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Geography Italy is a peninsula that looks like a boot spot had mild climate, good farmland Rome is centrally located Built city on seven hills that could be defended Alps, Apennines mountains protected Rome, but didn't isolate it

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Mediterranean surrounds the peninsula lay next to Tiber River Roman ships could sail to other lands Fertile plains in the North (under the Alps) and in the West Population growth Early farmers had small plots of land for wheat, barley

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Early Myths According to legend, Romulus founded Rome in 753 B.C. Legend begins after Aeneas Trojan War herosettles in Italy his twins Romulus and Remuswanted to found city twins fought over citys position; Romulus killed Remus Romulus traced Romes boundaries around Palatine Hill (centermost of the seven)

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Roman Beginnings Latin ancestors migrated to Italy by 800 BC Shared peninsula with the Greeks and Etruscans Romans drive out hated Etruscan king in 509 BC Set up a republic- officials chosen by the people

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Government The Senate 300 members were patricians, members of the landholding upper class Senators served for life Consuls elected by senators, supervised government and commanded armies, served for one year 12 Tables Plebeians (farmers, merchants, traders) become angry, laws weren't posted 450 BC, Laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets in the marketplace Plebeians elect officials, Tribunes, could veto laws

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Expansion in Italy 270 BC Rome occupied all of Italy Masters of War Success due to diplomacy and well disciplined army Mixed armys rewards with harsh punishments Conquered Lands Treated defeated enemies with justice, made them acknowledge Roman leadership Built network of all weather military roads to link distant provinces to Rome

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Rivalry with Carthage Carthage, a city-state on the northeast of Africa Between 264 BC & 146 BC Rome fights against Carthage in Punic Wars First Punic War- Rome defeated Carthage, forcing it to surrender Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.

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Second Punic War- Hannibal embarks across the Alps Surprised Romans, expected invasion from the South Hannibal moves across Italy for 15 years wining battle after battle Rome eventually attacks Carthage, gains all of Carthage land except Africa Third Punic War Carthage kept peace, Rome still saw them as rival Rome attacks and completely destroyed the 700 year old city

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Rulers of the Mediterranean World Romans confront Hellenistic rulers, who divided empire of Alexander the Great Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia fall under Roman rule By 133 BC, Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt

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Effects of Expansion Generals, officials, and traders get rich from loot and taxes New class of wealthy Romans emerged People become poor and angry New reformers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt reform Call to distribute land to poor farmers

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Senate is angered at the brothers reforms, have them killed Rome plunged into a series of civil wars for 100 years Julius Caesar, after nine years of fighting, brings Gaul under Roman control Pompey, jealous of Caesar's power orders him to disband his army

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Crossing the Rubicon Caesar defies Pompey and leads army across Rubicon River, toward Rome Civil war erupts, Caesar crushes Pompey Veni, vidi, vici- I came, I saw, I conquered Caesar becomes absolute ruler of Rome Keeps Senate and other features of the Republic

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Caesars Reform Between 48BC and 44BC, Caesar pushed through reforms to deal with Romes problems Launched a program of public works giving jobs to the poor Gave public land to the poor Granted Roman citizenship to more people Organized Rome into provinces

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To enact these reforms he packed the Senate with his followers Most lasting reform was the introduction of a new calendar based on Egyptian knowledge Julian Calendar was used for over 1,600 years, with minor changes still the calendar we use today

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The Ideas of March Caesars enemies worried that he planned to make himself king of Rome To save the republic, they plotted against him According to legend, in 44BC a fortune teller warned Caesar to beware of the Ides of March (March 15) Caesars enemies stabbed him to death in the Senate building The death of Julius Caesar plunged Rome into a new round of civil wars

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Mark Antony, Caesars chief general and Octavian, Caesars grandnephew, joined forces to hunt down the murders The two men soon turned on each other and a bitter power struggle began In 31BC, Octavian finally defeated Antony and his powerful ally Queen Cleopatra of Egypt The Senate proclaimed Octavian Augustus, or Exalted One and declared him princeps, or first citizen Careful not to call himself a king, the Romans hated the title since the Estruscan times Augustus exercised absolute power and named his successor, just as a King would Ruled from 31BC to 14AD The 500 year old republic came to an end The Roman Empire had emerged

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Imperial Rome Augustus created a stable government Left the senate in place Created an efficient well trained civil service, which enforced the laws High level jobs were open to men of talent, regardless of class Cities pledged allegiance to Rome because they were allowed to self- govern, to an extent Made tax system fair by ordering a census, or population count Set up a postal service and issued new coins to make trade easier

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Put the jobless to work building roads and temples and sent others to farm the land The government functioned well for 200 years, but Romans didnt accept the idea of power automatically passing from father to son The death of an emperor often led to intrigue and violence

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Bad Emperors and Good Emperors Caligula Insane, appointed his favorite horse as consul Nero Viciously persecuted Christians and was even blamed for setting a great fire that destroyed much of Rome Between 96AD and 180, the Empire benefited from the rule of a series of good emperors Hadrian- Codified Roman law, making it the same for all provinces Marcus Aurelius, read philosophy and came to close to Platos idea of a philosophy king

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The Roman Peace The 200 year span that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius is known as the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, prosperity Empire steatched from Euphrates in the East the Britain in the West, similar to the continental U.S.

