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Geodesy

Geodesist

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Geodesy

Geodesist

/

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Geodesy

Geodesist

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Space Space Geodesy

NASA (NationalAeronautics and Space

Administration)

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(Space Geodesy)

Satellite tracking ()

Satellite laser ranging

Very-Long Baseline Interferometry VLBI

GPS/Glonass/Galileo

Satellite altimetry

Imaging lidar

Satellite-satellite tracking

Synthetic aperture radar SAR

Interferometric SAR (InSAR)

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An early space geodesy

experiment by Eratosthenes (2200

years ago) to measure the Earth:

Spherical Earth assumption

Gravity (vertical/radial)

Astronomical reference (sunlight)

Time synchronism

Terrestrial distance

Mathematics

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Humans first satellite,

Sputnik I,

USSR,

October 4, 1957

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Sputnik 1, 1957

Satellite nodal precession

(around an oblate Earth)

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GEO

LEOMEO

A Snapshot of the hundreds of Earths artificial satellites:

LEO = low Earth orbit; MEO = medium Earth orbit; GEO = geosynchronous

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QuickTime and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Satellitestracked by theLaser Ranging

network (inaddition to theMoon)

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BASELINE

Distant quasar

VLBI: very-long-baseline interferometry

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Tectonic Plate motion Velocity Fielddetermined by 2 decades of space geodesy measurements

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Earth Rotation

Orientation

Nutations (w.r.t. space)

Polar motion (w.r.t. Earth) Speed

Length-of-day/UT1

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10-DAY MISSION; 159 ORBITS

(NOT INCLUDING CALIBRATION OCEAN DATATAKES)Objective: Digital terrain data of the EarthLandmass.

One arc-sec (30 meter) posting

10 meter relative height resolution

16 meter absolute height resolution

Mosaickable terrain-corrected geocoded

images

QuickT ime and aGIF decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a

GIF decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a

GIFdecompressorareneeded tosee this picture.

QuickTime and aGIF decompressor

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Venus:

run-away

greenhouseeffect

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Venus Orbiting

Imaging Radar

on Magellan,19901994 (burnt

in atmosphere)

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QuickTime and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.

THE TOPOGRAPHY OF MARS (MOLA data)

MOLA SCIENCE & INSTRUMENT TEAMS

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are needed to see this picture.

ICESAT LASER ALTIMETER

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ICESat first days work (2/20/2003)

http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.htm

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TOPEX/Poseidon

(NASA/CNES; 1992-2005)

Jason-1 / Jason II(CNES/NASA; 2002 - )

http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/images/OSTM-06.jpg

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Sea Level Variations

= geoid (gravitational equi-potential surface)

+ more water (melting of land ice/glaciers, dams, etc.)

+ steric effects (thermal+salinity effects)

+ tides

+ dynamic height (wind-driven and thermohaline-drivencurrents)

+ inverted barometer & loading (pressure-driven effects )

+ waves (wind-driven, planetary, tsunami, )

Everywhere

On all time scales

For a variety of reasons

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Satellite ocean altimetry derived Gravity Field

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Surface Ocean Currents

(driven by prevailing wind field and under geostrophy)

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El Nio (11/1997) La Nia (10/1998)

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QuickTime and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.

M2 Lunar Tide in the Ocean

(GOT99, courtesy R. Ray)

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2007IPCC

mm

IPCC 2007

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Global Sea Level Rise From Topex/Poseidon(courtesy S. Nerem)

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GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)

St ti G it A l

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4 Decades of tracking to geodetic satellites 111 days of GRACE data

13 months of GRACE data

Static Gravity Anomaly

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COSMIC

constellation:

6 satellites

6 orbits:

800 km altitude

71 inclination

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P

GPS

GPS

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Interferometric SAR Observations

Earthquakes

Operational Constellations

for Plate Boundary ScaleVector Measurements

PBO

Northridge, CA

Site-specific, Irregular

Scalar Measurements

Hector Mine, CA

Greenland

Volcanoes

Long Valley, CA

Stress Change

Ice Sheets

GEODETIC IMAGING LIDAR Canopy Top Digital Surface Bald Earth Digital Terrain

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CANOPY HEIGHT CANOPY TOP

BALD EARTH USGS 10m DEM

GEODETIC IMAGING LIDARat a variety of scales

GLOBAL REGIONAL LOCAL

Canopy Top Digital Surface, Bald Earth Digital TerrainModels compared to USGS DEM

Terrapoint 1 8m Shaded Relief

Tacoma

Terrapoint 1.8m Shaded Relief

Mapping Mount Rainier Hazards withHigh Resolution LIDAR

500 m pixels 20 m pixels 2 m pixels

MOLA/MGS VCL Simulation SENH Airborne

Tacoma is downslope from Mount Ranierand inline for possible lahars triggeredb l i lti f k