local government invests in the CBD.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.2.3: How can we achieve sustainable living? (Sustainable cities)

KPI Name: I know what sustainability it and I can evaluate how sustainable different settlements are.

Key words and terms: Sustainablity: Doing something in a way which minimises damage so that future generations can enjoy things such as the environment or history. Population density: The number of people living in a certain area. CBD: Central Business District Zoning: Laws which state what can be built on different areas of land. E.g. houses (residential) or factoris (industrial).

Sustainable cities: - Sustainable cities offer a good quality of life to its inhabitants without reducing opportunities or quality life

for future residents. - Sustainability can encompass social, environmental and economic sustainability.

Sustainable city case study: Malmo, Sweden - Malmo has won a number of awards for its sustainable projects and is

known as one of the most sustainable cities in the world. - Malmo has over 500km of cycle tracks. 1 in every 4 journeys in Malmo

is by bike. - People in the city collect their organic waste, such as apple cores and

grass cuttings. This is collected and used to make biogas to power the city’s buses.

- By 2030, Malmo wants to be powered entirely by renewable energy sources. At the moment, wind turbines around the city power 60,000 homes.

- Social and culture amenities, such as skate and football pitches, have been built all around Malmo. All new houses in Malmo are low energy.

Unsustainable city case study: Phoenix, USA - Phoenix in the USA has the reputation for being the world’s most

unsustainable city. - It is in the Arizona desert. As a result, it uses a huge amount of water

from the surrounding area and it uses a huge amount of energy to manage air conditioners and other devices.

- Phoenix also has a high population very low population density. Public transport is poor which means that, in order to live in Phoenix, it is difficult to survive without a car.

- The city also allows mining and asphalt production, which results in habitats being destroyed and, air pollution, and, in many cases, the dumping of dangerous chemicals.

- Phoenix has very few rules about growth and zoning, meaning a lot of growth is uncontrolled.

Advantages Disadvantages

- Living in a close community where people have often known each other’s’ families for generations.

- People recycle everything they can. - People have the benefits of living in a city

without having to pay high rent.

- Overcrowding and a lack of space. - Disease and poor sanitation (running water

and sewers). - Poor infrastructure (roads and public services

like electricity). - Many houses are poorly built. - Risk of demolition.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.2.4: How can we achieve sustainable living? (Squatter Settlements)

Key words and terms: Squatter settlements: Illegal settlements that are built out of materials people can find using land that doesn’t belong to them. They usually occur because of overcrowding. Sanitation: Public health facilities, such as providing clean drinking water and sewage disposal. Urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. Informal sector: Jobs which are not stable or regular. Drainage: Sewage and drain pipes to allow waste and waste water to flow away from settlements. Infrastructure: The basic physical facilities in an area, such as electricity, running water, roads and buildings such as hospitals. Economic downturn: When the economic growth of an area slows down, which usually causes a decrease in the quality of life for the people in the area.

Advantages and disadvantages of squatter settlements: - Squatter settlements are areas in cities which are built by people using materials they can find and on

land which doesn’t belong to them. They are illegal settlements. - These settlements are also known as favelas, shanty towns or slums. - Squatter settlements are caused by rapid urbanisation in LDCs. - Examples of squatter settlements include Dharavi in Mumbai, India, Rochinha in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

and Soweto in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Case Study: Dharavi in Mumbai - Dharavi is one of the biggest squatter settlements in Asia. It is in Mumbai, in India. - Over 1 million people live in this squatter settlement. - Rents in Mumbai are some of the highest in the world. Dharavi offers a cheap alternative and is located

near two railway lines, making it easy for people to commute to work. - Sanitation is Dharavi is very poor. There is no official means of rubbish collection or drainage. A lot of

people do not have access to clean water and disease is often a problem. - However, it’s not all bad: most people in

Dharavi are employed and people often use this money to improve their homes, building them out of brick or concrete.

- Vision Mumbai is a project which is designed to improve living conditions in Dharavi: property developers are sold the land but must use some of it to build affordable housing. (The economic downturn has affected the effectiveness of this scheme.)

KPI Name: I know problems which cities face in MDCs and LDCs.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.3.1: Will Africa always be poor?

