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![Page 1: Genetically Modified Crops and the Third World Allison Miller “Worrying about starving future generations won’t feed the world. Food biotechnology will.”](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649dd95503460f94ace788/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Genetically Modified Crops and the
Third WorldAllison Miller
“Worrying about starving future generations won’t feed the world. Food biotechnology will.” --Monsanto advertising campaign, 1998
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Genetic Modification vs. Traditional Plant Breeding
Genetic Modification (rDNA Methods)◦Can use genes from any living organism◦Can modify one gene or several genes
Traditional Plant Breeding◦Can only cross with closely related species◦Many genes are modified at once
Source: Lemaux 2008
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Need for GM crops and BiotechnologyFood and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) estimates that:◦842 million worldwide are underfed◦798 million live in developing nations◦World population is expected to reach 9 billion
by 2050
Source: Sairam and Prakash 2010
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“The affluent nations can afford to adopt elitist positions and pay more for food produced by the so called natural methods; the 1 billion chronically poor and hungry people of this world cannot. New technology will be their salvation, freeing them from obsolete, low-yielding, and more costly production technology.”--Norman Borlaug
Source: Borlaug 2000
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“To feed a world of 9 billion people in 2050…Africa has to increase its food production by 300%, Latin America by 80%, and Asia by 70%. Even North America would have to increase food production by 30% to feed its own projected population of 348 million people. Without an increase in farm productivity, an additional 1.6 billion hectares of arable land will be needed by 2050”-- R.V. Sairam and C.S. PrakashSource: Sairam and Prakash 2010
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Examples of GM CropsHerbicide tolerant (HT)
◦Soybean◦Corn/Maize◦Cotton◦Canola◦Alfalfa
Pest resistant (Bt)◦Cotton◦Corn/Maize◦Potatoes
Other traits◦ Increased nutrient content◦Virus resistance◦Drought toleranceSource: James 2009, Lemaux 2008
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Global Area of GM Crops By Crop
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Source: James 2009
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Source: James 2009
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Contribution to Sustainable Development in Developing Nations1) Food security2) Conservation of biodiversity3) Alleviation of poverty and hunger4) Prevention of disease and malnutrition5) Reduction of agriculture’s environmental
footprint6) Economic benefits
Source: James 2009
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Food Security
Increases productivity◦Increases yields◦Lowers food prices
Decreases production cost◦Fewer inputs◦Less labor
Source: James 2009
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Conservation of Biodiversity
Decreases land required◦Helps maintain plant biodiversity◦Reduces environmental degradation
Deforestation
Reduces amount of pesticide used◦Helps maintain insect biodiversity
Sources: James 2009, Lemaux 2009
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Alleviation of Poverty and Hunger
Increases income for farmers◦Means to purchase food
Increases availability of food◦Reduces absolute hunger
Source: James 2009
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Prevention of Disease and MalnutritionReduces exposure to harmful chemicals
◦Pesticides
Increases nutrient content of food◦Decreases micronutrient malnutrition
Disease◦Vitamin A Deficiency
◦Golden Rice
Source: James 2009, Lemaux 2008
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Reduction of Agriculture’s Environmental FootprintFewer inputs
◦Pesticides◦Water
Reduces/eliminates plowing◦Reduces CO2 emissions◦Prevents degradation of soil
Source: James 2009
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Economic Benefits
Global net economic benefits◦Developing nations earned $22 billion from
1996 to 2007
Source: James 2009
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Case Studies
Insect Resistant Cotton (Bt)◦China
Yields increased by 10% Pesticide usage decreased by 67% Net profit increased by $500/hectare
◦India Yields increased by 40% Pesticide usage decreased by 50% Net profit increased from $75/hectare to $200/hectare
Source: James 2009
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The Future of GM Crops
Pest resistance◦Fungus resistant potatoes
Agronomic performance◦Rice with higher photosynthetic capacity
Abiotic stress tolerance◦Tomatoes with tolerance to high salt content
Improvements in food quality◦Potatoes with increased calcium levels◦Tomatoes with increased folate levels
Medical applications◦Potato-based Hep B vaccineSource: James 2009
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ReferencesBorlaug, Norman. “Ending World Hunger: The Promise of Biotechnology and
the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry.” Plant Physiology. 124.2 (2000): 487-490.
James, Clive. “2009 ISAAA Report on Global Status of Biotech/GM Crops”. ISAAA Briefs No. 41. 1-9.
James, Clive. “Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008.” ISAAA Briefs No. 39 (2008): 1-275.
Lemaux, Peggy G. “Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I).” Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59. (2008): 771-812.
Lemaux, Peggy G. “Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part II).” Annual Review of Plant Biology. 60. (2009): 511-559.
Sairam, R. V. and C. S. Prakash. “OBPC Symposium: Maize 2004 & Beyond: Can Agricultural Biotechnology Contribute to Global Food Security?”. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 41.4 (2005): 424-430.