GENETICS

What are proteins made of? Amino Acids

Where are proteins made? Ribosome

Where are chromosomes located? Nucleus

What is the function of Chromosomes? Controls heredity

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Proteins- make up our cells (transplants fail – immune systems attack)

Protein synthesis – make proteinsChromosomes – contain information for how

to put proteins together 1. protein & nucleic acid (DNA)Nucleic Acid: 1. 5 carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen containing base

A. DNA – deoxyribo nucleic acid shape – double helix-twisted ladder a. Sugar + phosphates alternate make

up sides b. Base – rungs of ladderDouble Helix discovered by Watson and Crick

Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + baseBuilding Blocks – nucleotide (sugar,

phosphate & base)

Four different bases 1. Purines – double ring structure adenine, guanine 2. Pyrimidines – single ring structure thymine , cytosine

Bonding patter for bases:A – TC - G

Replication – when DNA makes an exact copy of itself Must occur every time the cell divides

Why? To ensure cells have a compelte set of DNA

Protein synthesis – controls making protein in nucleus

- ribosome – site of protein synthesis - DNA has code (instructions) for how to make

protein in the nucleus _ RNA – ribonucleic acid

Protein Synthesis

RNASugar – riboseShape – single helixBase: uracil adeninine cytosine guanine A-U C- G

DNADeoxyriboseDouble helixBase: thymine adenine cytosine guanine A-T C-G

Three types of RNA1. mRNA – messenger RNA carry the message

code where proteins are made (genetic info.)

2. Transcription: - tRNA – transfer RNA carries amino acids in

the cytoplasm to the ribosome (translation) - rRNA – ribosomal RNA helps put together

the amino acids to form a protein

II. What is RNA and how is it different from DNA?Two big differences between DNA and RNA: •1. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; in RNA it is ribose •2. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of T (they are very similar bases; in RNA U= A just like T = A.)

tRNA – anti- codon

Protein Synthesis1. Transcription – process of transferring the

information from DNA to mRNA2. Translation – process of amino acids

bonding together to form