Africa is one of the 7 continents of the world, it is the second largest and second most populous continent. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar. The continent of Africa, contains 54 countries. Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonised most of Africa, and were made independent in the 20th century. Before colonial rule Africa comprised up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs.

• Africa's highest point is Mt Kilimanjaro in Tanzania • Africa's lowest point is Lake Assal in Djibouti • The Second Congo War claimed over 5.4 million lives and is the deadliest worldwide conflict since World War II. • Africa’s largest waterfall is called Victoria Falls, it is also referred to locally as the “Smoke that Thunders”. It is in southern Africa on the on the Zambezi River at the

border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. • Africa’s largest island is Madagascar, which is home to the lemur. Its people are incredibly diverse, its population is estimated at just over 22 million, 90% of whom

live on less than $2 per day. • Nigeria is fourth largest oil exporter in the world, and Africa’s biggest oil producer Physical Geography The Nile is a north-flowing river considered the longest river in the world at 6,650 km long. It is shared by and benefits eleven countries. The Sahara Desert, is the world's hottest desert, the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic, and almost as large as China. Covering almost one-third of the continent, the Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. The south of the Sahara is referred to as the Sahel region. The northern half of the continent is primarily desert, or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and dense jungle (rainforest) regions. Africa is the hottest continent on earth and 60% of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts. The continents has the world's largest combination of density wild animal populations such as lions, cheetahs, buffalo, elephants, camels, and giraffes. Away from the savannah plains in the central rainforests include lowland and mountain gorillas, and many other types of primates However, many of these animals are under threat from poaching. Such as the pangolin which is the worlds most trafficked animal. Human Geography Although, Africa has abundant natural resources (Gold, Diamonds, and uranium), Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent. Water scarcity impacts the lives of over 300 million Africans, of whom approximately 75% of Africans rely on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. Global warming is aggravating the situation.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.3.1: Will Africa always be poor?

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.3.2: Measuring development (Africa and Development)

KPI Name: I know what development is and I know different ways to measure development.

Key words and terms: Development: The continued improvement in the quality of life of a country. Economic: Anything to do with money or which affects the ability of people or a country to make money. Social: Anything which affects people and families. Infant Mortality: The death of children under the age of one year. Life expectancy: The average age which a person is expected to life to. GDP: The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year. Per capita: Per person. GNH: Gross National Happiness. How development is measure in Bhutan.

Development: - Development in geography is defined as the continued improvement in quality of life. - Countries can be classified as either more developed countries (MDCs) or less developed countries

(LDCs). - Quality of life is often defined as “health, wealth and education”. However, measuring development is

complicated. Measuring Development: - There is no single way to measure development. - There are a number of different social and economic development indicators which can be used. Some

examples include: - GDP (gross domestic product), the total value of goods and services produced by a country per year.

(This can be divided per number of people in the country to make the GDP per capita.) - Birth rate per 1000 people - Infant mortality (infant deaths) per 1000 live births - % adult literacy (over 15s who can read and write) - Life expectancy - Years in education

- These indicators are often used together and can be used to show patterns. - The UN has developed the HDI, the human development index, which measures development according

to four factors and then ranks the countries from 1 to 188. These factors are life expectancy, literacy rate, average number of years in school and GDP per capita (adjusted according to how much a dollar would buy in different countries).

- In 2015 Norway in Europe was considered the highest on the index and Niger in Africa was the lowest. The UK was 14th.

An alternative to HDI: - Bhutan, a country in Asia near China and Nepal, has an alternative method of measuring development. - They measure the “Gross National Happiness” (GNH) of their citizens. - This measure focuses on the spiritual, physical, social and environmental health of its citizens.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.3.3: Factors affecting development (Africa and Development)

KPI Name: I know what development is and I know different ways to measure development.

Key words and terms: Economic: Anything to do with money or which affects the ability of people or a country to make money. Social: Anything which affects people and families. Environmental: Anything relating to the physical geography of a country. Political: Anything to do with who controls the country or how it is run. Corrupt: When people or a government act dishonestly. Colony: A country which is controlled by another country. Investment: Putting money into a business or organisation to help it develop. Landlocked: When a country is entirely surrounded by land.

