GEOG108 Course Outline - University of British Columbia · 6) Academic Concession ... Repeating...

University of British Columbia - Okanagan CampusGEOG108 - Introduction to Physical Geography ISyllabus - Fall 2012

Instructor Information

Name: Dr. Michael Pidwirny, Associate Professor

Email: [email protected] or via CONNECT Mail (Please use CONNECT Mail for class correspondence.)

Office: Science Building - SCI 376

Office Hours: Online - Anytime just use the CONNECT Discussions online forum.

In Person - Please set-up a meeting time via Email if you can not make one of these set office hours: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday - 10:30 to 11:20; and Friday - 12:30 to 1:20.

Phone: 1-250-807-8758.

Biography: B.Sc., University of Winnipeg; B.A. Hons, University of Winnipeg; M.A., University of Manitoba; Ph.D., Simon Fraser University.

Teaching interests in physical geography, biogeography, climatology, environmental science, and computer applications in geography.

Research interests in the effect of climate change on the distribution and abundance of species, communities, and ecosystems; effects of land-cover and land-use change on biodiversity; effect of climate change on skiing in western Canada.

Course Information

Course Title: Introduction to Physical Geography I

Course Number: GEOG108

Course Discipline: Geography

Course Description: This introductory course focuses on explaining the principles and processes that govern the functions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and the interactions between these environmental systems and human activity. Laboratory activities emphasize technical and analytical skills development.

Course Dates: Wednesday, September 5, 2012 through to Friday, November 30, 2012

Location: Lectures FIP 204; Labs ASC 271

Meeting Day(s): Lectures - Mon, Wed, and Fri; Labs - Various Days and Times

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© Dr. Michael Pidwirny. Not to be copied, used, or revised without express written permission from the copyright owner.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Meeting Time(s): Lectures 11:30 to 12:20; Labs - Various Times - Students must attend the lab they are officially enrolled in; no exceptions.

Prerequisite(s): None.

Course Goals

This course is designed to achieve two goals. First, it attempts to provide the student with a detailed functional definition of contemporary physical geography and its relationships with Earth Science, Environmental Science, Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Biology, and other sub-fields of Geography. Second, it attempts to demonstrate the importance of Geography, and specifically Physical Geography in addressing contemporary issues and needs of society. Within the general framework of the above two aims, the course objectives are to:

• define Physical Geography in the context of contemporary paradigms of Geography;

• introduce three of the four spheres which constitute our natural environment - the Atmosphere, Biosphere and Hydrosphere;

• demonstrate the applicability of Physical Geography to analyzing the interactions between human populations and the natural spheres, and the resources, hazards and impacts they produce; and

• teach the student basic technical skills required in Physical Geography including the mastering of a vocabulary and knowledge of some very basic statistical techniques.

The elements of the course include lectures, readings, tests, laboratory assignments, and a lab test. The role of each will be discussed as the course proceeds. Note that the successful completion (grade of 50% or greater) of the laboratory component (assignments + lab test) is mandatory since Geography 108 is a laboratory science course.

CONNECT Learning Management System

This course uses an online Learning Management System (LMS) called CONNECT to improve and enhance the learning process. It is extremely important that students actively and effectively use this virtual learning environment to help them complete the requirements of the course. On the CONNECT LMS students will find important course documents, an internal (e)mail system, an announcement system, a discussion forum, chat rooms, a grade reporting system, course events calendar, course related multimedia, and other important learning tools that help students to achieve academic success in GEOG108.

The web address of CONNECT is : http://connect.ubc.ca


http://connect.ubc.ca

http://connect.ubc.ca

Students With Disabilities

If you require disability-related accommodations to meet the course objectives, please contact the Coordinator of Disability Resources located in the Student Development and Advising area of the student services building. For more information about Disability Resources or academic accommodations, please visit the website at:

http://web.ubc.ca/okanagan/students/disres/welcome.html

Your Responsibilities as a UBC Student - Academic Integrity

The academic enterprise is founded on honesty, civility, and integrity. As members of this enterprise, all students are expected to know, understand, and follow the codes of conduct regarding academic integrity. At the most basic level, this means submitting only original work done by you and acknowledging all sources of information or ideas and attributing them to others as required. This also means you should not cheat, copy, or mislead others about what is your work. Violations of academic integrity (i.e., misconduct) lead to the breakdown of the academic enterprise, and therefore serious consequences arise and harsh sanctions are imposed. For example, incidences of plagiarism or cheating may result in a mark of zero on the assignment or exam and more serious consequences may apply if the matter is referred to the President’s Advisory Committee on Student Discipline. Careful records are kept in order to monitor and prevent recurrences.

