Geog 80 Topic 1_A_2
Transcript of Geog 80 Topic 1_A_2
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GEOG 80 Transport Geography
Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Topi ! Transportation and Geography
". #hat is Transport Geography$
%. Transportation and &pae
'. (istorial E)olution of Transportation *
D. (istorial E)olution of Transportation **
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" #hat is Transport Geography$
1 The Purpose of Transportation 2 The Importance of Transportation
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! The Purpose of Transportation
Overcome space Variety of human and physical constraints. Distance, time, administrative divisions and toporaphy.
!riction of distance "osts. Distance involved. #ature of $hat is %ein transported.
&oal of transportation
Transform the eoraphical attri%utes of freiht, people orinformation.
&ive an added value in the process. !ulfillment of a demand for mo%ility.
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The &patial 'onsideration of a +o)e,ent
" %
#aling 'yling Dri)ing
D#/ D'/ DD/
Friction of Distance
Movement
Distance (D)
Time
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! The Purpose of Transportation
Transporta%ility Transport costs. 'ttri%utes of the transported oods (fraility, perisha%le, price). *ome institutional factors such as la$s, %orders and tariffs.
Derived demand Transportation cannot e+ists on its o$n and cannot %e stored. Direct derived demand
- ovements directly the conse/uence of an economic activity.
Indirect derived demand- ovements created %y the re/uirements of other movements.- 0nery consumption from transportation.
- arehousin can %e la%eled as an indirect derived demand since it is a
non movement of a freiht element.
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Transportation as a Deri)ed De,and
#oring
Activity
aationing
Derived Demand
+anufaturing
'o,,uting
Ta1i
"ir tra)el
Touring 2us
Trus
'ontainership
Direct
Energy
Indirect #arehousing
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3 The *,portane Transportation
Dimensions 3istorical
- Played several different historical roles.- 4ise of civili5ations (0ypt, 4ome and "hina).
- Development of political and cultural societies.
- #ational defense (4oman empire, 'merican road net$or6).
*ocial- 'ccess to healthcare, $elfare, and cultural or artistic events.
- *hape social interactions.
Political- 4ules and reulations.- o%ility often su%sidi5ed.
- #ation %uildin and national unity.
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3 The *,portane Transportation
0nvironmental- Important environmental impacts.- Pollution, e+ploitation of natural resources.
0conomic- 7in6ed to economic development and 8o% creation %oth indirectly and
directly.
- 'ccordin to modal developments9 maritime, rail, automo%ile, and
aerospace construction.- !actor in the production of oods and services.
- "ontri%utes to the value:added of oods and services.
- !acilitates economies of scale.- Influences land (real estate) value.- "ontri%utes to the speciali5ation of reions.
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3 The *,portane Transportation
The importance of transportation is ro$in &ro$th in the demand for mo%ility
"onsidera%le ro$th of the transport demand- Individual (passeners) and freiht mo%ility.
7arer /uantities of passeners and freiht %ein moved. 7oner distances over $hich they are carried. ultiplication of the num%er of 8ourneys. ide variety of modes servicin transport demands.
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ehile 4se *ndiators5 #orld5 !670-3003
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3 The *,portane Transportation
4eduction of costs *everal transportation modes are very e+pensive to o$n and
operate (ships and planes). "osts per unit transported have sinificantly dropped.
Overcome larer distances and further e+ploit the comparativeadvantaes of space.
7o$er costs lin6ed $ith loner distances.
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Transport and 'o,,uniation 'osts *nde1es5 !630-!660
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3 The *,portane Transportation
0+pansion of infrastructures 0+tended the re/uirements for transport infrastructures %oth
/uantitatively and /ualitatively. 4oads, har%ors, airports, telecommunication facilities and
pipelines have e+panded considera%ly. *ervice ne$ areas and addin capacity to e+istin net$or6s. Transportation infrastructures are a ma8or component of the land
use.
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Transportation et9or Density in , per !00 sr ,/5
3000
+ore than !00 , ; !00 ,3
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3 The *,portane Transportation
*patial differentiation of the economy Different locations 7ocation of resources (ra$ materials, la%or, manufacturin). *patial division of production and consumption.
*ervice em%edded in the socio:economic life of individuals,institutions and corporations.
Often invisi%le for to consumer, %ut al$ays part of all economic
functions.
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3 The *,portane Transportation
*trateic infrastructure 0m%edded in the socio:economic life of individuals, institutions
and corporations. If disrupted or cease to operate, the conse/uences can %e
dramatic. #o specific user can have a competitive advantae over others. Often invisi%le to the consumer. The perceived invisi%ility of transportation is derived from its
efficiency.