Factors affecting development: - There are a number of different factors which can hinder a country’s development. - These factors can allow countries to develop more quickly or they can slow development. Some work

together and some are more influential than others. Economic factors: - The products countries sell (these may not earn

much money on the global market) - Businesses which are willing to invest in the

country. - International debt

Environmental factors: - The climate of a country - Natural disasters - Being landlocked (as this limits trade and access

to technology) - The abundance or lack of natural resources

Social factors: - Lack of investment in education - Poor access to safe water (causing illness) - Lack of investment in healthcare - High dependency ratio (the balance of the

number of working age people and those dependent on them).

Political factors: - Conflict or civil war - A poor or corrupt government which is unable

or unwilling to invest - Countries which used to be colonies for other

countries (this historically limited their development, causing their development to be delayed)

Case study: Chad - Chad is a LDC in central Africa. There are a number of factors which

limit its development. - Chad has very few doctors for its population. This severely limits

people’s access to healthcare. - Although the government in Chad is working to improvde education,

the quality of education across the country varies widely. - Chad’s infrastructure is extremely limited. This is particularly evident in

the lack of roads in Chad and the fact that very few people in Chad had access to electricity.

The demographic transition model: - The demographic transition model shows how a the population of most countries

has changed and will change over time. - It is broken down into five stages which are linked to a country’s development. - Not all countries definitely follow this model.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.4.1: Population and Migration (Changes in the population)

KPI Name: To be able to analyse population change, using a range of statistical data including population pyramid.

Key words and terms: Population density: The number of people living in an area. Population distribution: The spread of people across the world (where people live). Population growth rate: The number of people added to, or lost from, the population each year, looking at both natural increase and migration. This is given as a percentage. Migration: When people move from one area to another. Demographic: A particular part of a population (For example, “women”). Demographic Transition Model: An explanation for how a country’s population changes over time.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

Death rate High (Disease, famine, lack of clean water and poor medical care.)

Falling (Improved medicine and sanitation, more food and cleaner water.)

Low Slight increase (More of the population is elderly.)

Birth rate High (Lack of birth control, women marry young and many people rely on farming.)

Starting to fall (Fewer rely on farming, women marry later and birth control is available.)

Low (People are having the number of children they want.)

Low (People are having fewer children later in their lives.)

Examples Some tribes in rainforests.

Nigeria and Afghanistan

India and Brazil UK, the USA and France

Japan, Italy and Germany

The world’s population: - The world’s population is growing. In 2015 it was estimated at 7.3 billion people. This number is is expected to rise to 9.7

billion by 2050. - The population and population growth rate of different countries depend on a number of factors These include but are not

limited to: - Availability of birth control - The quality of healthcare (particularly for infants) - The proportion of women in education - The industries that people work in (When people rely on farming and have little technology, they often need large families

to provide extra workers.)

Population pyramids: - Population pyramids are graphs which show the age and gender of a population for one specific year.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.4.2: Population and Migration (Population pyramids)

KPI Name: To be able to analyse population change, using a range of statistical data including population pyramid.

Key words and terms: Birth rate: The number of babies born per year for every 1000 people. Death rate: The number of people who die per year, per 1000 people. Natural Increase: The number of people added to, or lost from, the population each year due to births and deaths per 1000 people. Population growth rate: The number of people added to, or lost from, the population each year, looking at both natural increase and migration. This is given as a percentage. Migration: When people move from one area to another. Population Pyramid: A graph which shows the age and gender of a population. Demographic: A particular part of a population (For example, “women”). Demographic Transition Model: An explanation for how a country’s population changes over time.

Afghanistan 2015

Percentage of the population in that group.

Age

Japan 2015

Percentage of the population in that group.

Age

This population graph shows that Afghanistan has a youthful population. People between 0 and 20

outnumber older demographics. This is due to a high birth rate and a low life expectancy.

This population graph shows that Japan has an aging population. People between 0 and 20 are outnumbered

by older demographics. This is due to a rise in life expectancy and a declining birth rate.