A more detailed description of academic integrity, including the policies and procedures, may be found at:

http://okanagan.students.ubc.ca/calendar/index.cfm?tree=3,54,111,0

If you have any questions about how academic integrity applies to this course, please consult with your Professor.

UBC Okanagan Policies and Regulations

Students should carefully review the information found in part V. Policies and Regulations of the UBC Okanagan Calendar. In particular, pay attention to the sections that discuss:

1) Academic Assessment 2) Student Rights and Responsibilities 3) Grade Appeals4) Student Discipline 5) Disruption of Classes 6) Academic Concession

See the following web address for the UBC Okanagan Calendar: http://okanagan.students.ubc.ca/calendar/






http://okanagan.students.ubc.ca/calendar/




Textbooks

Required reading: Understanding Physical Geography, Second Edition, Michael Pidwirny, 2012, Available at UBCSUO Green Text & More Used Bookstore - UNC 103.

Required reading: Geography 108: Introduction to Physical Geography I Laboratory Manual, M.J. Pidwirny, F.A. de Scally, and I. Saunders, UBC Okanagan, 2012, Available at UBC Bookstore.

Grading Breakdown

A student’s final grade in GEOG108 will be determined by the four indicators of performance listed below. The weighting breakdown of these indicators is given in percent.

15% 10 Lab Assignments

15% Laboratory Test (Written on Thursday, November 29, 2012 at 7:00 PM, Location FIP 204.)

40% Term Tests (There will be THREE term tests scheduled to occur during the regular lecture times of the course. The BEST 2 out 3 tests will be used to determine your term test grade.)

30% Final Exam (Written during final exam period, December 5 to 19, 2012. PLEASE DO NOT SCHEDULE holidays and flights back home during this period.)

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100% COURSE GRADE TOTAL

Grade Standards

Letter Grade Percentage Range

A+ 90-100% A 85-89% A- 80-84% B+ 76-79% B 72-75% B- 68-71% C+ 64-67% C 60-63%


C- 55-59% D 50-54% F 0-49%

Repeating Failed Lab or Lecture Portions of this Course

If a student fails the laboratory portion of the course, but achieved a grade of at least C (60%) in the lecture portion of the course, the student may opt to repeat only the laboratory portion. If a student fails the lecture portion of the course, but achieved a grade of at least C (60%) in the laboratory portion of the course, the student may opt to repeat only the lecture portion.

The course may be taken again within two years of the start of the term in which the student was originally enrolled in the course (e.g. if the course was originally taken in the Fall term of 2005, the student has until August 2007 to repeat the course).

In situations where the weighting of the lab/lecture component changes from year to year (e.g. 30% lab, 70% lecture in one year; 40% lab, 60% lecture in another year), it will be at the discretion of the instructor teaching the course the second time to decide the weighting in the calculation of the new grade.

The student must complete (including all required signatures) the “Repeat Course Form” and submit it to the Unit 7 Administrative Assistant (Ms. Janet Elliott) by the last day of the late registration period.

