Genetic Engineering “Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes”
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Transcript of Genetic Engineering “Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes”
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Genetic Engineering
“Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes”
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What is genetic engineering?
Moving small pieces of DNA from one organism into another organism
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What is recombinant DNA technology? Same thing as genetic engineering Recombinant DNA – made by
connecting (splicing) fragments of DNA from different sources
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How does recombinant DNA work? DNA is inserted into
an organism Organism uses
foreign DNA as if it were its own
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What are these new things called? Transgenic organisms
– contain recombinant DNA (initial + “foreign”)
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How do scientists move DNA (genes) to make transgenic organisms?1. Isolate source of foreign DNA to be
inserted
2. Join DNA with a vehicle that can transport it
3. Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into new host
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How is DNA isolated?
Restriction enzymes are used
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What are restriction enzymes?
Proteins that come from bacteria
They recognize, bind to and cut DNA into smaller fragments at certain points
>200 different enzymes
Examples are: EcoRI, HinD III, Bam HI, Bgl II
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Isolate source of DNA
Ex: EcoRI – cuts between G and A whenever it sees CTTAAG
A G G T C T T A A G C T A G C
T C C A G A A T T C G A T C G
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Isolate source of DNA
Don’t cut straight through both DNA strands
Cut is offset by a few bases “Sticky” ends are produced
C T T A A G
G A A T T C
C T T A A G
G A A T T C
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Isolate source of DNA
Ex: AluI – cuts between C and G whenever it sees AGCT
A G C TT C G A
A G C TT C G A
“Blunt” ends are produced
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Isolate source of DNA
Sticky Ends DNA can form circle because
complementary bases
OR
DNA can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by the same enzyme (same bases exposed) = Recombinant DNA
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REFRESHER: How do scientists move DNA (genes)?1. Isolate source of DNA
Answer: through Restriction Enzymes
2. Join DNA to a vehicle that can transport itAnswer: ???
3. Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into target cell
Answer: ???
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Join DNA to a transport vehicle
Vector
– means by which DNA from one organism gets to target/host cell
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Types of Vectors
1. Mechanical Micropipette inserted into cell Gene gun shoots tiny metal bullet coated w/
DNA
2. Biological Virus Plasmid
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What is a plasmid?
A small ring of DNA found in bacteria, which only carries genes under extreme circumstances
Both plasmid and foreign DNA are cleaved w/ same restriction enzyme
They are spliced using a “glue” called a ligase (enzyme)
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How do we know if foreign DNA has been successfully transferred?
Host cell copies recombinant DNA and its own DNA
Clones are created as host continues to divide (all w/ desired DNA)
Foreign DNA codes for the production of a specific protein – test the cloned cells to see if they produce protein or not
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And the final product is…
Newly recombined DNA that undergoes mitosis, producing multiple copies of new DNA
Bacteria is considered a good host because it reproduces quickly
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Genetically Engineered