The shape of population pyramids change according to where they are in the demographic transition model. This diagram shows the basic shapes at each stage.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.4.3: Population and Migration (Young and aging populations)

Key words and terms: GDP per capita: The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year divided by the population of the country. Sustainability: Doing something in a way which minimises damage so that future generations can enjoy things such as the environment or history. Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under the age of one year per 1000 live births. Dependency ratio: The ratio of number of people below 14 and above 64 to the number of people between 15 and 64 (the working population). Pension: A regular payment made to people above a certain age by the government. Pro-natalist: The desire to encourage the birth of children and the natural increase of a population. Population balance: When the population of a country stays approximately the same.

Case study: Afghanistan (LDC) - Afghanistan has an extremely young population. In

2016, 55.9% of the population were under 20 years old! - This population is also growing rapidly, at a rate of

roughly 2.3% per year. - Afghanistan also has a low GDP per capita: $1900.

KPI Name: To be able to analyse population change, using a range of statistical data including population pyramid.

Global patterns of population growth: - In general, the world’s population is growing. - However, the populations of different countries are growing or declining at different rates. - Generally, there is a link between population growth and GDP: countries with a lower GDP usually experience

population growth and countries with a higher GDP usually experience population balance or decline. - A rapidly growing population or a declining population is not sustainable.

Case study: The United Kingdom (MDC) - The United Kingdom has an aging population. In 2016,

23.4% of the population were over 60 and 23.6% were over 20.

- This population is growing slowly, at a rate of roughly 0.5% per year.

- The United Kingdom has a high GDP per capita: $41,200

A young population can cause issues for a country: - A growing population means that a country can find it

difficult to feed everyone. This can mean that millions may go hungry.

- Countries cannot afford to provide healthcare for all of their population. This means that millions die from diseases and the infant mortality rate remains high.

- Countries cannot afford to provide education for all of their population. As a result, millions go without the education which would help their country to develop.

An aging population can also cause issues for a country: - An aging population means that there is a higher

dependency ratio as there are fewer people working more people claiming pensions and needing care.

- Instances of disease, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and dementia increase.

- Many older people have specific housing and care needs, such as houses without stairs. This puts pressure on this area of the housing market.

Controlling population growth: - A number of countries have introduced policies and schemes in an attempt to control population growth. - Until recently, China had a one child policy in an attempt to slow their population growth. - The UK’s “Buiding a Society for All Ages” policy was an attempt to reduce the cost of an aging population. - Sweden has a pro-natalist policy, which attempts to encourage people to have more children.

The effects of migration: Migration affects both the country losing people and the country gaining people.

Push and pull factors: - There are a variety of reasons why people choose to migrate from one place to another. - People can be:

- voluntary migrants (people who choose to move to an area) - forced migrants or refugees (people you have to move to avoid hardship, such as famine or war), - Temporary migrants (people who move somewhere during a particular time of year) - Permenant migrants (people who move and don’t return home).

- The reasons why people move are grouped into push and pull factors.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.4.4: Population and Migration (Migration)

Key words and terms: Migration: The movement of people from one place to another. Push factor: Something which pushes people away from where people currently live. Pull factor: Something which pulls people towards another location. Civil war: A war which is fought within one country. Displacement: When people lose their homes through force or other means.

KPI Name: To describe and explain the factors people consider when migrating, and discuss the impact of mass migration.

Push factors Pull Factors

- Risk of natural hazards - Poverty - Lack of safety - Droughts or famines - Lack of services - Unemployment - War or civil unrest - Isolation - Crop Failure

- Unemployment - Less risk of natural hazards - Greater wealth - Safety - Better services - Job opportunities - Security - Friends and family - Good food supplies

Case Study: Emigration from Syria - A civil war began in Syria in 2011. - As a result of destruction, it is estimated that 6.1 million people have become

displaced within Syria. Many people also lack medical care, food and clean water.

- In 2015 over 1 million migrants crossed into Europe. Many of these migrants were from Syria.

- Many of these migrants are willing to go extreme measures to migrate. Hundreds have died attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea to get to Europe.

- Some countries, such as Hungary, have attempted to block migrants from entering the country. Others, such as Austria, have placed caps on the number of migrants it will accept.

