Geographical Recognition

8/12/2019 Geographical Recognition

1/19


2/19


3/19


4/19


5/19


6/19

5 Kriteria/ Karakteristik yangJanggal pada Variabel Tempat

1. Angka frekuensi penyakit yang tinggi dapatdilihat pada semua kelompok etnik yangmendiami suatu wilayah.

2. Angka frekuensi penyakit yang tinggi tidaktampak pada orang-orang dalam kelompokserupa yang mendiami wilayah lain.

3. Orang sehat yang masuk ke wilayah tersebutmenjadi sakit dengan frekuensi yang serupadengan penduduk asli.


7/19

5 Kriteria/ Karakteristik yangJanggal pada Variabel Tempat

4. Penduduk yang pindah tidak menunjukkanangka penyakit yang sama tingginya denganpenduduk yang tetap tinggal di wilayahtersebut.

5. Spesies selain manusia yang mendiamiwilayah yang sama memperlihatkan tingkat

infestasi yang serupa dengan manusia(dalam hal penyakit zoonotik).


8/19

Tempat (Places)

Tempat dan Lingkun gan Eko log i s

Karakter topografi, iklim dan ekologi memilikipengaruh yang sangat besar pada aspek tempat

dalam keberadaan dan penyebaran penyakit.Suhu, curah hujan, angin, air, kelembaban, dingin,panas, lama matahari bersinar dan kondisi lainmempengaruhi kemampuan patogen, khususnyabakteri, jamur dan parasit untuk bertahan dilingkungannya.


9/19

Tempat (Places)

Tempat dan Lingkun gan Eko log i s

Aspek ekologis dari lingkungan mempengaruhikemampuan patogen untuk bertumbuh kembang

dan disebarkan.Berbagai aspek ekosistem yang mencakup vektor,media, reservoir dan pejamu pada beberapa jenispenyakit menular.

Sampah daun, binatang dan serangga yangmenularkan penyakit, semua merupakan bagiandari lingkungan ekologis suatu tempat danpenyakit.


10/19

Tempat (Places)

Tempat dan Lingk un gan Fi s ik

Air dan udara adalah dua komponen penting dalamlingkungan fisik yang esensial untuk kelangsungan

hidup manusia dan makhluk lain di muka bumi.Mutu air minum dan udara beragam dari suatutempat ke tempat lain dan dapat mempengaruhikesehatan manusia.

Susunan zat kimia dan mineral yang terkandung diair telah mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia yangtinggal di wilayah tertentu.


11/19

Tempat (Places)

Tempat dan Lingk un gan Fi s ik

Air yang kaya flor seperti di Texas Baratmenyebabkan gigi penduduk berbercak coklat dan

kunjungan ke dokter gigi rendah, disamping ituangka penyakit jantung juga rendah.

Endemic goiter (gondok) sudah lama dikaitkandengan kadar yodium yang rendah di dalam air danmakanan di wilayah tertentu.Tempat tertentu yang menghadapi masalahpencemaran udara memiliki angka kanker paruyang tinggi.


12/19

Tempat (Places)

Tempat dan Lingk un gan Sos ia l & B udaya

Cara masyarakat atau kelompok populasimenggunakan makanan, air, zat kimia dan perilakumereka dalam sanitasi, higiene dan kesehatanperorangan memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besarpada status kesehatan populasi.

Kepercayaan yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan,tradisi, interaksi sosial dan kebudayaan juga dapatmempengaruhi perkembangan dan penyebaranpenyakit.


13/19

Geographical RecognitionGLOBAL HEALTH ATLAS


14/19

WHO has launched the first global online atlas of infectious diseases, a new tool forinfectious disease surveillance and control which builds on the features of theHealthMapper. Over 300 indicators for more than 20 infectious diseases of majorpublic health concern are included in the database.