Lectures and Chapter Readings

Chapter 1. Introduction to Physical Geography

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

1.1.1.1 Early Greeks and Romans 1.1.1.2 Middle Ages to 1800 1.1.1.3 1800 to 1950 1.1.1.4 20th Century – Second Half 1.1.1.5 The 21st Century

1.1.2 PHENOMENA OF STUDY IN MODERN GEOGRAPHY

1.2 DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

1.3 THE FOUR SPHERES


1.3.1 THE ATMOSPHERE 1.3.2 THE HYDROSPHERE 1.3.3 THE LITHOSPHERE 1.3.4 THE BIOSPHERE

1.4 SCIENCE OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

1.4.1 THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD

1.5 SYSTEMS THEORY AND SCIENCE

1.5.1 SYSTEM HIERARCHY AND INTERCONNECTIONS 1.5.2 SYSTEMS AND EQUILIBRIUM

Chapter 3. Matter, Energy and the Universe

3.1 THE UNIVERSE AND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

3.1.1 THE BIG BANG THEORY 3.1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE 3.1.3 THE SOLAR SYSTEM

3.1.3.1 The Inner Solar System 3.1.3.2 THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM

3.2 MATTER

3.2.1 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS 3.2.2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER 3.2.3 PHASES OF MATTER 3.2.4 TYPES OF MATTER 3.2.5 CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF LIFE

3.3 ENERGY

3.3.1 TYPES OF ENERGY 3.3.2 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY 3.3.3 ENERGY, TEMPERATURE, AND HEAT

3.4 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

3.4.1 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 3.4.2 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 3.4.3 THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

3.5 ENERGY TRANSFER ON OUR PLANET

3.5.1 CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION 3.5.2 ENERGY TRANSFER AND LIFE


3.5.2.1 Photosynthesis 3.5.2.2 Cellular Respiration

Chapter 4. Solar Radiation and the Earth

4.1 NATURE OF RADIATION

4.1.1 WAVES AND PHOTONS 4.1.2 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION

4.2 SOLAR OUTPUT AND THE EARTH

4.2.1 SUNSPOTS, PROMINENCES, AND SOLAR FLARES

4.3 EARTH GEOMETRY AND MOTIONS

4.3.1 EARTH ROTATION AND REVOLUTION 4.3.2 TILT OF THE EARTH'S AXIS 4.3.3 AXIS TILT AND SOLAR ALTITUDE

4.4 DAILY AND ANNUAL CYCLES OF INSOLATION

Chapter 5. Atmospheric Structure and Radiation Transfer

5.1 EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

5.2 COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

5.2.1 GASES 5.2.2 AEROSOLS

5.3 ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS

5.3.1 THERMAL LAYERS 5.3.2 CHEMICAL LAYERS

5.4 ABSORPTION, REFLECTION, AND SCATTERING

5.4.1 ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING 5.4.2 ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION 5.4.3 ATMOSPHERIC REFLECTION 5.4.4 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION

5.5 SURFACE ALBEDO AND INSOLATION

5.5.1 SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS OF ALBEDO

5.6 GLOBAL RADIATION TRANSFERS


5.6.1 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SURFACE INSOLATION INPUT 5.6.2 CONCEPT OF RADIATION BALANCE 5.6.3 EARTH SPACE BOUND EMISSION 5.6.4 ANNUAL GLOBAL RADIATION CASCADES 5.6.5 NET RADIATION

5.7 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING

Chapter 6. Energy, Temperature and Heat

6.1 RADIATION TRANSFER AND TEMPERATURE

6.2 MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE

6.2.1 INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE 6.2.2 INSTRUMENT SHELTERS 6.2.3 TEMPERATURE MEANS, RANGES, NORMALS, AND EXTREMES

6.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING AIR TEMPERATURE

6.3.1 LATITUDE 6.3.2 ALTITUDE 6.3.3 CLOUD COVER 6.3.4 MARITIME AND CONTINENTAL EFFECTS 6.3.5 OCEAN CURRENTS

6.4 CYCLES OF AIR TEMPERATURE

6.4.1 DAILY CYCLES 6.4.2 ANNUAL CYCLES

6.5 GLOBAL TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

6.5.1 ANNUAL SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES 6.5.2 JANUARY SURFACE TEMPERATURES 6.5.3 JULY SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES 6.5.4 SEASONAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 6.5.5 OCEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURES

6.6 THE GLOBAL HEAT BALANCE

Chapter 7. Atmospheric Pressure and Wind

7.1 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

7.1.1 PRESSURE, DENSITY, VOLUME, AND TEMPERATURE 7.1.2 SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 7.1.3 MEASURING AIR PRESSURE