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Legions maintained roads and had fleets to chase pirates from the seas People traveled along Silk Road spreading ideas and exchanging goods Ideas from Greece and Palestine would have a large impact on the western world

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Family and Religion Family was the basic unit of Roman society Under Roman law, the head of the household, usually the father, had absolute power in the family Enforced strict discipline and demanded total respect for his authority Wife was not allowed to interject

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Role of Women Women gained more freedom during the late republic/early empire Played a larger role in society than Greek women Went to the public baths Dined out Ran businesses Most women worked at home and raised their family

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Education and Religion Education Girls and boys both learned to read and write, all classes of people The wealthy hired private tutors, often Greek slaves, learned Rhetoric Religion Roman Gods and Goddesses resembled those of the Greeks Roman calendar was full of feasts and other celebrations and festivals to honor the gods

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Bread and Circuses Circus Maximus, was Romes largest racecourse Fans bet on teams and Chariot drivers Gladiator contests, slaves that were trained to fight, battled one another in the arena Could often fight for their freedom or be booed to death Events were a way to control the citys restless mobs Government provided free grain to feed the poor

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The Rise of Christianity The Jews in Rome Palestine was conquered by Rome in 63 BC Romans allowed them to practice their religion In 70 CE, a revolt led the Romans to destroy their temple. (Now the Wailing Wall) Many Jews fought for independence They hoped for a messiah A second revolt in 135 led the Romans to kick the Jews out of Palestine Diaspora- The scattering of Jewish people from their homeland in Palestine

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Christianity Church Pope head of church Accept Jewish teaching (Ten Commandments, prophets) Forgiveness/ generosity Afterlife: Heaven- for good life Hell- for sinful life Bible (Old and New Testaments) and Gospels Jesus is son of God (messiah), Monotheistic

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Early Christianity spread by Jesus followers, apostles and evangelists such as Paul of Tarsus Quickly spread throughout Asia Minor, Greece and even Rome Early Roman Emperors persecuted Christians Edict of Milan in 313 legalized Christianity Becomes the official religion of Rome by 380

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The Long Decline, End of Pax Romana Problems in Rome 200s CE Unstable government- many emperors after 180, were assassinated High Taxes- taxes were needed for the military but forced poor farmers to quit their jobs and collect welfare instead. Weak Military- faced barbarians attacks and lacked discipline Bread and Circuses- Emperors gave people free food and entertainment to hide the problems of the empire

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Efforts to Reform Diocletian 284- 305 split the empire into East West and North South section to make it easier to rule strengthened image of emperor with robes and jewels to gain respect controlled prices and made people keep their jobs to stop people from collecting welfare Constantine 306- 337 reorganized the army and enhanced training legalized Christianity (Edict of Milan) made a new capital in the wealthy eastern empire at Constantinople Their efforts only helped delay the end of the empire.

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Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire PoliticalEconomic SocialMilitary

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Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire Political authoritarian government: no longer looked out for the people corruption made the government look bad many emperors were not qualified Economic SocialMilitary

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Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire Political authoritarian government: no longer looked out for the people corruption made the government look bad many emperors were not qualified Economic heavy taxes- to pay for welfare/ military expenses slaves labor- unemployment and lack of new inventions few rich and many poor SocialMilitary

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Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire Political authoritarian government: no longer looked out for the people corruption made the government look bad many emperors were not qualified Economic heavy taxes- to pay for welfare/ military expenses slaves labor- unemployment and lack of new inventions few rich and many poor Social lazy due to welfare and wealth Loss of values such as patriotism and discipline did not want to protect a corrupt govt not producing quality leaders Christianity- preached forgiveness Military

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Causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire Political authoritarian government: no longer looked out for the people corruption made the government look bad many emperors were not qualified Economic heavy taxes- to pay for welfare/ military expenses slaves labor- unemployment and lack of new inventions few rich and many poor Social lazy due to welfare and wealth Loss of values such as patriotism and discipline did not want to protect a corrupt govt not producing quality leaders Christianity- preached forgiveness Military used German mercenaries that were not loyal and undisciplined legions were not as well trained as before barbarian invasions In 476, the invasion of the Visigoths led by Odoacer brought an end to the Western Roman Empire. The Western Emperor, Romulus Augustulus was overthrown, but the Eastern Empire continued with its capital at Constantinople.

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Roman Accomplishments Architecture and Engineering Borrowed columns from Greeks Built domes and arches Invented aqueducts, is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water. - Built roads and bridges throughout harbor Art and Literature Copied Greek sculpture except used realism Virgil- poet wrote Aeneid about the founding of Rome Ovid- wrote Metamorphoses about Greek and Roman god Law Largest centralized government in ancient world US borrowed many Roman laws 1) all people are equal 2) innocent until proven guilty 3)decisions in court should be based on fairness Science Galen- doctor who dissected animals to learn about anatomy Ptolemy- astronomer that suggested that collected knowledge from other cultures to make encyclopedias