GEOGRAPHY AND THE CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT
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Transcript of GEOGRAPHY AND THE CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT
GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY AND THE AND THE CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENTCONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT
RAJU J DASRAJU J DAS
LECTURE OUTLINELECTURE OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC VIEW II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC VIEW
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
IV. CONCLUSIONSIV. CONCLUSIONS
V. QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUTV. QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT
I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION
1. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL 1. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENTSIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENT
A. DEVELOPMENT AND POWERA. DEVELOPMENT AND POWER
B. THEORETICAL B. THEORETICAL
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
1. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
A. TRANSFORMATION OF NATURE
[NATURE, TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY]
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
B. B. TRANSFORMATION OF SPACE
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
2. PER CAPITA GNP
A. GREATER AMOUNT AND HIGHER GROWTH
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
B. CONNECTED TO INDUSTRIALIZATION [% LABOR FORCE IN INDUSTRY OR NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES]
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
C. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT’
Income ratios between the richest 20% and poorest 20% of nations, 1820 - 2000
01020304050607080
1820 1913 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Ratio
= v
alue
/1
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
D. PROBLEMS
– INTRA-NATION SOCIO-SPATIAL INEQUALITIES
– NON-MARKET PRODUCTION (‘BARBER ECONOMY’)
– GENDER-BLINDNESS (‘COWDUNG’ ECONOMY)
II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)
– WHAT IS MONEY FOR?
Aristotle: ‘wealth is evidently not the good Aristotle: ‘wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else’the sake of something else’
Amartya Sen: ‘If we have reasons to want Amartya Sen: ‘If we have reasons to want wealth, we have to ask: what precisely are wealth, we have to ask: what precisely are these reasons…’these reasons…’
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: DEVELOPMENT AS HUMAN
FREEDOM
1. DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE
ABOUT PROMOTING FREEDOM
A. INCOME-APPROACH IMPORTANT BUT NOT SUFFICIENT
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
B. EXAMPLES OF FREEDOMS
C. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM HAS TWO ASPECTS
D. WHAT DOES FREEDOM ‘DO’?
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
E. SOCIAL/HUMAN DEVELOPMENTE. SOCIAL/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
--CALORIE INTAKE--CALORIE INTAKE
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
--LIFE EXPECTANCY--LIFE EXPECTANCY
--LITERACY--LITERACY
--COMPOSITE INDEX (HDI)--COMPOSITE INDEX (HDI)
----GDIGDI
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
2. SOME DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM [ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT] HAS BEEN ACHIEVED
A. INTERNATIONALLYA. INTERNATIONALLY
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
B. LOCALLY, IN MANY COUNTRIESB. LOCALLY, IN MANY COUNTRIES
[E.G. KERALA, INDIA)[E.G. KERALA, INDIA)
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
3. 3. BUT MANY PEOPLE SUFFER FROM A VARIETY OF UNFREEDOMS
III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)
4. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM IS NOT JUST A THIRD WORLD MATTER
A. UNEMPLOYENT
B. SURVIVAL RATE
IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES(‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’)’)
1. DEVELOPMENT IS A MULTI- 1. DEVELOPMENT IS A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT IN DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT IN GEOGRAPHY/SOCIAL SCIENCESGEOGRAPHY/SOCIAL SCIENCES
2. DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF ITS 2. DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS IS IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ASPECTS IS IMPORTANT
3. BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS3. BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS
IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’) (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’)
(CONTD.)(CONTD.)
4. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IS A 4. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IS A MORE COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT MORE COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT
V. QUESTIONS V. QUESTIONS FOR SMALL-GROUP MEETINGS
1. WHY IS TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE AN IMPORTANT
ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT
GEOGRAPHICALLY?
2. WHY IS GNP PER CAPITA PROBLEMATIC AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT?
VV. QUESTIONS . QUESTIONS (CONTD.)
3. WHY IS LOOKING AT DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IMPORTANT?
4. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM?
VV. QUESTIONS . QUESTIONS (CONTD.)
5. WHAT OTHER CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE SIMILAR TO DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM? (HINTS: HDI; GDI)
6. CAN YOU THINK ABOUT POSSIBLE REASONS UNDERLYING THE LACK OF FREEDOM FROM HUNGER?
VI: READINGSVI: READINGS
CHAPTER 7 OF THE TEXTBOOK (THE CHAPTER 7 OF THE TEXTBOOK (THE ENTIRE CHAPTER)ENTIRE CHAPTER)