7.1.4 WEATHER MAPS AND AIR PRESSURE 7.1.5 GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PATTERNS

7.2 WIND

7.2.1 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 7.2.2 PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE 7.2.3 CORIOLIS EFFECT 7.2.4 FRICTIONAL FORCE

7.3 SURFACE AND UPPER AIR WINDS

7.3.1 SURFACE WINDS 7.3.2 UPPER AIR WINDS 7.3.3 GRADIENT WINDS

7.4 LOCAL AND REGIONAL WIND SYSTEMS

7.4.1 THERMAL CIRCULATIONS 7.4.2 SEA AND LAND BREEZES 7.4.3 MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY BREEZES 7.4.4 KATABATIC WINDS 7.4.5 MONSOON WINDS

7.5 MODELS OF GLOBAL CIRCULATION

7.5.1 THREE CELL MODEL OF GLOBAL CIRCULATION

7.6 ACTUAL GLOBAL SURFACE CIRCULATION

7.7 UPPER ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION AND JET STREAMS

7.7.1 ROSSBY WAVES

Chapter 8. Thunderstorms, Mid-Latitude Cyclones and Hurricanes

8.1 STORMS OF VARIOUS SIZES

8.2 THUNDERSTORMS

8.2.1 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THUNDERSTORMS 8.2.2 AIR MASS THUNDERSTORMS 8.2.3 SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS 8.2.4 THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES 8.2.5 OKLAHOMA, MAY 3RD, 1999

8.3 AIR MASSES AND TRANSITIONAL FRONTS


8.3.1 AIR MASSES 8.3.2 TRANSITIONAL FRONTS

8.4 MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES

8.4.1 DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS 8.4.2 MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE LIFE CYCLE

8.5 TROPICAL WEATHER AND HURRICANES

8.5.1 TROPICAL WEATHER 8.5.2 EASTERLY WAVES 8.5.3 HURRICANES 8.5.4 HURRICANE DEVELOPMENT, MOVEMENT, AND DISSIPATION 8.5.5 HURRICANE CLASSIFICATION 8.5.6 HURRICANE DAMAGE AND DESTRUCTION

Chapter 9. Climatic Regions and Climate Change

9.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DIVERSITY OF CLIMATE

9.1.1 LATITUDE 9.1.2 GLOBAL-SCALE PRESSURE PATTERNS AND WINDS 9.1.3 AIR MASSES 9.1.4 STORMS 9.1.5 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN LAND AND WATER 9.1.6 ALTITUDE AND MOUNTAIN RANGES

9.2 CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION

9.2.1 KÖPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 9.2.2 TROPICAL MOIST CLIMATES - KÖPPEN TYPE A

9.2.2.1 Tropical Wet (Af) 9.2.2.2 Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw) 9.2.2.3 Tropical Monsoon (Am)

9.2.3 DRY CLIMATES - KÖPPEN TYPE B

9.2.3.1 Subtropical Desert (BWh) and Steppe (BSh) 9.2.3.2 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) and Steppe (BSk)

9.2.4 MOIST MID-LATITUDE CLIMATES WITH MILD WINTERS - KÖPPEN TYPE C

9.2.4.1 Humid Subtropical (Cf) 9.2.4.2 Dry Winter, Wet Summer (Cw) 9.2.4.3 Mediterranean (Cs)


9.2.5 MOIST MID-LATITUDE CLIMATES WITH COLD WINTERS - KÖPPEN TYPE D 9.2.6 POLAR CLIMATES - KÖPPEN TYPE E

9.2.6.1 Polar Tundra (ET) 9.2.6.2 Polar Ice Cap (EF)

9.2.7 HIGHLAND CLIMATES - KÖPPEN TYPE H

9.3 NATURAL VARIABILITY OF THE EARTH'S CLIMATE

9.3.1 EARTH'S CLIMATIC HISTORY 9.3.2 RECONSTRUCTING PAST CLIMATES

9.3.2.1 Instrument Records 9.3.2.2 Written Documentation 9.3.2.3 Proxy Data

9.4 CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

9.4.1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EARTH’S CLIMATE

9.4.1.1 Variations in the Earth's Orbital Characteristics 9.4.1.2 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variations 9.4.1.3 Volcanic Eruptions 9.4.1.4 Variations in Solar Output