- Unfortunately, some countries which have accepted refugees from Syria have reported increased cultural tension.

Country gaining people Country losing people

+

- Cheap labour - Immigrants are often skilled - Immigrants are often willing to do

unskilled jobs

- Fewer people need using services and less pressure on housing market.

- Money sent home.

-

- Pressure on housing and services. - Language barriers - Jobs lost to incoming workers - Racial or ethnic tension.

- Loss of the young and able. - Loss of skilled workforce. - Few eldery emigrate so the

population becomes older. - Division of families.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.5.1: Superpowers in Asia (Asia)

Key words and terms: Export: Sending goods to other countries for sale. Diversity: A range of different things. Development: The continued improvement in the quality of life of a country. Quality of life: The “health, wealth and education” within a country or area. Climate: Weather over a long period of time. Mountain Range: An area which contains a large area of mountains, such as the Alps or the Himalayas. The Middle East: A region in Western Asia and northeast Africa.

Asia’s human geography: - There is a huge amount of economic diversity in Asia. - Asia contains countries who are significantly wealthly and developed, such as Japan, Kuwait and Qatar. - However, Asia also contains very poor or underdeveloped countries, such as Nepal and Laos. - China and India, the two most populated countries on the planet, are also in Asia. - China is the largest exporter in the world and this has help wealth within Asia to develop. - The Middle East also falls within Asia and countries such as Qatar have made a lot of wealth through oil exports.

However, this wealth is only held by a few, very rich people.

Asia’s physical geography: - Asia is the world’s largest

continent, covering 44.58 million square kilometres.

- While many of Asia’s borders are clear, there are some grey areas, such as Russia (which is usually split along the Ural Mountains).

- Asia has a huge variety of climates: it has experienced some of the world’s hottest temperatures in Iraq and Iran and it has experience some of the world’s coldest temperatures in parts of Russia.

- Asia also has a number of mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.

- The longest river in Asia is the Yangtze in China.

KPI Name: To able to explain why different countries are emerging as superpowers.

Indicator (2014) China United Kingdom

HDI ranking 90 14

GDP per capita PPP $12547 $39267

Life expectancy 75.8 80.7

Average years in education

7.5 13.1

Adult literacy 96.4% No data

Infant mortality 9.8 3.5

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.5.2: Superpowers in Asia (China)

Key words and terms: Desertification: The process where fertile land becomes desert. Urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. Sustainability: Doing something in a way which minimises damage. Population density: The number of people living in an area. Demographic transition model: An explanation for how a country’s population changes over time. China’s one child policy: The policy from the Chinese government stating Chinese parents would be penalised (punished) if they had more than one child.

China’s physical geography: - China is the world’s third largest country, after Russia and Canada. - China has roughly 18,000km of coastline, along the Pacific Ocean. - China has a number of famous mountain ranges, the most famous being the

Himalayas (which contains Mount Everest!). - The west of China also has a number of deserts, such as the Gobi Desert.

Unfortunately, China suffers from desertification. - The Yangtze River is one of China’s main rivers, and is the third longest in the world.

KPI Name: To able to explain why different countries are emerging as superpowers.

China’s development: - China is one of the fastest developing countries in the

world. - Since 1978, China’s GDP has grown by roughly 10%

every year. - China is also experiencing rapid urbanisation. - However, China is still considered a developing country. - China’s GDP per capita is still relatively low. - There is also evidence to suggest that China’s current

growth is not sustainable.

China’s population: - China has the world’s highest population. In 2016, their

population was 1,382,323,000. - China’s overall population density is 146 people per

square kilometre. - The south east of China, particularly around cities such

as Shanghai and Qingdao, is very densly populated. The west of China, in provinces such as Xinjiang, has a very low population density. - China is in stage 4 of the demographic transition model (see 9.4.2).

- This is largely because of China’s one child policy, which ran from 1979 to 2015.

- This policy has resulted in a rapidly aging population.

Indicator (2014) India United Kingdom

HDI ranking 130 14

GDP per capita PPP $5497 $39267

Life expectancy 68 80.7

Average years in education

5.4 13.1

Adult literacy 74% No data

Infant mortality 38 3.5

India’s development: - Between 1847 and 1947 India was part of the British

Empire. - In the six decades since its independence, India’s

agriculture has significantly developed, to the point rather than than being dependent on imports, it is exporting food.

