Genesis of the ISM Code 2009 Ships in Service Training Material.

Genesis of the ISM Code

ISM Code2009

Ships in Service Training Material

Safety at Sea


• Venice 1255, first maximum draught mark (a cross).

• Genoa 1330, rules for calculating a vessels draught.

• Venice 1255, first maximum draught mark (a cross).

• Genoa 1330, rules for calculating a vessels draught.

Ships in Service Training Material P.BOISSON

Safety at Sea - Earliest Rules

• In the North, repression was still used, the captain was empowered to cut off the head of the pilot if he endangered the ship or cargo through ignorance.

• Hanseatic League, various regulations, in 1412, 1417, 1447.

• Low countries 1549, survey of ships before and after loading cargo.

• In the North, repression was still used, the captain was empowered to cut off the head of the pilot if he endangered the ship or cargo through ignorance.

• Hanseatic League, various regulations, in 1412, 1417, 1447.

• Low countries 1549, survey of ships before and after loading cargo.



• Spain 1563, shipbuilders and owners were required to ensure the seaworthiness of vessels.

• Venice 1569, stowage of cargo.

• France 1584, ports required to ensure the ability of captains, and 1779 survey of ships before and after voyages.

• Spain 1563, shipbuilders and owners were required to ensure the seaworthiness of vessels.

• Venice 1569, stowage of cargo.

• France 1584, ports required to ensure the ability of captains, and 1779 survey of ships before and after voyages.



There followed increasing control of shipping by both Britain and France.

• 1836, British Parliamentary Committee.• 1840, First British rules on lights and traffic.• 1846, Inspections on passenger ships in British ports.• 1850, British Merchant Shipping Act.• 1881, French Merchant Shipping Law.

There followed increasing control of shipping by both Britain and France.

• 1836, British Parliamentary Committee.• 1840, First British rules on lights and traffic.• 1846, Inspections on passenger ships in British ports.• 1850, British Merchant Shipping Act.• 1881, French Merchant Shipping Law.



Because of the simplicity and effectiveness of the British regulations, France signed an agreement with Britain for the first uniform legislation for the lighting of steamships in 1848.

Not exactly an International Convention but the first agreement between Flag States to follow the same rules.

Because of the simplicity and effectiveness of the British regulations, France signed an agreement with Britain for the first uniform legislation for the lighting of steamships in 1848.

Not exactly an International Convention but the first agreement between Flag States to follow the same rules.



Due to public opinion in Britain and the publication of a manifesto by Samuel Plimsoll about “coffin ships” the 1876 British Shipping Act was passed, with

criminal penalties for those found guilty of operating ships that posed a risk to

human life, requirements for draught marks for ships and a maximum load line

mark for vessels over 80 tons.

Due to public opinion in Britain and the publication of a manifesto by Samuel Plimsoll about “coffin ships” the 1876 British Shipping Act was passed, with

criminal penalties for those found guilty of operating ships that posed a risk to

human life, requirements for draught marks for ships and a maximum load line

mark for vessels over 80 tons.



Other agreements between Britain and France followed until there was gradually set up a maritime traffic policing force.

However despite the legislation, casualties were still very high:

in 1882 more than: - 3000 seamen. - 360 passengers were lost in. - 1120 maritime accidents to British ships.

Other agreements between Britain and France followed until there was gradually set up a maritime traffic policing force.

However despite the legislation, casualties were still very high:

in 1882 more than: - 3000 seamen. - 360 passengers were lost in. - 1120 maritime accidents to British ships.



As the result of a Royal Commission and

with the assistance to the Board of Trade

by both Lloyds Register of Shipping and

Bureau Veritas, the 1890 Load Line Act

was passed.

As the result of a Royal Commission and

with the assistance to the Board of Trade

by both Lloyds Register of Shipping and

Bureau Veritas, the 1890 Load Line Act

was passed.



Other maritime nations passed their own legislation based upon the British Model:

1890, Denmark, Norway

1898, Sweden

1902, Netherlands

1915, USA

1924, Spain

Other maritime nations passed their own legislation based upon the British Model:

1890, Denmark, Norway

1898, Sweden

1902, Netherlands

1915, USA

1924, Spain



• 1848, rules on lights, Britain & France.• 1879, signals code, 19 States in London.• 1880, first international collision

prevention rules.• 1881, health and safety for steam packets. • 1889, Congress in Washington DC, proper

code of practice for steering, sailing,

lights, signals and distress signals.