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3 The *,portane Transportation
"ommon fallacies 'ccess is not accessi%ility
- 'ccess is uniform $herever one is located in reard to the transport
system as lon a there is a possi%ility to enter or to e+it 9 pu%lic hih$ay.
- Often no specific user can have a competitive advantae over others.
- 'ccessi%ility varies accordin to one;s location $ithin the transport
system.
Distance is not time- Distance remains constant.
- Time can vary due to improvements in transport technoloy or %ecause of
conestion.
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T9o 'o,,on ?allaies in Transport Geography
Access vs. Accessibility Distance vs. Time
a
2
!0
@
@ 7 7
=
@
A3
7
8
o9 (igh
Detour
+odal 'hange
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! Physial 'onstraints
3ydroraphy Determines the e+tent of naviation. "onstraints on land transportation
- >rides, tunnels and detours.
"an also %e a transport infrastructure on its o$n. *everal rivers are important navia%le route$ays and %een the
focus of human activities Ports
- *tronly conditioned %y the hydroraphy.
- ?uality of the site and its depth.
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The Geographial &pae of +ariti,e Transportation
P A I P
M
Panama
Magellanood !o"e
#ue$
ibraltar
Malacca
#unda
%ort&'est
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The Great 'irle Distane 2et9een e9 Bor and +oso9
%e' or
Mosco'
*+,*-% /0,-12
--,*-% 0/,034
Cos (D) = (Sin a Sin b) + (Cos a Cos b Cos |c|)
Sin a = Sin (40.5) = 0.649
Sin b = Sin (55.5) = 0.824
Cos a = Cos (40.5) = 0.760
Cos b = Cos (55.5) = 0.566
Cos c = Cos (73.66 + 37.4) = -0.359
Cos (D) = 0.535 0.154 = 0.381
D = 67.631 de!ees
1 de!ee = 111.32 "#$ so D = 7528.66 "#
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! Physial 'onstraints
"limate &eneral $eather pattern affectin a reion
- Temperature, $ind and precipitation.
Varied impacts on transportation
- !rom nelii%le to ha5ardous or impossi%le operatin conditions. @et streams
- a8or physical component that international air carriers must ta6e into
consideration.
- *peed of $ind can affect costs of air travel.
-"an add or reduce fliht time, especially at intercontinental distances.- !liht %et$een #e$ Aor6 and 7ondon
'%out B hours (from ate to ate) east%ound '%out B hours C minutes $est%ound.
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+aCor Glo2al #ind Patterns
5anuary
5uly
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3 Transportation and the &patial &truture
Inertia of transport infrastructures Physical attri%utes
- #atural conditions can %e modified and adapted to suit human uses.- ost net$or6s follo$ the easiest (least cost) and most direct path, $hich
enerally follo$s valleys and plains.
3istorical considerations- #e$ infrastructures enerally reinforce historical patterns of e+chane.
- 3ih$ay net$or6 of !rance.
- Er%an streets pattern.
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Transportation et9ors and Geographial
&peialiation
A B
C
D E
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Transportation et9ors and Geographial &egregation
A B
C
D E
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@ &pae ; Ti,e Relationships
*pace = Time "onverence 'mount of space that can %e FpurchasedG $ith a specific amount
of time. 4elated to the efficiency of the transport system.
*inificant converence in the 1Hthand 2thcenturies. *pace = time converence has reached to lo%al level.
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Regional &pae ; Ti,e 'on)ergene in ,inutes/
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+ail Deli)ery Ti,es 2et9een e9 Bor and &an
?raniso5 !8=0-3000 in days/
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1500-1840Average speed of wagon and sail
ships: 16 km/hr
1850-1930Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr.
Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr
1950Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr
1970Average speed of et planes: 800-1120 km/hr
1990!"meri# transmission: instantaneo"s
&pae ; Ti,e 'on)ergene of the #orld Transport
&yste,
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@ &pae ; Ti,e Relationships
!actors of space = time converence *peed. 0conomies of scale
- Transport larer amounts of freiht and passeners at lo$er costs.
0+pansion of transport infrastructures- *ervice areas that $ere not or insufficiently serviced.- 0+panded the averae lenth of traffic.
Telecommunications- *u%stitution to transportation (telecommutin).
- Improvement in manaement. Transport terminals efficiency
- &ro$in capacity to handle lare /uantities of traffic over a short time
period.