In a single electronic platform, the Atlas is bringing together for analysis andcomparison standardized data and statistics for individual diseases and indicators atcountry, regional, and global levels. The analysis and interpretation of data arefurther supported through information on demography, socioeconomic conditions,and environmental factors. In so doing, the Atlas specifically acknowledges the broadrange of determinants that influence patterns of infectious disease transmission.

Maps are used to display data on the prevalence of individual diseases, the locationof at-risk populations and vector habitats, and patterns of antimicrobial drug

resistance. Such maps offer easy visualization of conditions ranging from the numberof villages infected with guinea worm disease, through the monitoring of poliosurveillance in a selected country, to the status of resistance to chloroquinethroughout the African continent.

Geographical RecognitionGLOBAL HEALTH ATLAS


15/19

Geographical RecognitionCASE MAP


16/19

Geographical RecognitionHEALTH MAPPER


17/19

Geographical RecognitionHEALTH MAPPER

The HealthMapper is a surveillance and mapping application, developed by WHO,that aims to address critical surveillance information needs across infectious diseaseprogrammes at national and global levels.

The HealthMapper is a user-friendly data management and mapping systemcustomized specifically for public health users. The system facilitates datastandardization, collection and updating of data on epidemiology and oninterventions and provides immediate visualization of data in the form of maps,tables and charts.

The HealthMapper also packages a database of core baseline geographic,demographic and health information, including the location of communities, healthcare and education facilities, accessibility by road, access to safe water anddemography. The system is currently in operation to support a range of infectious

diseases in over 60 countries in all regions of WHO. Key infectious diseaseprogrammes currently using the system include Roll Back Malaria, Lymphaticfilariasis Elimination, Buruli Ulcer, Guinea worm Eradication, Onchocerciasis ControlProgramme, and Polio Eradication. In 2003, the system supported theimplementation surveillance of HIV/AIDS/STIs (sexually transmitted infections),Tuberculosis, Control of Communicable Diseases in Complex Emergency Situations,Outbreak Alert and Response and Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses.


18/19

Geographical RecognitionGEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

The Public Health Mapping and GIS programme is developing tools andapplications to respond to critical information needs of infectious disease andpublic health programmes. These tools are based on recent advances in GIStechnologies, mapping and remote field data collection tools such as hand-heldglobal positioning systems, mobile mapping units and Internet connectivity.

Geographical mapping of disease events dates back to the first maps used by Dr.John Snow in 1859 to trace the origin of a cholera outbreak in London, England.Simple maps have been used since then to follow disease spread, identifysources, determine target areas and assess epidemic risk.

Mapping of events not only facilitates epidemiological analysis but is alsoeffective for advocacy, informing the pubic and generating action by decision-makers. It enables decision-makers to easily assess where populations are in

relation to specific problems (disease and health events) and in relation toavailable resources (health and social services, water supply and education).Scarce public health resources can be more rationally planned and targeted tothose communities most in need.


19/19

Geographical RecognitionGLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The remote field data collection tools

In support of remote field data collection activities, WHO has been routinelyusing Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to map and track infectiousdiseases at community levels. GPS are now routinely used by villageoutreach teams for onchocerciasis, guinea worm, African Trypanosomiasis(sleeping sickness), lymphatic filariasis among others. Increasingly suchsystems are being used during the investigations of disease outbreaks forrapid mapping of cases and deaths and within the context of complexemergency situations they are being used for mapping internally displacedpersons, refugee camps and rapid epidemiological assessments.

With the arrival of palm sized computers and associated mapping software,it is now feasible to collect and map data in the field, offering excitingopportunities for real-time surveillance data capture, analysis and transfereven in area where communication infrastructures are poorly developed.

WHO aims to pioneer these new tools and software in the field to serve notonly as support to the surveillance requirements of eradication and controlprogrammes but also as early alert systems for the detection, verificationand response to outbreaks of new and previously unknown diseases.

Geographical Recognition

Documents

Transcript of Geographical Recognition