Genetic Disorders Genetic Disorders

PugPug

IntroductionIntroduction

When choosing any breed of dog you must be When choosing any breed of dog you must be aware of potential health concerns aware of potential health concerns

All dogs mixes and pure bred can have health All dogs mixes and pure bred can have health concerns concerns

The more popular breeds and their mixes will The more popular breeds and their mixes will have more genetic problems listed and more have more genetic problems listed and more likely to have puppies with problems . likely to have puppies with problems .

Make sure your breeder offers a written health Make sure your breeder offers a written health guarantee good for one year.guarantee good for one year.

Have the puppy heath checked at your Have the puppy heath checked at your Veterinarian.Veterinarian.

Eye DisordersEye Disorders

Exposure keratopathy syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, aExposure keratopathy syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and/or macroblepharonnd/or macroblepharon

)) With this syndrome, there is chronic irritation of the With this syndrome, there is chronic irritation of the

surface of the eye (the cornea) because of increased surface of the eye (the cornea) because of increased evaporation of tears and increased corneal exposure. evaporation of tears and increased corneal exposure. This is a result of a combination of anatomic features This is a result of a combination of anatomic features including exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), including exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), lagophthalmos (inability to close the eyelids lagophthalmos (inability to close the eyelids completely) andmacroblepharon (an exceptionally completely) andmacroblepharon (an exceptionally large eyelid opening, often associated with lower lid large eyelid opening, often associated with lower lid entropionentropion). The result is inadequate blinking, and therefore ). The result is inadequate blinking, and therefore reduced protection for the eye. Affected dogs experience reduced protection for the eye. Affected dogs experience chronic discomfort and are prone to ulceration of the chronic discomfort and are prone to ulceration of the corneacornea..

Eye DisordersEye Disorders

CataractsCataracts: : Can be congenital, juvenile or Can be congenital, juvenile or as a result of old age as a result of old age

Keratoconjunctivitis siccaKeratoconjunctivitis sicca KCS or "dry KCS or "dry eye" is an eye disease caused by eye" is an eye disease caused by abnormal bulk of the tearsabnormal bulk of the tears. .

EntropionEntropion : : Entropion is the inward rolling Entropion is the inward rolling of the eyelid, most commonly the lower of the eyelid, most commonly the lower lid. This irritates the surface of the eye lid. This irritates the surface of the eye (the cornea) and may ultimately cause (the cornea) and may ultimately cause visual impairment.visual impairment.

Eye DisordersEye Disorders

Eyelash abnormalitiesEyelash abnormalities Normally the eyelashes (or cilia) grow Normally the eyelashes (or cilia) grow from follicles in the eyelid. Abnormalities of the eyelash from follicles in the eyelid. Abnormalities of the eyelash are a common hereditary problem in dogs. The three types are a common hereditary problem in dogs. The three types are:are:

distichiasis, in which extra eyelashes grow from abnormal distichiasis, in which extra eyelashes grow from abnormal follicles located on the inside edge of the eyelid. They may follicles located on the inside edge of the eyelid. They may be singular or multiple. be singular or multiple.

ectopic cilia, in which the extra eyelash grows through the ectopic cilia, in which the extra eyelash grows through the

eyelid to the inside.One or more ectopic cilia may be eyelid to the inside.One or more ectopic cilia may be present. present.

trichiasis, in which eyelashes growing from normal sites trichiasis, in which eyelashes growing from normal sites

turn inward. The eyelashes are often abnormally long.turn inward. The eyelashes are often abnormally long.

Respiratory DisordersRespiratory Disorders

brachycephalic syndromebrachycephalic syndrome Problems associated with this syndrome Problems associated with this syndrome range in severity, with most brachycephalic dogs snuffling and range in severity, with most brachycephalic dogs snuffling and snorting to some degree. Some will have no further difficulties, snorting to some degree. Some will have no further difficulties, but many will have problems such as increasingly noisy breathing, but many will have problems such as increasingly noisy breathing, coughing and gagging, fainting or collapsing episodes, and a coughing and gagging, fainting or collapsing episodes, and a decreased tolerance for exercise (ie. they tire easily). Over the decreased tolerance for exercise (ie. they tire easily). Over the long term, this also puts an increased strain on the heart. long term, this also puts an increased strain on the heart.

