GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 2 - XtremePapers
Transcript of GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 2 - XtremePapers
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
GEOGRAPHY
HIGHER LEVEL
PAPER 2
Wednesday 17 November 2010 (morning)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CaNdIdaTES
do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
answer four questions:
two from Section a;
one from Section B;
one other from any Section (a, B or C).
Each question must be selected from a different theme.
2 hours 30 minutes
8810-5202 18 pages
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010
8 8 1 0 5 2 0 2
– 2 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
SECTION A
Answer at least two questions from this section and each question must be taken from a different theme.
(Do not answer both an essay and a structured question on the same theme.)
Case studies and examples should be used to illustrate answers and, where appropriate, they should be
specifically located. Include well drawn, large, relevant maps, sketches, tables and diagrams as often as applicable.
A1. Drainage basins and their management
Either
(a) Essay
Using examples, examine how erosion and deposition have created distinctive
fluvial landforms. [20 marks]
(This question continues on the following page)
– 3 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
(Question A1 continued)
Or
(b) Structured question
The diagram shows the possible impacts of dam construction on the environment.
Disadvantages of dam
construction
1 Silting of reservoir2 Increased evaporation
3 Earthquakes4 Decreased channel
capacity
5 Increased coastal
erosion
6 Increased erosion
0 2 4 6 8 10 km
dam
reservoir
A
B
C
12
3
4
6
5 sea
(i) Identify the place (A, B or C) where each of the following impacts occur and justify your choice:
(a) reduction of flood risk,
(b) hydro-electricity (HEP). [2+2 marks]
(ii) Explain two of the six disadvantages of dam construction shown on the diagram. [3+3 marks]
(iii) Referring to specific case studies, discuss how drainage basins can be managed to provide water for different types of users. [10 marks]
– 4 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
A2. Coasts and their management
Either
(a) Essay
Referring to one or more examples, examine the physical and human factors that determine the management strategies adopted in a coastal zone. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
The photograph shows a section of coastline in southwest England in the summer.
[Source: © Rob Hine]
(i) Referring to the photograph, briefly describe two physical factors that have affected this cliff-face. [2+2 marks]
(ii) Describe and explain the variation in the size of particles found on beaches. [2+4 marks]
(iii) Using examples, examine the impacts made by humans upon the natural processes and features of coastlines. [10 marks]
– 5 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
A3. Arid environments and their management
Either
(a) Essay
Examine the relationship between vulnerability to desertification and levels of development. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
The photographs show two desert landforms of similar scale.
Photograph A Photograph B
[Source: www.coleimages.org]
(i) Name and briefly describe these two arid landforms. [4 marks]
(ii) Explain the natural processes responsible for the transport of weathered materials in deserts. [6 marks]
(iii) Examine the conflicts arising from either mineral extraction or tourism in specific arid or semi-arid regions. [10 marks]
– 6 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
A4. Lithospheric processes and hazards
Either
(a) Essay
Examine how the locations of volcanoes affect human responses to them. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
If you choose to answer this question refer to the map in the Resources Booklet.
The map shows the liquefaction hazard in the communities of Alameda, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and Piedmont for a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault (West Coast of the USA).
(i) Describe the pattern of the liquefaction hazard shown on the map. [2 marks]
(ii) Define and briefly explain liquefaction. [4 marks]
(iii) Distinguish between primary and secondary earthquake hazards. [2+2 marks]
(iv) Compare human responses to earthquakes in countries with contrasting levels of development. [10 marks]
– 7 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
A5. Ecosystems and human activity
Either
(a) Essay
Examine the relationships between climate and structure, function and human activity in one specific ecosystem. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
If you choose to answer this question refer to the maps in the Resources Booklet.
The maps show the changes in vegetation cover which have taken place over a 33 year period in one area in Mediterranean France.