• 1848, rules on lights, Britain & France.• 1879, signals code, 19 States in London.• 1880, first international collision

prevention rules.• 1881, health and safety for steam packets. • 1889, Congress in Washington DC, proper

code of practice for steering, sailing,

lights, signals and distress signals.



• 1906, Wireless telegraphy conference

in Berlin.

• 1910, conventions on collisions,

lifesaving and assistance.

• 1912, London conference on Wireless

Telegraphy made it compulsory

for all ships to carry radio.

• 1906, Wireless telegraphy conference

in Berlin.

• 1910, conventions on collisions,

lifesaving and assistance.

• 1912, London conference on Wireless

Telegraphy made it compulsory

for all ships to carry radio.



Titanic

Story


On the 14th April 1912

the passenger ship TITANIC sank

after colliding with an iceberg.

Over 1500 people diedOver 1500 people died



Titanic Story

"We estimatethat thisshipwillneversink"

"We estimatethat thisshipwillneversink"

White Star lineVice PresidentWhite Star lineVice President

"I can't imagineany major

situationwhichcouldaffect

the success

of thatship"

"I can't imagineany major

situationwhichcouldaffect

the success

of thatship"

Titanic'sCaptain

Titanic'sCaptain



The ship was built with safely calculated watertightcompartments.So , the number of ship's boats was underestimated.

The ship was built with safely calculated watertightcompartments.So , the number of ship's boats was underestimated.

The presence of icebergs on the route was confirm by radio. The captain decided to maintain course and speed to break a record.

The presence of icebergs on the route was confirm by radio. The captain decided to maintain course and speed to break a record.

The radio operator shut downcommunicationto take a break.

The radio operator shut downcommunicationto take a break.

A ship sailing in the same areas

ignored thedistress message.

A ship sailing in the same areas

ignored thedistress message.

Titanic Story


The emergency systemwasrationalisedto aminimum

The management organisation was unable to respond adequately

to the situation.

of 2208 passengers and crew only750 survived.

Such a thingshould never

happenagain.

Titanic Story

TITANICTITANIC

This appalling disaster had an enormous

impact on public opinion

and encouraged

the need for safety collective

procedures.

This appalling disaster had an enormous

impact on public opinion

and encouraged

the need for safety collective

procedures.



Shipslost

Shipslost

Contact (1%)Contact (1%)

Adverse weather

Adverse weather

High speedHigh speed

Technicalcircumstances

Technicalcircumstances

Foundered ( 44%)Foundered ( 44%)

??Grounding

Stranding (21%)Grounding

Stranding (21%)

StressStress

Social hierarchy on board

Social hierarchy on board

SpeedSpeed

PracticesPractices

FatigueFatigue

Poorplanning

Poorplanning

Management deficiencies

Management deficiencies

Fire Explosion (16%)Fire Explosion (16%)

TrainingTraining

Reduction of crew

Reduction of crew

Defective equipmentDefective

equipment

DesignDesign

Blind eyes to procedures

Blind eyes to procedures

Collision (12%)Collision (12%)

Lack of attentionLack of

attention

Communication failures

Communication failures

Careless overconfidence

Careless overconfidence

Error of judgementError of

judgement

Excessive speed

Excessive speed

SOLASSafety of Life at Sea


Safety at Sea - SOLAS

The SOLAS convention is one of the oldest

of the

International Maritime Safety Conventions.

The first version dates from 1914 whenthe first International Conference on the Safety of Life At Sea was held in London after the sinking of the TITANIC in 1912.


SOLAS Convention

The first convention was signed byonly five states but lead to extensive

application of the regulations in Britain, France,

the USA and Scandinavia.


SOLAS Convention

The current version of the convention

was adopted in 1974 and covers

three main areas of safety at sea :

- Construction & equipment.

- Operation.

- Navigation.


SOLAS Convention

IMOInternational

Maritime Organisation


Safety at Sea - IMO

After the Second World war the need was

realised for an international body to

deal exclusively with marine issues.

Recurrent accidents required

vital improvement in the safety

of seaborne transport.

Safety at Sea - IMO


At The United Nations Maritime Conference in Geneva 19th February to the 6th March 1948,

a decision was made that lead to the formation

of the International Maritime Consultative

Organisation (IMCO).

The convention came into force on

17th March 1952,

and under an amendment to this

convention in May 1982 the institution

became the IMO.

Safety at Sea - IMO


The IMO comes under the category of

“Specialised Agencies” provided for

in article 57 of the UN Charter.

The IMO is legally and financially

independent and it has its own

management structure and budget.

Its headquarters are in London.

Safety at Sea - IMO


• IMO is an intergovernmental organisation

with 157 member States.

• All funding comes from these States.