Overheating is especially dangerous because increased panting Overheating is especially dangerous because increased panting (the normal mechanism for cooling in dogs) can cause further (the normal mechanism for cooling in dogs) can cause further swelling and narrowing of the already constricted airways, which swelling and narrowing of the already constricted airways, which will increase your dog's anxiety. Excitement, exercise, or warm will increase your dog's anxiety. Excitement, exercise, or warm weather (and especially a combination of these factors) can weather (and especially a combination of these factors) can trigger this vicious cycle. These dogs can also have trigger this vicious cycle. These dogs can also have gastrointestinal problems, because of difficulties coordinating gastrointestinal problems, because of difficulties coordinating swallowing when they are working so hard at breathing. This can swallowing when they are working so hard at breathing. This can result in vomiting gagging because of swallowing so much air, or result in vomiting gagging because of swallowing so much air, or aspiration pneumonia, because of breathing in saliva or food aspiration pneumonia, because of breathing in saliva or food particles.They have an increased risk associated with sedation and particles.They have an increased risk associated with sedation and anesthesiaanesthesia

, ., .

Musculoskeletal DisordersMusculoskeletal Disorders

Legg-Calvé-Perthes diseaseLegg-Calvé-Perthes disease : : This is a disease of the This is a disease of the hip joint in young (4 to 12 months), small-breed dogs.hip joint in young (4 to 12 months), small-breed dogs.

HemivertebraHemivertebra This is a condition where there is This is a condition where there is abnormal bony development of one or more of the abnormal bony development of one or more of the vertebrae - the bones that make up the spinal column. vertebrae - the bones that make up the spinal column. The main part of each vertebra should look like a spool The main part of each vertebra should look like a spool when seen from the side. A hemivertebra looks like a when seen from the side. A hemivertebra looks like a wedge or triangle. Hemivertebra can occur in dogs that wedge or triangle. Hemivertebra can occur in dogs that have other kinds of vertebral malformations as well. have other kinds of vertebral malformations as well. Whether the condition causes problems for the dog Whether the condition causes problems for the dog depends on what part of the spinal column is affected, depends on what part of the spinal column is affected, and whether there is compression of the spinal cord and whether there is compression of the spinal cord

Immune DisorderImmune Disorder

AtopyAtopy The condition is usually first seen between 1 and 3 years of The condition is usually first seen between 1 and 3 years of age, although it may develop as late as 6 or 7. Initially atopy may age, although it may develop as late as 6 or 7. Initially atopy may be seasonal (eg. from spring to fall) but most affected dogs be seasonal (eg. from spring to fall) but most affected dogs eventually have signs all year round.eventually have signs all year round.

Dogs with atopy are very itchy. The areas most affected are the Dogs with atopy are very itchy. The areas most affected are the face, paws, lower legs, groin, and, less often, the ears and eyes. In face, paws, lower legs, groin, and, less often, the ears and eyes. In addition to scratching themselves with their hind feet, they often addition to scratching themselves with their hind feet, they often lick or chew the affected areas, or rub along the carpet to scratch lick or chew the affected areas, or rub along the carpet to scratch the face or ears. The intense itching can make them irritable and the face or ears. The intense itching can make them irritable and less tolerant of being handled. less tolerant of being handled. Initially, there are no apparent skin abnormalities, except possibly Initially, there are no apparent skin abnormalities, except possibly slight reddening, even though the dog is clearly itchy. (This is slight reddening, even though the dog is clearly itchy. (This is important because in other conditions there is often a rash or important because in other conditions there is often a rash or some visible lesion.) Over time, lesions develop as a result of the some visible lesion.) Over time, lesions develop as a result of the scratching and self-trauma, bacterial or yeast infections, and scratching and self-trauma, bacterial or yeast infections, and seborrhea, all of which can contribute to the objectionable odor of seborrhea, all of which can contribute to the objectionable odor of these dogs. The skin becomes reddened and eventually darkened these dogs. The skin becomes reddened and eventually darkened (hyperpigmentation), abraded, thickened, and wrinkled, with loss (hyperpigmentation), abraded, thickened, and wrinkled, with loss of hair and bronze staining from saliva.of hair and bronze staining from saliva.

