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Generating New Course Material From Existing Courses
Vincent OriaDepartment of Computer and Information Science
New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ 07102-1982
Joint work with:Silvia Hollfelder and Peter Fankhauser, GMD-IPSI
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MotivationsSpecialists in some domains (e.g. IT) are not
easy to find
Worker in evolving domains (e.g. IT) need to regularly update their knowledge distance learning or part-time study
For worker seeking new degrees
Training coursesWhere to find the appropriate content?
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Courseware-on-Demand and Teachware-on-Demand
(modulare) teachingmaterials
Choosing and structuring ofright fragments
Course designer
repository
module (fragments)
Current situation
Courseware on Demand
Author
Integration of teachingmaterials
new teaching material
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Courseware-on-Demand and Teachware-on-Demand
Teachware-on-Demand: a cooperation of Fraunhofer ISST, GMD IPSI and Fraunhofer IESE supported by the Deutsche Telekom AG, Control Data Institute and HTTC. Teachware on Demand is funded by the German Ministery of Education and Research (bmb+f).
Courseware-on-Demand: a research project at NJIT in cooperation with Fraunhofer ISST (Germany), GMD-IPSI (Germany) and University of Waterloo (Canada).
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Outline
Background: Standards and Tools Multimedia Databases and MPEG-7 Metadata Standards and Learning Objects
Courseware-on-Demand System Architecture and Metadata Indexing and Querying Distribution and Interoperability
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What are multimedia data?MM data
Text Data Image Video Audio Graphics Generated media (Animation, midi)
Common characteristics Size of the data (in term of bytes) Real-time nature of of the information content Raw or uninterpreted
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Multimedia Database Architecture
Multimedia Data Preprocessing System
Database Processing
MM DataPre-
processor
AdditionalInformation
<!ELEMENT ..>.....<!ATTLIST...>
Multimedia DBMS
Users
Que
ry I
nter
face
MM DataInstance
<article>.....</article>
Recognized components
MM DataInstance
MM Data
Meta-Data
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Multimedia Database Architecture: Documents
Document Processing System
Database Processing
DTD files
DT
D P
arse
r<!ELEMENT ..>.....<!ATTLIST...>
DTDManager
TypeGenerator
Multimedia DBMS
Users
Que
ry I
nter
faceDTD
Document content
SGML/XMLDocuments
XML or SGMLDocumentInstance
ParseTree
<article>.....</article>
<!ELEMENT ..>.....<!ATTLIST...> DTD
C++ Types
C++ Objects
SGML/XMLParser
InstanceGenerator
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Multimedia Database Architecture: Image
Image Processing System
Database Processing
Image Analysis and Pattern Recognition
ImageAnnotation
Multimedia DBMS
Users
Que
ry I
nter
face
Image ContentDescription
Image
Image
SyntacticObjects
SemanticObjects
<article>.....</article>
Meta-Data
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Multimedia Database Architecture: Video
VideoProcessing System
Database Processing
Video Analysis and Pattern Recognition
VideoAnnotation
Multimedia DBMS
Users
Que
ry I
nter
face
Image
KeyFrames
Meta-Data
<article>.....</article>
Video ContentDescription
Video
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Multimedia Data and Metadata
Technical Metadata camera movements, number of scenes, ...
Editorial Metadata e.g., author, date, …
Semantic Metadata content, persons, objects, relationships, ...
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MPEG-7 Objectives
MPEG-7, formally called ”Multimedia Content Description Interface”, will standardise: A language to specify description schemes, i.e. a
Description Definition Language (DDL). A set of Description Schemes and Descriptors A
scheme for coding the description
http://www.cselt.it/mpeg/standards/mpeg-7/mpeg-7.htm
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Content Description
format independent may be applied to analogue media different description granularities
Supplementary Data
Application Types
MPEG 7 Context and Objectives
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DescriptionGeneration
MPEG7Description
MPEG7Coded
Description
User
Encoder Decoder
Search /QueryEngine
MPEG7 DescriptionDefinition Language
(DDL)
MPEG7 DescriptionSchemes (DS) &Descriptors (D)
MM ContentMM Content
MPEG-7 Framework
FilterAgents
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Where are We?