(i) Describe the changes in vegetation cover in the area shown. [4 marks]
(ii) Explain how the concepts of invasion, competition and dominance may have played a role in the changes which have taken place. [2+2+2 marks]
(iii) Discuss the differences in the conservation strategies used in one grassland
ecosystem and one forest ecosystem. [10 marks]
– 8 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
A6. Climatic hazards and change
Either
(a) Essay
“Droughts are more predictable, but their impacts are less serious than tropical cyclones (hurricanes).” Discuss this statement. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
If you choose to answer this question refer to the maps in the Resources Booklet.
The maps show the pattern of wet acid deposition (the higher the value of sulfate units, the more acidic the deposition) for the eastern USA for three different three-year periods.
(i) Describe the pattern shown on the map for 1983–85. [3 marks]
(ii) Suggest three reasons for the trend shown by the three maps. [3 marks]
(iii) Explain how a volcanic eruption may cause temporary changes in
global climate. [4 marks]
(iv) Examine the reasons for variations in the intensity of urban heat islands. [10 marks]
– 9 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
Blank page
– 10 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
SECTION B
Answer at least one question from this section. If more than one question is selected from this section, each must be taken from a different theme. (Do not answer both an essay and a structured question on the same theme.)
Case studies and examples should be used to illustrate answers and, where appropriate, they should be
specifically located. Include well drawn, large, relevant maps, sketches, tables and diagrams as often as applicable.
B7. Contemporary issues in geographical regions
Either
(a) Essay
“The contemporary geographical issues of regions are usually caused by their physical geography.” Referring to examples, discuss this statement. [20 marks]
(This question continues on the following page)
– 11 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
(Question B7 continued)
Or
(b) Structured question
The map shows a (health) region in Spain, and the travel time in minutes to the regional hospital in Cantavieja.
Montoro de
Mezquita
Pitarque Villarluengo
Tronchón
Mirambel La Cuba
Cañada de Benatanduz
Solana Vega
CANTAVIEJA
Umbrío
Cesas de
San Juan
La Iglesuela
del Cid
Fortanete
0 42 8 km
N
25
20
15
15
15
15
5
10
202530
35
40
45
5055
60
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
Hospital
[Source: Ana Isabel Escalona-Orcao and Carmen Díez-Cornago, (2007), Accessibility to basic services in one of the most sparsely
populated areas in Europe: the province of Teruel (Spain). Area, volume 39, issue 3, pages 295–309]
(i) State how many minutes travel time is required to travel to the hospital from Villarluengo. [1 mark]
(ii) Describe the pattern of accessibility to the hospital shown on the map. [4 marks]
(iii) By means of an annotated map only, identify the defining characteristics of your local region and its boundaries. [5 marks]
(iv) Discuss the essential differences between a geographical region and a geographical place. [10 marks]
– 12 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
B8. Settlements
Either
(a) Essay
“Urban areas in countries with different levels of development share similar problems.” Discuss this statement. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
The diagrams below show the changes in urban populations in South Korea for 1970 and 2000.