Skin DisordersSkin Disorders

Demodicosis/ Demodectic mangeDemodicosis/ Demodectic mange is a mite that is present in small is a mite that is present in small numbers in the skin of most healthy dogs. Nursing puppies acquire numbers in the skin of most healthy dogs. Nursing puppies acquire the mite from their mothers during the first few days of life, and in the mite from their mothers during the first few days of life, and in most dogs there will never be any associated problems.most dogs there will never be any associated problems.In some dogs however, the normal balance is disrupted due to an In some dogs however, the normal balance is disrupted due to an immune defect. The mites multiply by the thousands in the hair immune defect. The mites multiply by the thousands in the hair follicles causing inflammation, in a condition called demodicosis. follicles causing inflammation, in a condition called demodicosis. Demodicosis may be Demodicosis may be localizedlocalized - that is, confined to 1 or more - that is, confined to 1 or more small discrete scaly reddened areas of hair loss, most commonly small discrete scaly reddened areas of hair loss, most commonly on the face or front legs. This is usually seen in pups of 3 to 6 on the face or front legs. This is usually seen in pups of 3 to 6 months of age, and most cases resolve spontaneously. Alternately, months of age, and most cases resolve spontaneously. Alternately, generalized demodicosisgeneralized demodicosis may develop, at anywhere from 3 to may develop, at anywhere from 3 to 12 months of age. This is a severe skin condition.12 months of age. This is a severe skin condition.The defect in the cell-mediated immune system which allows the The defect in the cell-mediated immune system which allows the development of generalized demodicosis is believed to be development of generalized demodicosis is believed to be inherited inherited

It is not infectious, to other pets or to people It is not infectious, to other pets or to people

Skin DisordersSkin Disorders

Fold dermatitis/pyodermaFold dermatitis/pyoderma Dermatitis means Dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Where there are inflammation of the skin. Where there are excessive skin folds or wrinkles, fold dermatitis excessive skin folds or wrinkles, fold dermatitis occurs due to rubbing of skin and trapping of occurs due to rubbing of skin and trapping of moisture in the folds. Pyoderma (bacterial skin moisture in the folds. Pyoderma (bacterial skin infection) commonly develops, almost always infection) commonly develops, almost always caused by caused by Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius (which (which does not cause problems in people).does not cause problems in people).Common forms are tail, lip, and facial fold Common forms are tail, lip, and facial fold dermatitis and associated pyoderma, in breeds dermatitis and associated pyoderma, in breeds where there is skin folding in these areas where there is skin folding in these areas

Heart DisorderHeart Disorder

Sick sinus syndromeSick sinus syndrome Sick sinus syndrome (also called sinus node Sick sinus syndrome (also called sinus node dysfunction or bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome) is a dysfunction or bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome) is a disturbance of the normal rhythm of the heart in adult/older dogs. disturbance of the normal rhythm of the heart in adult/older dogs. Normally, a dog's heart will beat at a rate as low as 40 Normally, a dog's heart will beat at a rate as low as 40 beats/minute during sleep and as high as 280 beats/minute during beats/minute during sleep and as high as 280 beats/minute during intense exercise. In sick sinus syndrome, the heart's natural ability intense exercise. In sick sinus syndrome, the heart's natural ability to beat is compromised. Some dogs suddenly have a heart rate as to beat is compromised. Some dogs suddenly have a heart rate as slow as 10 beats/minute, even during physical exercise; this slow as 10 beats/minute, even during physical exercise; this causes a drastic drop in circulation, and then they recover for causes a drastic drop in circulation, and then they recover for hours or days before having another sudden drop in heart rate. hours or days before having another sudden drop in heart rate. Other dogs have the opposite: a heart rate that suddenly is very Other dogs have the opposite: a heart rate that suddenly is very fast, causing a pounding heartbeat and also compromising the fast, causing a pounding heartbeat and also compromising the circulation. Overall, then, sick sinus syndrome is a disorder that circulation. Overall, then, sick sinus syndrome is a disorder that causes an erratic change in the heartbeat, and that begins mildly causes an erratic change in the heartbeat, and that begins mildly and then develops over time into a potentially life-threatening and then develops over time into a potentially life-threatening problem. The hallmark symptom of sick sinus syndrome is sudden problem. The hallmark symptom of sick sinus syndrome is sudden loss of consciousness (fainting), also called syncopeloss of consciousness (fainting), also called syncope