Background: Standards and Tools Multimedia Databases and MPEG-7 Metadata Standards and Learning Objects
Courseware-on-Demand System Architecture and Metadata Indexing and Querying Distribution and Interoperability
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IEEE Learning Object Metadata (LOM)
Defined by the IEEE Learning Technology Standards CommitteLTSC http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/index.html
Builds on the metadata work done by the Dublin Core group http://purl.org/dc
Objective: Propose a structured metadata model for learning objects syntax, semantics
LOM supports security, privacy, commerce, and evaluation
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Learning Objects (LOM)
A learning object is an entity, digital or non digital, that can be used, re-used or referenced during technology-supported learning learning objectives, persons, organizations or
events
A learning object can have more than one descriptions
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LOM Metadata Structure
The Base Scheme is composed of 9 categories: General
context-independent features and semantic descriptors
Lifecycle features linked to the lifecycle of the resource
Meta-metadata features of the description itself
Technical technical features of the resource
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LOM Metadata Structure (cont) Educational
educational and pedagogic features of the resource
Rights features dealing with condition of use
Relation link to other resources
Annotation comments on the educational use
Classification characteristics of the resource described by entries in
classifications
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IMS Metadata
Record general
title
langstringtype
language: “en-US”
string: Becoming a Metadata Expert
catalogentry
lifecycle
(version, status, etc)
Catalog: “ISBN”
entry: “0-13-659707-6”
“Branches” “Leaves”“Root”
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Background: Standards and Tools (Conclusion)
Multimedia databases access and extract part of learning objects
MPEG-7 use to describe the audio-visual content of
learning objects
IEEE LOM and IMS Metadata provide metadada for learning object needs to be extended to learning fragments
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Where are We?
Background: Standards and Tools Multimedia Databases and MPEG-7 Standards and Learning Objects
Courseware-on-Demand System Architecture and Metadata Indexing and Querying Distribution and Interoperability
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Courseware-on-Demand: Architecture
Object Repository
IndexerCourseMaterialManager
Type System
MetadataManager
Meta-Data
Slides Video Audio Text ??
Course Materials
Sub-GraphSelector
C. M. Extractorand Composer
Goal Selector
Query Processor
Course Designer Layout andPresentation
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Modeling Course Content as Learning Fragments
A learning fragment is a learning unit of a course sequence of learning pieces (notions) has different versions (e.g. overview, short, long)
Level of granularity depends on
the coursethe author
Intuitively the finer, the better Need of experimental results
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Fragmenting Course Content
containsCourse orcourse module
Elementaryfragment
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Fragmenting Course Content: Correctness Rules
Completeness: If a learning object L is decomposed into L1, L2, … Ln,
every learning notion in L should also be found in one or more of Li’s
Reconstruction: If a learning object L is decomposed into L1, L2, … Ln it
should be possible to define an order r such that r(Li)=L
Disjointness: If a learning object L is decomposed into L1, L2, … Ln, and
a learning notion li is in Lj it is not in any other fragment Lk (kj)
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Modeling Prerequisite and Precedence Relationships
Prerequisite and Precedence can be modeled by the temporal relationship “Before”
Pushed to the fragments A node A is before a node
B if there exist a fragment a (ANC(a)=A), a fragment b (ANC(b)=B) and
a “Before” b
A
B
contains
beforeCourse orcourse module
Elementaryfragment
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Sharing The Same Fragments
BA
AB
containsCourse orcourse module
Elementaryfragment
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A Course with Alternatives
D
C
E
C=D (E F)
F
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Logical and Physical Learning Fragments
Physical Fragments
containsCourse orcourse module
Logicalfragment
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Fragmenting Learning Objects
Decompose a learning object based of the learning on there learning content a new type of fragment (physical learning fragment) the fragment mentioned before (logical learning
fragment)
Correctness Similar to the correctness rules defined for the
logical learning objects
“Referencial Integrity” Every physical learning fragment should refer to an
existing logical learning fragment
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Where are We?