• The budget exceeds £18m.

Safety at Sea - IMO


SHIP DEAD CAUSE DATE

Dona Paz 4200 collision 1987

Neptune 1800 overloading 1993

Titanic 1501 collision/iceberg 1912

Empress of Ireland 1012 collision 1914

Don Juan 1000 collision 1980

Estonia 912 shipwreck 1994

Tampomas II 450 shipwreck 1981

Salem Express 448 shipwreck 1991

Admiral Nakhimov 423 collision 1986

Dona Marilyn 300 1988

Bintang 200 1988

Herald of Free Enterprise 193 capsize 1987

Passenger Ship Accidents


MARPOL

International Convention for Prevention of

Pollution from Ships

Safety at Sea - MARPOL


The London Convention of 12 May 1954

for the Prevention of Pollution of

the Sea by Oil, targeted pollution

arising from the operation of

merchant ships in general.

Safety at Sea - OILPOL


The first major oil spill in history :

The vessel ran aground due to a navigational error on 18th March 1967.

Safety at Sea - Torrey Canyon


119,000 tonnes of crude oil were spilled into the sea which ended up on the British and French coast.

This event had extensive repercussions :

Safety at Sea - Torrey Canyon


- Television

- Newspapers

- Oil on holiday beaches

- Dead seabirds

- Angry fishermen

Discussions on the restriction of tank sizes on tankers in order to reduce

possible oil spillage went on for a number of years until, despite the reservation of numerous flag States, part of the recommendations of the

Marine Safety Committee of March 1971 were confirmed in Resolution A.246

of 15th October 1971.

Safety at Sea - OILPOL 71 Amendments


In 1969, partly motivated by the Torrey Canyon disaster, IMO decided to organise an international conference with the aim of adopting a new convention.

The conference met in London in 1973 and ended with the signing of the MARPOL Convention.

Safety at Sea - MARPOL 1973


Ship When Where M Tonnes

Atlantic Empress 1979 West Indies 287000

ABT Summer 1991 Angola 260000

Castillo de Bellver 1983 South Africa 252000

Amoco Cadiz 1978 France 223000

Haven 1991 Italy 144000

Odyssey 1988 Canada 132000

Torrey Canyon 1967 UK 119000

Urquiola 1976 Spain 100000

Exxon Valdez 1989 USA 108000

Oil Pollution Incidents


Estonia - 1994


Herald of Free Enterprise - 1987


Salem Express - 1991


The MEGA B0RG released 5,1 millions of oil as the resultof a lightering accident and subsequent fire.

The incident occurred 60 nautical miles south-southeast of Galveston, Texas on June 8, 1990.

Mega Borg - 1990


The JUPITER was offloading gasoline at Bay City, Michiganon September 16, 1990,

when fire started on board the vessel.

Jupiter - 1990


The Exxon VALDEZ ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska on march 24, 1989,

spilling 10,8 millions gallon of oil into the marine environment.

Exxon Valdez - 1989


On November 1, 1979, the BURMAH AGATE collided with the freighter MIMOSA southeast of Galveston Entrance in the Gulf of

Mexico. An estimated 2,6 million gallons of oil was released into the environment; another 7,8 million gallons was consumed by the fire.

Burmah Agate - 1979


The AMOCO CADIZ ran aground off the coast of Franceon March 16, 1978 spilling 68,7 million gallons of oil.

Amoco Cadiz - 1978


The Baltic Confidence received a fine of $125,000.00 for dumping bilge off the coast of Nova Scotia.Of the total fine, $65,000.00 went to the Environmental Damages Fund.

Note the sheen of oily bilge waste trailing behind the ship.

Oiled murre from a beach on Cape Breton Island.

Image: Government of Canada

Baltic Confidence


The Erika oil spill in

1999

525 gallons of oil spills

occurred between 1975

and 1980.

A-M CHAUVEL - DNS - BUREAU VERITAS

Erika - 1999


Every year

3,5 million tons of oil pollute nature

accidentally or not.

OIL SPILL CLEAN - UPCOST $ 300 A GALLON

State of Alaska & US government : $ 12.2 bndirect clean-up costs, settlement agreementsand resource restoration Exxon : $ 3.2 bn response costs, the government paying $ 1 733 m Exxon : $ 32 m in penalties


Exxon Valdez - 1989

Damages Exxon is paying to Alaska and USin civil and criminal fines :

$ 1 000 millionPunitive damages Exxon was ordered to pay

to local fishermen, hunters and others :$ 5 000 million

Punitive damages Exxon has paidto date : $ 0

From the 11 million gallonsFrom the 11 million gallonsonly 14 % of the oil was recoveredonly 14 % of the oil was recovered

by cleanup crewby cleanup crew

Exxon Valdez - 10 years after


2 recovered species : bald eagle, river otter8 recovering species : black oystercatcher, common murre, marbled murrelet, mussel, Pacific herring, pink salmon, sea otter, sockeye salmon.6 uncovered species : common loon, cormorant, harbor seal, harlequin duck, pigeon guillemot.4 unknown recovery species : cutthroat trout, Dolly Varden, Kittlitz’s murrelet, rockfish.