Chapter 10. Human Alteration of the Atmosphere

10.1 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

10.1.1 TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION 10.1.2 PRIMARY POLLUTANTS 10.1.3 SECONDARY POLLUTANTS 10.1.4 FACTORS AFFECTING AIR POLLUTION

10.1.4.1 Wind 10.1.4.2 Atmospheric Stability and Inversions 10.1.4.3 Topography

10.2 INDUSTRIAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

10.2.1 FORMATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 10.2.2 CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 10.2.3 METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

10.3 ACID DEPOSITION

10.3.1 ACID DEPOSITION FORMATION 10.3.2 EFFECTS OF ACID DEPOSITION


10.4 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

10.5 GLOBAL WARMING

10.5.1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

10.5.1.1 Weather and Climate 10.5.1.2 Plants, Animals, and Biome Changes 10.5.1.3 Changes to the Hydrology of the Planet 10.5.1.4 Human Health 10.5.1.5 Human Built Environment and Agriculture

10.5.2 KYOTO AND THE CLIMATE CHANGE CONVENTION

10.6 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

10.6.1 OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE 10.6.2 THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Chapter 12. Atmospheric Hydrology

12.1 ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY

12.1.1 INTRODUCTION 12.1.2 MIXING RATIO, SATURATION MIXING RATIO, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY 12.1.3 DEW POINT AND FROST POINT 12.1.4 MEASURING HUMIDITY 12.1.5 GLOBAL MEASUREMENTS OF HUMIDITY 12.1.6 CONDENSATION, FREEZING, AND DEPOSITION

12.2 CLOUD FORMATION PROCESSES

12.3 FOG AND PRECIPITATION

12.3.1 FOG 12.3.2 PRECIPITATION 12.3.3 MEASURING PRECIPITATION

12.3.3.1 Standard Rain Gauge 12.3.3.2 Tipping Bucket Gauge 12.3.3.3 Measuring Snowfall 12.3.3.4 Radar Systems

12.4 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION

12.5 EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION


Chapter 26. Introduction to Life

26.1 LIFE ON OUR PLANET

26.1.1 WHAT IS LIFE? 26.1.2 DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS OF LIFE 26.1.3 HISTORY OF LIFE ON THE EARTH

26.2 CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE

26.2.1 WHAT IS A SPECIES? 26.2.2 SPECIES CLASSIFICATION

26.3 POPULATIONS, COMMUNITIES, AND ECOSYSTEMS

26.3.1 POPULATIONS 26.3.2 COMMUNITIES 26.3.3 ECOSYSTEMS

26.4 LIFE AND EVOLUTION

26.4.1 DARWIN’S THEORY 26.4.2 NATURAL SELECTION, MUTATIONS, AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

26.5 ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL

26.5.1 r- AND K-SELECTED SPECIES 26.5.2 GRIME’S PLANT STRATEGIES

26.6 LIFE’S DIVERSITY

26.6.1 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY 26.6.2 GLOBAL PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY 26.6.3 OTHER SPECIES DIVERSITY PATTERNS 26.6.4 THE EXTINCTION OF LIFE

Chapter 27. Spatial Distribution of Species and Ecosystems

27.1 GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND THE ECOLOGICAL NICHE

27.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC RANGE 27.1.2 ECOLOGICAL NICHE

27.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING SPECIES DISTRIBUTION

27.2.1 DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION 27.2.2 ABIOTIC FACTORS AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS 27.2.3 BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS


27.2.3.1 Competition 27.2.3.2 Mutualism 27.2.3.3 Commensalism 27.2.3.4 Predation, Parasitism, and Pathogens

27.3 DISTURBANCE

27.3.1 FIRE 27.3.2 WIND 27.3.3 FLOODING

27.4 PLANT SUCCESSION

27.4.1 ABANDONED FIELD TO OAK FOREST 27.4.2 TYPES OF PLANT SUCCESSIONS 27.4.3 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC CHANGES DURING SUCCESSION 27.4.4 SUCCESSION MECHANISMS

27.4.4.1 Facilitation Model of Succession 27.4.4.2 Tolerance Model of Succession 27.4.4.3 Inhibition Model of Succession

27.5 EARTH'S ECOSYSTEMS AND MAJOR BIOMES

27.5.1 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

27.5.1.1 Tundra 27.5.1.2 Boreal Forests/Taiga 27.5.1.3 Temperate Coniferous Forests 27.5.1.4 Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests 27.5.1.5 Temperate Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands 27.5.1.6 Montane Grasslands and Shrublands 27.5.1.7 Deserts and Xeric Shrublands 27.5.1.8 Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub 27.5.1.9 Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands 27.5.1.10 Flooded Grasslands and Savannas 27.5.1.11 Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests 27.5.1.12 Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests 27.5.1.13 Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests

27.5.2 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

27.5.2.1 Open Sea 27.5.2.2 Coastal Zone 27.5.2.3 Lakes and Ponds 27.5.2.4 Streams 27.5.2.5 Fresh Water Wetlands


Chapter 28. Biogeochemical Cycling and Ecosystem Productivity

28.1 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FOR LIFE

28.2 NUTRIENT CYCLING

28.2.1 EXTERNAL NUTRIENT INPUTS TO ECOSYSTEMS

28.2.1.1 Weathering 28.2.1.2 Atmospheric Input 28.2.1.3 Biological Input 28.2.1.4 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes 28.2.1.5 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Non-Legumes 28.2.1.6 Addition of Inorganic and Organic Matter

28.2.2 NUTRIENT OUTPUTS TO ECOSYSTEMS

28.2.2.1 Gaseous Losses 28.2.2.2 Loss of Inorganic and Organic Matter

28.2.3 INTERNAL ECOSYSTEM NUTRIENT CYCLING

28.3 THE CARBON AND NITROGEN CYCLES

28.3.1 THE CARBON CYCLE 28.3.2 THE NITROGEN CYCLE

28.4 PRODUCTIVITY OF PLANTS

28.4.1 INTRODUCTION 28.4.2 FACTORS LIMITING PLANT PRODUCTIVITY

28.4.2.1 Efficiency of Solar Radiation Use

28.5 FOOD CHAINS, TROPHIC PYRAMIDS, AND FOOD WEBS

28.5.1 PRODUCTION BY CONSUMERS 28.5.2 GRAZING FOOD CHAIN 28.5.3 DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN 28.5.4 TROPHIC PYRAMIDS AND FOOD CHAINS 28.5.5 FOOD WEBS

Chapter 30. Human Alteration of the Biosphere

30.1 SPECIES EXTINCTION CRISIS

30.1.1 POACHING, HUNTING, AND HARVESTING 30.1.2 SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS 30.1.3 POLLUTION, TOXIC CHEMICALS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE


30.1.4 EXOTIC PET AND PLANT TRADE 30.1.5 PEST MANAGEMENT 30.1.6 HABITAT MODIFICATION AND LOSS

30.2 LAND-COVER CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEM LOSS

30.2.1 FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 30.2.2 GRASSLAND AND RANGELAND ECOSYSTEMS

30.3 BENEFITS OF SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS

30.3.1 SPECIES BENEFITS

30.3.1.1 Food 30.3.1.2 Medical Importance 30.3.1.3 Industrial Products 30.3.1.4 Tourism and Recreation 30.3.1.5 Ecological Importance

30.3.2 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

30.4 REDUCING THE LOSS OF SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS

30.4.1 ASSESSING THE DAMAGE

30.5 MANAGING SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS

30.5.1 EX SITU MANAGEMENT OF SPECIES 30.5.2 SAVING SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS IN THE WILD


GEOG108 Course Outline - University of British Columbia · 6) Academic Concession ... Repeating...

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