Geographical Indications as a tool for leveraging innovations and managing agrobiodiversity
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Transcript of Geographical Indications as a tool for leveraging innovations and managing agrobiodiversity
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Geographical Indications as tool for leveraging innovation & managing
agro biodiversityLectures delivered on10th May 2016- for participants of Bangladesh
Agricultural University
S.K. SoamHead, ICM Division
ICAR- NAARM, Hyderabad- 500 030
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Biodiversity-Equitable benefit sharing
• Cyclosporin [Tolypocladium inflatum]- Novartis• Trichopus zelanycous [Arogyapachha, jeevani]• tef [Teff]- Ethiopia• Hoodia gordonii- Kalahari/San tribe 77-2002. Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora [CITES certificate]
• Argania spinosa [Argan oil]- Morocco• Microrganism from soda lake in Kenya. Lake Bogoria-
stonewash denim- Leicester Univ, UK+Genencor+Proctor & Gamble- Tide. Extremophile enzyme, Puradax cellulase and Indiage neutra derived from bacteria from East African Rift Valley. Give jeans a softer feel and a stonewashed look
• NIPRISAN [Nicosan]- Nigeria/ Kasalath rice/ GLoFishTc/ Rice paten
• TK- indigenous knowledge & creative- not true science- inferior to western science
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Convention on Biological Diversity
• UNCED: 3-14June 1992- Rio de Janeiro• Open from 5th June 92• In New York 15th June 92-4th June 93• Enforcement 29th December 93• 42 Articles- 2 annexure; 191 members• National focal point- national reports (Art 26)• National Biodiversity Strategy Action plan• Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical &
Technological Advice (SBSTTA-Art 25.3) for Conference of Parties (COP)
• Keywords: Ownership/Right to exploit as own environmental policies/Access/Equitable benefit sharing/conservation
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TRIPS-CBD-WIPO• Art27.3b- Members may exclude from patentability
– Plant and animal other than microorganisms, and essentially biological processes…plant variety suigeneris+/or patent…review of provisions 4 years
• Paragraph 19 of Doha declaration– Source of gen. resource & country of origin– PIC (not required for FAO-IT)– Evidence of fair and equitable benefit sharing (mutually
agreed terms)• Art30-Members may provide limited exception to
the exclusive rights by patents- Farmers privileges• WTO-WIPO (PCT-PLT)- No hierarchy of agreements• India-lessons from Neem/Turmeric cases-TKDL-
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library. Source of origin and approval from NBA essential for Indian patent application.
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International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food & Agriculture-
ITPGRFA• Adopted- 3rd November 2001• Enforcement- 29th June 2004• Harmony with CBD• Conservation, sustainable use, fair & equitable sharing
(Art13), farmers’ rights & TK (Art9)• Sovereign rights of states• Multilateral system of A-B-S, subject to national
legislation• Facilitated access• GPA (Art 14), CGIAR system wide information network-
SINGER (Art17), commission on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
• Keywords: SMTA, MTA, No IPR in the form received, dispute arbitration, local secretariat, benefit sharing, commercialization [1.1%], IPR-Royalty
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Biodiversity-legal framework
International Legal Framework
National Legal Framework
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Biological Diversity Act-2002
• President signature- 5th Feb 2003/ Enforcement- 15th April 2004
• National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), Chennai- 1st October 2003. http://nbaindia.org/
• 16 members- 1+3+7+5– National Biodiversity Fund-royalties, fees– Committee on agro-biodiversity
• State Biodiversity Board (SBB)- 1+5+5– State Biodiversity Fund
• Biodiversity Mgmt Committee (BMC)-1+6– Local Biodiversity Fund-local levy– People’s biodiversity registers
• Bangladesh?
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Biodiversity as Geographical Indications
• General understanding about GI.• Some example of various types of GI.• How GI registered in India? Act and Procedures.
– GI Registry- http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/• How GI registered in Bangladesh? Act and
Procedures.• Identification and prioritization. • Homonymous indications between India and
Bangladesh.• What is the role of agricultural scientists?• Strategic priorities for Bangladesh.
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Special and Unique
Special – Not general– Exceptional– Extraordinary– Value added trait
• Absolute statement within the product (what is the specialty contributing to reputation?)
Unique – Distinctive – One and only– Have no like or equal– General or value added
trait• Comparative
statement encompassing similar products (How do we differentiate from other?)
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Some examples of uniquness
Product Special Unique
Pokkali rice Organic nature Symbiotic cultivation
Navara rice Medicinal properties Shape, color & size of grain
Temi tea Organoleptic characteristics
Organic production
Assam tea Malty flavour and bright liquor
Processed by the traditional method of rolling
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GI-TM-International issues-homonymous indications
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Ownership/USP and Profit sharing
• Pride of ownership of brand (Confidence building among community)– Tea and spices in
general– Example of basmati rice– Example of Jamnagar
petrol/diesel – Example of Mysore
sandal soap• Ownership linked to
cornering community profit sharing– Darjeeling tea and
Makhana
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Every bio-resource in not GI generally: How to make it a GI?
Kashmir kesar Russian cake
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Social Research: Popularising the GIs- Churpi
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Lab Research: Standards, quality & product development- Sangali turmeric vs Lakadong turmeric
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Lab Research: Establishing the Uniqueness- Tibetan, Nepali & Sikkim Cordyceps? Or what is the difference
between Indian and Bangladesh Hilsa?
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Extension Research: consolidation of farmers & groups
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Market research: Brand building and product development: Hong Kong Tea Cake
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Further Reading__ NAARM material on
http://eprints.naarm.org.in/• S.K, Soam and S.M., Ilyas (2008)
Participatory Socioeconomic Analysis of Geographical Indications in India. ICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad.
– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/108/• S.K, Soam and B, Hanumantha Rao A Snapshot guide to Intellectual Property Systems.
NAARM. ISBN 978-81-909983-0-7– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/22/
• Soam, S.K. and Kalpana, Sastry Socio-economic implications of GI registration for agricultural and non-agricultural commodities/ products in India: Volume-1: Analysis of country-wide survey results of 75 products. NAARM, Hyderabad, 503 pages. [Research Projects Reports]
– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/id/eprint/165• Soam, S.K. and Chaitanya, Amitabh Geographical Indication Portfolio Analysis for Enahncing
Income of Makhana Growers in Bihar.[Student Project Reports] (Unpublished)– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/163/
• Soam, S.K., S. Prakash Tiwari and R. Kalpana Sastry (2007). Sustainable use and Conservation of Agro-biodiversity through Protecting as Goods of Geographical Indications. In Agrobiodiversity, Vol. 1: Crop Genetic Resources and Conservation, edited by Kannaiyan S. and Gopalam A. pp. 229-241. Associated Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 9788185211725
– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/166/• SK Soam (2011). Commercialization of health drinks as Geographical indications
– http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11575/1/JIPR%2016%282%29%20170-175.pdf– http://eprints.naarm.org.in/168/