GENETIC ENGINEERING · GENETIC ENGINEERS can alter the DNA code of living organism “Genetic...
Transcript of GENETIC ENGINEERING · GENETIC ENGINEERS can alter the DNA code of living organism “Genetic...
UNIT 4 ... SEM 6
PAPER 1
MS. Swatantrata M. Sharma
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Introduction
Combination of Genetics & Engineering
GENETICS – It is the science that deals with the study of
heredity & variation
Heredity –Transmission of traits from parent to off spring
Variation – Similarities & differences
ENGINEERING- It is the application of knowledge in the
form of Science ,Maths to the innovation, design,
construction, operation & maintenance of structure,
machines, materials ,devices system, process & organization.
GENETIC ENGINEERS can alter the DNA code of living
organism
“Genetic Engineering is a technique, where genes are
transferred from one cell to another/ one organism to
another to produce recombinant DNA.”
This Recombinant DNA is used for the synthesis of valuable
products such as insulin , drugs etc
Scopes -
Synthesis of Drugs & other chemical.
Production of precious human hormones in large quantities by
implanting the gene in microorganisms
Cure of certain human molecular diseases by simple DNA
transfection.
Nutritional requirements of agriculturally important plants by
suitable gene transplant
Improvement of crop plants & domestic animals.
The DNA formed by joining DNA segments of two different
organisms is called recombinant DNA (r DNA) /
chimeric DNA.
The organism whose genetic makeup is manipulated using
recombinant DNA technique , is called recombinant /
Genetically Manipulated Organism.(GMO)
Enzymes :-
It is a substance, usually produced by plants & animals, which
helps a chemical change to happen more quickly, without
being changed itself.
The enzymes useful for cutting DNAs into pieces & again
joining the cut pieces into a long DNA are called Enzyme
tools of genetic engineering.
They are used to construct rDNAs for gene manipulation.
Restriction Enzyme , Ligases, DNA polymerase
RE are a special group of Nucleases which make specific cuts
on DNA strands to produce fragments.
Discovered by Lederberg & Meselson in 1964.
These are chemical Knives ( molecular scissors )
The RE are classified into 3 types ---Type I ,II, III
Type II recognize a specific nucleotide sequences & cleave it in
on near the vicinity of the recognition sequence.
The ability of an enzyme to recognize a particular sequence is
called Sequence specificity. The recognized sequence known
as Palindromes.
The RE makes 2 cuts one in each sequence, in a specific sequence
3’-OH end & 5’ –P end ( phosphodiester bond).The cuts produces
two kinds of DNA fragments ,namely – blunt end & cohesive
/ sticky ends.
Vectors-
A vector is a DNA molecule that has the ability to replicate in
an appropriate host cell & into which the DNA fragment to
be cloned is integrated for cloning.
PROPERTIES –
It should be able to replicate autonomously
It should be ideally less than 10 kb in size
Easy to isolate , purify, & introduced into the hostcell.
Have suitable marker genes.
2 types of Plasmids are found in Agrobacterium sp.-