Generations of Computers

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable

from magic.Arthur C. Clarke

Charles Babbage1822 - The Difference Engine

1991 Reproduction of the Difference Engine

Babbage invented a mechanical "difference engine" for the calculation of arithmetical functions and set out plans for an "analytical engine" whose operation would have included logarithmic and trigonometric functions as well.

Mark I

The Mark 1 is seen as the first full-sized digital computer. It weighed 5 tons, had 500 miles of wiring, was used only for numeric calculations, and took three seconds to carry out one multiplication computation.

Mark 1 - 1944

1st Generation of Computers

Vacuum Tubes

ENIAC1945

ENIAC could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and extract square roots. ENIAC stored a maximum of twenty 10-digit decimal numbers. Its accumulators combined the functions of an adding machine and storage unit. It contained 20,000 vacuum tubes.

IBM SSEC

1947

UNIVAC

•1951

A Later modification of the UNIVAC was the first computer to make use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

Military.mov

IBM 702

1955

From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors

• 1959-1964

2nd Generation of Computers

IBM 1401

3rd Generation of Computers1964-1975

Integrated Circuits

Digital PDP

Programmed Data Processor

Circuitry encased in chips

Computers produce less heat and run many programs with a central program to coordinate the computer’s memory and components.

1969• 1969: The US Department of Defense commissions Arpanet for research networking, and the first four nodes come operations al UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, SRI, and the University of Utah. Arpanet laid the foundation for the Internet.

Moore’s Law

Gordon Moore

Cost of 1 MHz of Processing Power

1970 – $7,601.00 1999 - $ .17

Cost of 1 mb Storage

1970 – 5.257.00 1999 - $ .17

Cost of sending 1 trillion bits

1970 - $150,00.00 1999 - $ .12

1971 – The First Microprocessor

• Intel 4004 dubbed “a computer on a chip”

1972 - Pong

1973 - Large scale integration

10,000 components are placed on a 1cm2 chip

The 1975 Altair (kit) used large scale integration

4th Generation of Computers

Mid – 1970’s – Current

Large-Scale Integration

1976 CRAY I

1977 – Apple II

1977 – Tandy Commodore

Radio Shack

TRS - 80

Microsoft - 1977

1977 – Cellphones

1981 - IBM PCThe first open architecture computer goes mainstream

1984 – Apple MacIntosh

1984 – CD ROM

1985- Intel 386

1985 – Windows 1.0

1989 – Intel 4861.2 Million Transistors

1989Tim

Berners-LeeWorld Wide Web

URL

HTML

HTTP://

1993 – Intel Pentium

• 3.5 million transistors

1994Marc Andreeson

• Netscape

1995 – Windows 95

1995 – Amazon.comFirst large internet site for

commerce

1996 – Windows CE

1997 – IBM’s “Big Blue” beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in

only 62 minutes.

1997 Intel Pentium II

233 MHz

1999 – Intel Pentium III

500 MHz

Today's microprocessors contain tens of millions of microscopic transistors.

Pentium IV

Fifth Generation

Voice Recognition

Artificial Intelligence