GeogPrinciples.ppt
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Transcript of GeogPrinciples.ppt
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7/29/2019 GeogPrinciples.ppt
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The Study of Geography
Why it Matters??
Globalization:
The increasing interdependence
and interconnectedness ofplacesglobally.
Geography Defined: earth writing,
study of the earth, why of where
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Implications of Globalization
The stretching ofglobal connections,relations and networks
Making them fasterand more intense.
Increasing awarenessabout the world.
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Interdependence of Places
Place have become increasingly interdependent.
Caused by a set of interrelated forces or processes
that we call globalization.
Globalization helps to extend anddeepen linkages
between sets of places (and peoples)
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Why Geography Still Matters
Questions of POWER:Global flows are managedin particular place(s)
Global flows generateuneven spatial impacts.
Human Geography has
become more rather thanless important.
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World-system
CORE - Industrialized, market-oriented countries Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia.
PERIPHERY - Poor, ex-colonial nations
Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.
SEMI-PERIPHERY - Partially industrialized
ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter)South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.
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Not regional geography approach
Country-by-country, or region-by-region
Examines internal geography of each
world region.
Does not adequately show connections
between regions (basis of globalization)
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Systematic geography approach
Through human geographic lenses: Population geography
Cultural geography
Economic geography Urban geography
Political geography
Some environmental geography
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Population geography
Growth in Periphery
Graying in Core
Resulting changes inmigration patterns
Causes andconsequences offorced migration.
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Cultural geography
Relationship betweenplace & cultural identity.
Cultural homogenization
(Americanization) fromglobalization?
Yet cultural differences
across places arebecoming significant?
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Economic geography
Rising economic
interdependence among
places.
Local responses in turn
affect globalization.
Glocalization a better
term than globalization?
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Political geography
Economics supposedly erodingsignificance of borders.
Ethnic minorities feel they
deserve states of their own.
States under attack from above(global economics) and frombelow (ethnic communities).
Yet states are still powerful, andcan respond.
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Urban geography
Different types of citiesin core and periphery.
How globalization
affects cities. Are theystill needed in theinformation age ?
Strong reasons for citiesto still exist.
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Watershed moment
in human history
Dramatic changes in social, cultural,
political, economic relations at the
Global scale
State (national) scale
Regional scale
Local scale Scales interrelate, affect each other
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Changes since 1990
Collapse of Soviet Union, end of Cold War.
Rise of local ethnic/religious nationalism.
New forms and locations of warfare.
Communications revolution (Internet).
Massive increase in economic globalization.
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Collapse of Soviet bloc
Changes in formerSoviet Union andallies.
Changes in thedeveloping world.
Changes in the U.S.,now without a
powerful enemy.
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Rise of ethnic nationalism Soviet, Yugoslav breakups.
Minority ethnic groups
looking to end majorityoppression.
Increased local/ethnicidentity as reaction toimpersonal globalization.
Increased ability to surviveas smaller country.
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Communications revolution
Only 50 websites in1992; 2.5 billion +today.
Internet makes worldmore connected, yet inmore specialized niches.
Can be used forglobalization from
above, or from below.
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New forms and
locations of warfare Smaller, more brutal wars.
Military technologies moreefficient, usually not made by
combatants.
Freelancers can wage war
Physical distance or borders nolonger protected
Terrorist groups/Extremistscreating havoc worldwide
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Economic Globalization
Country 1 Country 2
From above (elites)
From
below
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Globalization from above
Globalization from the top down
Increasing power of corporations throughinternationalizing of production and marketing.
Financial markets transcend nationalboundaries.
Telecommunications spreads ideas, cultures
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Players in globalization
from above
Governments and elites inevery country
Multinational corporations
International agencies (UN)
Global trade/financeagencies
World Bank,IMF, WTO
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Globalization from below
Globalization from the bottom up.
Greater economic interdependence eroding
governments?
Increasing influence of local scale to affect globalpolicies: Think Globally, Act Locally.
Easier communications among those at the bottom?
Pl i l b li i
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Players in globalization
from below
Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs)Greenpeace, Amnesty Intl, etc.
Alliances of communitieswith a common concern,linked through Internet.
Seattle WTO protests, 1999
Some international agencies