Exxon Valdez - 10 years after


24, 2 / year 8, 9 / year 7, 8 / year

19701979

19801989

19901997

Spills over 5 000 Barrels


Dumping : 10 %

Land based discharge : 44 % Atmospheric input : 33 %

Oil exploration &production : 1 %

Maritime transport : 12 %

Who is Who in Marine Pollution


The pressure of public opinion

Safety at Sea


The weight of public opinion must not be underestimated, although it is very difficult to evaluate.

Absolute safety does not exist and risk is an integral part of transportation.

Acts of God or human error can outflank technical advances and preventive measures.

Safety and the Public


No-one is ready to accept that

a damaged tanker should discharge

its cargo of oil on to the coast, or

that a passenger ship should go

down with nearly a thousand people

still on board.

Public opinion refuses to accept

these modern day cataclysms.




MERCHANDISE

ENVIRONMENTPOLLUTION

SHIPMANAGEMENT

SAFETYSYSTEM

MARPOL

SHIPSTRUCTURE

SAFETYDESIGN

SOLAS

FREEBOARD

IMO was forced to act in the face of threats of unilateral action from individual flag states most notably the USA and Northern Europe.

Much tighter and stringent regulations were proposed but in addition it was

decided to try to change the whole culture of safety within the marine industry and

ISM was born.



ISM CodeInternational Safety Management Code


The International Management Codefor the Safe Operation of Ships and

for Pollution Prevention. IMO Resolution A. 741 (18)

INCORPORATED ASCHAPTER IX OF SOLAS

ISM Code


Factors That Triggered the Approval and Implementation of the ISM Code:

Research performed ashore regarding the crucial influence of human and organisational factors on accidents happened at Three Mile Island (1979) and Chernobyl (1986) nuclear power stations, Flixborough (1974) and Bhopal (1984) chemical factories, the Challenger space shuttle (1986) or the Heysel stadium during the football match between Liverpool and Juventus (1985).

A series of 11 maritime accidents happened between 1987 and 1996, almost one every year, being the most notable: The shipwreck of the ferry "Herald of Free Enterprise" (March 1987), with 193 casualties. The fire at the ferry “Scandinavian Star”.

The global faith in managing human and organisational factors as the only way to substantially improve crew safety and pollution prevention, since efforts focused on just developing new technical regulations proved to be inadequate.

ISM Code


19871987 19891989 19911991 19931993 19991999 20012001

19901990 19921992 19941994 20002000 200220028686

Mandatory requirementMandatory requirementUK passenger ro-ro ferriesUK passenger ro-ro ferriesOperations book &Operations book &Designated personDesignated person

IMO adopts guidelinesIMO adopts guidelinessafe ship managementsafe ship management

ISM Code adoptedISM Code adoptedby IMO Assemblyby IMO Assembly

ISM Code in SolasISM Code in Solas

EU adopts ISMEU adopts ISMpassenger ferriespassenger ferries

EU : ISM Code mandatoryEU : ISM Code mandatoryfor ro-ro ferriesfor ro-ro ferries

ISM Code mandatoryISM Code mandatoryworld wide for passengerworld wide for passenger

ferries, bulk carriers, tankers,ferries, bulk carriers, tankers,gas carriers of 500 grtgas carriers of 500 grt

or moreor more

19951995 19971997

19961996 19981998

Nordic proposal forNordic proposal formandatory regimemandatory regime

UK “M Notice”1188UK “M Notice”1188on good managementon good management

ISM Code mandatory world wide ISM Code mandatory world wide for all other freight for all other freight

vessels,MODU of 500 grt or more vessels,MODU of 500 grt or more

19881988

In its resolution A 741 (18) of 4 November 1993,the International Maritime Organisation

(IMO) adopted theInternational Safety Management Code,

known as the ISM Code.

The result of this decision was that ships covered by this resolution should had been certified since

July 1998 or 2002, for Safe Operation and Prevention of Pollution.

ISM Code


Genesis of the ISM Code 2009 Ships in Service Training Material.

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