- This economic development has led to massive urbanisation and a significant improvement in India’s healthcare and education.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.5.3: Superpowers in Asia (India)

Key words and terms: Urbanisation: When an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. Population density: The number of people living in an area. Demographic transition model: An explanation for how a country’s population changes over time. Sustainability: Doing something in a way which minimises damage. Colony: A country which is controlled by another country. Import: Bringing goods or services into a country for sale. Export: Sending goods to other countries for sale.

India’s physical geography: - India is the world’s seventh largest country, with 2,973,193 square kilometres of land. - India has roughly 7500km of coastline, run along the Indian Ocean. - The Himalayas run along the north of India and are part of five of India’s states. - India’s main desert is the Thar Desert, which is several of the north-western states, including

Rajasthan. - The Ganges is India’s main river runs from the Himilayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal

on the north-east coast.

KPI Name: To able to explain why different countries are emerging as superpowers.

India’s population: - India has the world’s second highest population. In

2016, their population was 1,326,801,000. - India’s overall population density is 441 people per

square kilometre. - India’s population is fairly evenly distributed, although

the southern tip and the north of India are more densely populated than the rest of the country.

- India is in (late) stage 3 of the demographic transition model (See 9.4.2).

- Stage of the demographic transition model signals a decrease in birth and death rates.

- This can be partially attributed to sustainability and education projects in states such as Kerla.

Natural resources: - Natural resources are anything in its natural state which is needed by humans. - The most common forms of natural resources are minerals (like gold or copper) and energy resources (like coal and

iron). There are also living resources, such as fish or agriculture, which are used for food and other needs. - Natural resources can also be grouped into renewable and non-renewable resources.

Infinite (renewable) resources: Solar energy Wind energy

Fossil fuels (non-renewable energy): Oil Natural gas Coal

Resources which need management: Forests Soil Fish Agriculture (farming)

Minerals (non-renewable): Iron ore Diamonds Gold Uranium

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.6.1: The future of our planet (Natural Resources)

Key words and terms: Minerals: A solid, non-living substance. Renewable: Something which can be renewed or replenished. Non-renewable: Something which has a limited supply and which cannot be renewed (within human timescales). Fossil fuels: Fuels which are mined or drilled and which are formed from the remains of living things. Distribution: Where things are in the world. Facilities: Equpiment or machinery. Import: The products which countries buy into their county. Export: The products which countries sell outside of their country.

The distribution of the world’s natural resource: - There are natural resources all over the world.

However, because different resources need different conditions to occur, not all natural resources are distributed evenly. For example, most of the world’s diamonds are mined in countries in southern Africa and most of the world’s uranium is mined in Canada.

- Low income countries (LDCs) may also lack demand for resources or they may not have the facilities needed to extract resources. As a result, they may natural resources, but may not be able to take advantage of them.

- As a result, countries often trade their resources to ensure they have the resources they need.

- This trade is often uneven, as LICs often export lower value resources (such as cotton or coffee) and they are forced to import higher value resources (such as machinery or medicines).

KPI Name: I understand how the world’s resources are managed.

- Some resources are neither renewable or non-renewable: they need management.

- This means that their levels can be replenished, but their levels may change over time depending on what a country needs.

- Population change and development have an effect on the resources countries need and use.

Case Study (Chad): - Chad is a LIC in central Africa. - Chad’s main exports are crude oil, raw cotton and

insect resin (a sticky substance which can be used to make plastics).

- Chad’s main imports are machinery, soap and medicines, and food.

- Chad has to import a large amount of food as a lot of the country is desert.

A map showing wheat

production around the

world.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.6.2: The future of our planet (Energy)

Key words and terms: Biomass: Fuel which is made from plants or animals products, such as rapeseed oil or cow dung. Uranium: A raduiactive metal which is mined and used to generate nuclear power. Solar power: The conversion of energy from sunlight into electrictity. Tidal power: The conversion of energy from the tides into electricity. Geothermal power: The conversion of energy from volcanoes into electricity. Infinite: Something with no end. Fossil fuel: Fuels which are mined or drilled and which are formed from the remains of living things. Turbine: A machine in which a moving wheel generates electricity.