Background: Standards and Tools Multimedia Databases and MPEG-7 Standards and Learning Objects
Courseware-on-Demand System Architecture and Metadata Indexing and Querying Distribution and Interoperability
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Indexing and Querying
Representation: XML Hierarchical structure of courses Interoperability
Indexing Indexing XML document Indexing learning objects on logical fragments
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Section 2Section 1
Chapter
HypertextInternet
Java
Para 2Para 1HypertextInternet
Multimedia
HypertextBrowser
BUS Document Tree with Index Terms
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Section 2Section 1
Chapter
Hypertext(5)Internet(2)
Java(7)
Para 2Para 1Hypertext(3)Internet(3)
Multimedia(5)
Hypertext(2)Browser(4)
Hypertext (10)Browser(4)Internet(5)
Multimedia(5)Java(7)
Hypertext (8)Internet(5)
Multimedia(5)Java(7)
Term Frequency
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BUS Accumulation Method
Elements accumulated into parents from bottom up until user query level reached
Parent Unique Element Identifier (UID) calculated with following formula
Parent(UID) = UID - 2 + 1 k
where k = maximum number of children
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BUS Limitations
Storage overhead - 240% of original document size
Indexing time is long - over 4 hours for 250 MB
Query time is long - up to 6.5 secondsInefficient update method - sometimes
have to modify entire indexing systemNo ability to do similarity queries
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Our Solutions
Reduce storage overhead and indexing time - Index fewer keywords
Reduce query time - Traverse smaller treeCreate efficient update method - Remove
the need for a fixed number of maximum children
Allow for similarity queries - Create hierarchical dictionary, create concept hierarchy, use hierarchical queries
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Update Limitation and Solution
Some document updates cause k to be increased
Requires re-indexing entire document to assign new UIDs
Solution: Eliminate need for calculation and therefore k
How? Collect elements by storing Parent ID with the element in the database
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Concept Hierarchy and Hierarchical Dictionary
Medicine
Dentistry Surgery Neurology Pediatrics Journals
Orthodontics Periodontics
Transplants Brain Surgery
Growth Disorders Behavioral Disorders
Muscles BonesJoints
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Hierarchical Query Example
SELECT subject, parent_subject, levelFROM subject_relationshipsCONNECT BY PRIOR parent_subject = subjectSTART WITH subject = ‘Pediatrics’
Subject Parent LevelPediatrics 1Growth Disorders Pediatrics 2Joints Growth Disorders 3Muscles Growth Disorders 3
Bones Growth Disorders 3
Behavioral Disorders Pediatrics 2
Result:
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Querying
Selecting the goals: Querying XML documentsFinding a subgragh in the fragment network
that contains all the concepts in the goal exponential complexity
Bottom-up approach [Caumanns 98] Selection of the most appropriate fragments Sequencing fragments
Extraction and composition of new learning objects
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Where are We?
Background: Standards and Tools Multimedia Databases and MPEG-7 Standards and Learning Objects
Courseware-on-Demand System Architecture and Metadata Indexing and Querying Distribution and Interoperability
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Distribution and InteroperabilityCourse Designer
GlobalRequestManager
Global vocab.catalog
Local RequestManager
Local vocab.catalog
TeachingMaterialRepository
Query processor
query Query result
Integratedrequest result(XML)
Request(XML)
Requestresult(XML)
Local RequestManager
Local vocab.catalog
TeachingMaterialRepository
Query processor
query Query result
Request(XML)
Requestresult(XML)
request
request result
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Conclusion
The research work includes: the definition of the metadata model and
implementation of the metadata type system; the development of new indexing tools; development of a new query processor that combines
traditional query techniques and path theory development of adistributed and interoperable
middleware to integrate several distributed teaching material repositories.