Uijeongbu Chuncheon
Sokcho
GangneungGangwon – do
IncheonSeoul
Gyeonggi – do
Suwon
Wonju
Chungcheonbuk – doChungju
CheongjuCheonan
Chungcheongnam – do angdong
Gyeongsangbuk – dodaejeon
Gimcheon Pohang
IriGunsan
Jeonju
Jeollabuk – do
daegu Gyeongui
Gyeongsangnam – do
Jinju Masan
Gwangju Suncheon
Joellanam – do
Mokpo Yeosu
Samcheonpo Jinhae
Chungmu
Busan
Ulsan
(1970) (2000)
0 50km1:4 300 000
a a
dongducheon
UijeongbuChuncheon
GuriGoyangSeoul
Gwangmyeong HanamBucheonanyang Gwacheon Seongnam
Gunpo Uwang
ansan SuwonGyeonggi – do
Osan
Pyeongtaek
IncheonGangwon – do
Sokcho
Wonju
Gangneung
donghae
Samcheok
Taebaek
JecheonChungju
Chungcheongbuk – doasan
CheonanSeosan
Chungcheongnam – do
Cheongju
Gongju
Boryeong
Gunsan
Gimje
Iksan
Jeonju
Jeong-eupNamwon
Gwangju
NajuSuncheon
Gwangyang
Jinju
Jeollanam – do
Mokpo
Yocheon
Yeosu
Jeollabuk – do
daejeon
Yeongju
Mungyeongandong
Sangju
Gumi
GimcheonYeongcheon
Pohang
Gyeongsangbuk – do
daegu
Gyeongsan
Gyeongju
Gyeongsangnam – do MiryangChangwon
Masan
Jinhae
Gimhae
SacheonTongyeong
Geoje
Busan
Ulsan
Urban population(thousand people)
Over 1000
500 - 1000
200 - 499
Under 200
0 50km1:4 300 000
[Source: Redrawn from Atlas of Korea, page 24]
(i) State the minimum urban population of settlement A in:
(a) 1970,
(b) 2000. [1+1 marks]
(ii) Define the following terms:
(a) urban growth,
(b) urbanization. [1+1 marks]
(This question continues on the following page)
N
– 13 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
(Question B8 continued)
(iii) Using evidence from the diagrams, describe three changes relating to
urban settlements in South Korea between 1970 and 2000. [6 marks]
(iv) Referring to located examples, discuss the changes that are taking place on the periphery of cities. [10 marks]
– 14 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
B9. Productive activities: aspects of change
Either
(a) Essay
Using examples, analyse the emergence of high wage core areas and low wage periphery areas at a global scale. [20 marks]
Or
(b) Structured question
The diagram shows the value of agricultural production in billions of dollars for the world and for developing countries (LEDCs) between 1965 and 2005.
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
Billions of dollars ($)
LEDCs
World
1965 1975 1985 1995 20051970 1980 1990 2000
[Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org/images/agricultural_production_trends.jpg]
(i) Describe one similarity and one difference in the value of agricultural production for the world and LEDCs from 1965 to 2005. [2+2 marks]
(ii) Explain three reasons for the rise in agricultural production in developing countries. [2+2+2 marks]
(iii) Evaluate the need for more sustainable agriculture in MEDCs. [10 marks]
– 15 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
Blank page
– 16 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
B10. Globalization
Either
(a) Essay
“The growth of international tourism in LEDCs brings short-term benefits, but long-term problems.” Discuss this statement with reference to examples. [20 marks]
(This question continues on the following page)
– 17 –
Turn over
N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
(Question B10 continued)
Or
(b) Structured question
The graphs below show the relative importance of different languages used on the internet.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
% Users
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
% Growth
A % of users of the top 10 languages 2003 – 2008
B % growth in the number of users of the top 10 languages 2003 – 2008
[Source: Internet World Stats 2008, http://www.internetworldstats.com, Miniwatts Marketing Group]
(i) State the two languages which show the greatest difference in ranking between the two graphs. [2 marks]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the rate of growth of some languages used on the internet is greater than others. [4 marks]
(iii) Explain how the actions of government can limit cultural integration. [4 marks]
(iv) Examine the importance of economic agreements and trading blocs in the integration of world economic activity. [10 marks]
– 18 – N10/3/GEOGR/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q
8810-5202
SECTION C
If you choose to answer this question, use the topographic map extract and the aerial photograph in the Resources Booklet to answer all parts.
C11. Topographic mapping
The map shows the area around Zeebrugge; a commercial port in Belgium.The scale of the map is 1:50 000 and the contour interval is 2.5 metres. The map is dated 2002 and the satellite photograph is dated 2005.
(a) Using the map, identify point A on the photograph. [1 mark]
(b) The scale of the map is 1:50 000. Estimate the scale of the photograph. [1 mark]
(c) Describe and suggest reasons for the pattern of settlement shown on the map. [6 marks]
(d) Describe three advantages of the aerial photo over the map in showing human geography. [2+2+2 marks]
(e) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of sites X and Y for the location of a large shopping centre. [6 marks]