Geographic Analysis and Exploration in the South Central United States Mark P. Widrlechner USDA-ARS...
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Transcript of Geographic Analysis and Exploration in the South Central United States Mark P. Widrlechner USDA-ARS...
Geographic Analysis and Exploration in the South Central United States
Mark P. Widrlechner
USDA-ARS
North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station
Ames, IA
Acknowledgments
ISU Media Graphics (Rex Heer) for moisture balance map
Spatial Climate Analysis Service - Oregon State University for precipitation maps
Cris Nass and Robert Stebbins for help with scanning
Outline of Presentation
Overview Applying geographic factors to the South
Central US Plants and potential sites
Overview
Location-specific factors influencing the adaptation of woody plants in the Midwest Photoperiod regimen Winter injury Moisture balance Soil type
Photoperiod Regimen
Key factor to signal growth and the cessation of growth
Directly correlated with latitude Plants evolve in response to the interaction of
photoperiod and correlated events
Winter Injury
Three main aspects Timing of hardening Mid-winter low temperature survival Timing of dehardening
Also, interaction with moisture conditions, especially for evergreens
USDA Hardiness Zones (average annual minimum temperature) are an easily obtainable surrogate (especially for regions resembling the target environment)
Moisture Balance
Perhaps as important as winter hardiness (especially in low maintenance situations) Widrlechner et al. (1992) J. Environ. Hort. 10: 192-
198 and J. Environ. Hort. 16: 27-32.
Can visualize based on the Moisture Index of Mather and Yoshioka: Im = 100((mean annual precipitation/potential evapotranspiration)-1)
From Widrlechner (1999) "A Zone Map for Mean Annual Moisture Balance in the North Central United States," Landscape Plant News 10(2): 10-14.
Valuable Soil Types
pH (neutral to alkaline) High Ca or Na content Relatively poor drainage Thin (for drought tolerance)
Applying this Approach to the South Central United States
Latitude (35 to 40° North) USDA Hardiness Zones (6a and b)
Resulting Region
Southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma on the west
Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee on the east
Adding the Moisture Balance Criterion
Areas in the western two-thirds of Kansas and Oklahoma have negative moisture balances (too dry)
Kentucky and Tennessee have high positive moisture balances (too wet)
Parts of eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, and southern Illinois have appropriate moisture balances
(Im between 0 and 40)
Working with the Moisture Balance Criterion
In areas that are too dry, target extremely wet sites along rivers, lakes, springs and significant north-facing slopes
In areas that are too wet, target limestone barrens and other drought-prone sites
In areas that are a good match, one can be broader in collecting
Too dry
Im < 00 to 20 20 to 40 Too wet
Im > 40
Can we find the “right” soils in this region?
Neutral to alkaline, calcareous or saline soils
Thin soils Poorly draining soils
Can we find interesting woody plant populations?
Plants adapted to appropriate soils Species reaching the northwest edge of
their native ranges Endemic species Species with attractive aesthetic
characteristics
Oklahoma Soils
Neutral to alkaline, calcareous soils Apperson, Catoosa, Foraker, Grainola, Labette,
Lenapah, Mayes, Newtonia, Summit (mostly silty clay loams)
Thin soils Shidler, Sogn, Talpa (mixed with limestone)
Poorly drained soils Choska, Latanier, Lela, Miller, Osage, Wynona
(clays)
Oklahoma Plants
John E. Williams (1973) Atlas of the woody plants of Oklahoma (QK 155 W55 1973)
Forrest L. Johnson and Bruce W. Hoagland (1999) Catalog of the Woody Plants of Oklahoma http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/cover.htm
Arkansas Soils
Neutral to alkaline, calcareous soils Clareson, Mayes, Newtonia, Summit silt
loams and silt clays Thin and rocky soils
Arkana, Elsah, Moko, Sogn, Ventris mostly stony silt loams (often with rock outcrops)
Alluvial soils Razort silt loam
Arkansas Plants
Gary E. Tucker (1976) Guide to the woody flora of Arkansas (QK 153 .T84 1976)
Arkansas Biodiversity – The Vascular Flora
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/arkansas/arkfamyy.htm
Missouri Soils
Neutral to alkaline, calcareous soils (rocky or thin) Blueye, Brussels, Cedargap, Gasconade,
Hercules, Knobby, Moko Rock outcrops
Dolomite and other non-cherty limestones Poorly drained soils
Gasconade, Snead
Missouri Plants
Julian Steyermark (1963) Flora of Missouri (being revised and updated by George Yatskievych)
Kansas Soils
Neutral to alkaline, calcareous soils Apperson, Catoosa, Kenoma silt loam
Thin and rocky soils Shidler, Sogn silty and rocky clay loam
Poorly drained soils Clime, Lanton, Osage, Verdigris, Zaar silty
loam and silty clay
Kansas Plants
H.A. Stephens (1973) Woody Plants of the North Central Plains
Great Plains Flora Association (1977) Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains
Illinois Soils Neutral to alkaline, some calcareous soils
Bold silt loam, La Hogue loam, Hurst, Sable and Virden silty clay loam
Upland natric (with sodium) soils Darmstadt, Grantfork, Huey, and Piasa silt loams and
silty clay loams Thin soils
Rare, isolated limestone outcrops in Jackson Co. Alluvial soils
Ambraw, Beaucoup, Birds, Darwin, Dupo, Lawson, McFain, Nameoki, Tice, Titus, Wakeland
Illinois Plants
Works by Robert Mohlenbrock Series on the Flowering Plants of Illinois 2002 edition of the Vascular Flora of Illinois Mohlenbrock and Ladd (1978) Distribution of
Illinois Vascular Plants Mohlenbrock and Voigt (1959) A Flora of
Southern Illinois
Some Potential Target Sites
OK-KS E ½ of Kay Co., W ½ of Osage Co., W ½ of
Chautauqua Co., and all of Cowley Co. Much of Rogers Co., W Craig Co., E Nowata
Co., much of Labette Co., and E Montgomery Co.
Mayes Co. (W side of Lake Hudson and SW of Locust Grove)
More Potential Target Sites
AR-MO W edge of Fulton Co., N ½ of Baxter, Marion,
and Boone Cos., SE ¼ of Taney Co., and possibly S ½ of Ozark Co.
W 2/3 of Carroll Co., SE ¼ of Barry Co., and small parts of adjacent Benton and Madison Cos.
More Potential Target Sites
MO-IL Mississippi floodplain from Perry Co. north
towards St. Louis and Jackson to Monroe Cos. ( + limestone outcrops in Jackson Co.)
Lower Kaskaskia River and tributaries Natric soils in E ½ of Madison, Bond, and
Clinton Cos. and near Hecker in Randolph and St. Clair Cos.
And now a few maps…