KPI Name: I understand how the world’s resources are managed.

Renewable and non-renewable energy: - Every since the industrial revolution (between 1750-1900), the world’s population has rapidly grown. With this, the

world’s demand for energy has also grown. - This energy has been obtained through renewable energy sources, non-renewable energy sources and sources of

energy which require management. - Most of the world’s energy is still produced through non-renewable energy sources. However, many countries, such

as Norway and Germany, are also looking into producing most of their energy through renewable energy sources.

Type Advantages Disadvantages

No

n-r

enew

able

Coal (Fossil fuel)

Cheap to mine and use. There are plentiful stores to mine.

Burning coal releases greenhouse gases.

Oil (Fossil fuel)

Cheap to mine and use. There is a limited supply. Burning oil releases greenhouse gases.

Natural gas (Fossil fuel)

Cheap to mine and use. Slightly cleaner than oil or gas.

Burning natural gas releases greenhouse gases.

Nuclear power A small amount of uranium can produce a lot of energy. Uranium is cheap and lasts a long time. It doesn’t give off greenhouse gases.

Nuclear reactors are expensive. Nuclear waste is toxic and cannot be safely disposed of. Nuclear accidents can be extremely damaging.

Ren

ewab

le

Biomass Cheap to find and use. Burning biomass releases greenhouse gases.

Wood Cheap to find and use. Burning wood releases greenhouse gases.

Wind In theory this energy source is infinite. Turbines can be expensive. Some argue that turbines ruin the countryside.

Solar In theory this energy source is infinite. People can have solar panels on their houses.

Solar panels can be expensive to produce.

Tidal Tidal energy can generate a huge amount of energy for islands like Great Britain.

It can stop sewage flowing out to sea. Some argue that it destroys wildlife.

Geothermal Extremely successful in countries like Iceland and New Zealand.

Expensive to set up. Volcanic energy can be unreliable.

Geography Knowledge Organiser 9.6.3: The future of our planet (Oceans)

Key words and terms: Toxins: A poison made from plants or animals. Nitrogen: A chemical which is commonly used to fertilise crops on a large scale. Too much of it can damage ecosystems. Ecosystem: An environment in which a community of plants and animals interact with each other and the climate on rocks and soil. Ocean acidification: The reduction of the pH of the oceans over time (due to the absorption of carbon dixoide) which makes the ocean more acidic. Overfishing: When fish are fished to the point where their population is below acceptable levels. Climate change (global warming): An increase in the earth’s temperature due to increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (which leads to the enhanced greenhouse effect).

Threats faced by the oceans: There are a variety of threats facing the world’s oceans, most of which are man-made.

KPI Name: I understand how the world’s resources are managed.

How the world’s oceans are used: - Roughly 71% of the world’s surface is covered by water and most of this is ocean. - Oceans affect the world’s climate; they can affect temperature through currents, they can affect rainfall and they

can cause major weather events, such as hurricanes. - Oceans are also used by humans for a variety of reasons.

- These uses include: - Transport and the shipping of goods - Fishing - Drilling for oil - Power - Scientific research (medicines) - Tourism

- As the world’s population increases and countries become more developed, the use of the oceans will also increase.

Problem Description Effects

Marine pollution Factories release heavy metals and toxins into the ocean. Nitrogen and phosphate are also released from farm waste into the oceans.

Many delicate marine ecosystems will be affected as key species die out.

Growing demand for resources

Ocean mining is becoming more common as more oil and gas is needed. Sand, gravel and rock is also needed for construction.

Oil and gas could be released into the oceans, killing plants and animals. Deep sea ecosystems could be disturbed.

Overfishing As demand for fish rises, companies fish on an industrial scale. Many boats also fish illegally.

Species of fish could become extinct. This could affect other plants and animals within those ecosystems.

Climate change (Global warming)

As temperatures increase, sea levels rise (due to melting sea ice) and the oceans become more acidic.

Low lying areas (such as the Maldives) may be lost. Ecosystems could be damaged.