Nervous System DisordersNervous System Disorders

Spina bifidaSpina bifida Normally, the spinal cord is surrounded and Normally, the spinal cord is surrounded and protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column. In spina protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column. In spina bifida, there is defective fusion of the vertebral arches bifida, there is defective fusion of the vertebral arches during embryonic development, so that the vertebrae are during embryonic development, so that the vertebrae are incomplete incomplete

Most often, spina bifida occurs in the lower back region (caudal Most often, spina bifida occurs in the lower back region (caudal lumbar spine). The clinical signs vary with the extent of the defect. lumbar spine). The clinical signs vary with the extent of the defect. With a mild defect, you will likely never know there is an With a mild defect, you will likely never know there is an abnormality unless your dog has x-rays that show the area abnormality unless your dog has x-rays that show the area

When the spinal cord itself is affected, you will see signs in the When the spinal cord itself is affected, you will see signs in the hind end ranging from weakness and incoordination to paralysis hind end ranging from weakness and incoordination to paralysis and urinary and fecal incontinence. With a severe defect (absence and urinary and fecal incontinence. With a severe defect (absence of several adjacent vertebral arches with protrusion of spinal of several adjacent vertebral arches with protrusion of spinal cord), signs are generally evident very early, when pups start to cord), signs are generally evident very early, when pups start to walk. walk.

Nervous System DisordersNervous System Disorders

Meningitis Meningitis means inflammation of the Meningitis Meningitis means inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that line the meninges, which are the membranes that line the brain and spinal cord. Most cases of meningitis brain and spinal cord. Most cases of meningitis are due to bacterial or viral infection. Some forms are due to bacterial or viral infection. Some forms occur in specific breeds however, and are occur in specific breeds however, and are believed to have an inherited basis. This may be believed to have an inherited basis. This may be because of a genetically determined abnormality because of a genetically determined abnormality of the immune system .Signs develop between 6 of the immune system .Signs develop between 6 months and 7 years, and include seizures (which months and 7 years, and include seizures (which increase in severity), change in attitude, neck increase in severity), change in attitude, neck pain and rigidity, circling, and/or blindness pain and rigidity, circling, and/or blindness

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Pugs have 14 health concerns Disorders relatively common in this breed are : Keratoconjuctivitus siica “dry eye”

Note above disorder(s) is very common in this breed. Do not take lightly the other disorders. Some are very serious .

Information for this presentation as a public service provided by: www.delayrekennel.com with information provided by :

A joint initiative of the Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association..

Permission is granted to reprint pages from the database, provided that credit is given as follows: Crook A et al. 2011. Canine Inherited Disorders Database

Photos Wickipedia Encyclopedia

About the PresenterAbout the Presenter

Member of the Canine Ambassador Program with Orange Empire Member of the Canine Ambassador Program with Orange Empire Dog Club. Educating people in the joy canines bring into our lives Dog Club. Educating people in the joy canines bring into our lives through their relationship, interaction, and unconditional love. through their relationship, interaction, and unconditional love.

Pet Professional specializing in the training of puppies in Sun Pet Professional specializing in the training of puppies in Sun Valley since 1974 . Valley since 1974 .

Breeder of Silky Terriers and Wire Fox TerriersBreeder of Silky Terriers and Wire Fox Terriers My boarding, training and breeding kennel was awarded Small My boarding, training and breeding kennel was awarded Small

Business of the Year 2000 Business of the Year 2000 Better Business Bureau A+ rating Better Business Bureau A+ rating I have owned and/or bred 21 Conformation Champions including 6 I have owned and/or bred 21 Conformation Champions including 6

International Champions International Champions Member and former Vice President of the City of Angels Silky Member and former Vice President of the City of Angels Silky

Terrier ClubTerrier Club Past President of Sun Valley Chamber of CommercePast President of Sun Valley Chamber of Commerce Have also served on the boards of Associated Terrier Breeders, Have also served on the boards of Associated Terrier Breeders,

Animal Safe Haven Foundation, United Chambers of CommerceAnimal Safe Haven Foundation, United Chambers of Commerce