Generate 2010: ‘Getting it Done’ Small Hydro Development – Technical Basics 7 November, 2010.
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Transcript of Generate 2010: ‘Getting it Done’ Small Hydro Development – Technical Basics 7 November, 2010.
Generate 2010: ‘Getting it Done’
Small Hydro Development – Technical Basics7 November, 2010
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Small Hydro – Technical Basics
Independent Power Producer (IPP) Development Process
– Permitting
– Consultation
– Design - Costing
– Sale of power to BC Hydro
– Financial
Characteristics of a Run of River Hydro Project
– Hydrology
– Physics
– Main components: Intake, Penstock, Turbine-Generator, Powerhouse, Sub-station
– System control
“Hydro 101” Syllabus
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Small Hydro – IPP Development Process
Typical IPP Development Sequence
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• Permitting
• Design/Costing
• Electricity sales
• Financing
Small Hydro – IPP Development Sequence
Process - Simplified
Development Phase
Construction
Operations
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Permitting
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Permitting
First Nations
– Partnership and ownership
– Benefits agreements and employment
Stakeholders
– Local politicians, interest groups (e.g. recreation clubs, contractors, etc.)
– Overlapping tenure holders; forestry, mining, water licence holders
Consultation – Early and regularly
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Small Hydro – Design / Costing
Design/Costing Progression
Pre-feasibilitystudy
Feasibilitystudy
Detaileddesign
Costs increasing
Uncertainty decreasing
Hydrology Data Collection
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Electricity Sales
Three different options
– Calls for Power
• Intermittent
• Larger projects
• Rules, conditions and terms vary
• Competitive bid process
– Standing Offer Program (SOP)
• Recently revised
- Price $99/MWh
- Size limit 10 MW • Proposals are accepted anytime
– Net Metering
• Small: <50 kW
Electricity sales to BC Hydro
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Pricing
Time of Year – Time of Day
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Pro Forma
Financing
Financial Model
– Revenue and cost projections for 20-40 years
– Discounted cash flow to calculate Return on Investment
– Hurdle rate is minimum acceptable ROI.
Leveraging
– 60/40 or 80/20 Debt/Equity
– Increase Return on Equity
Debt Coverage Ratio
– Varies
– Will impact leveraging
Term
– Equity goes in first
– Full draw down
– Construction loan take out
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• Permitting
• Design/Costing
• Electricity sales
• Financing
Small Hydro – IPP Development Sequence
Penultimate Step
Development Phase
Construction
OperationsGO or NO GO
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Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
Small Hydro – Overview
Main Components
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Small Hydro – Overview
Physics
Power (kW) = Flow (m3/s) x Head (m) x Efficiency x Gravitational Constant x 9.81 m/s2
– 4 m3/s x 275 m x 0.75 x 9.81 m/s2 = 8,100 kW (8.1 MW)
Energy (kWhr) = Power (kW) x Time (hr)
Plant Factor = Actual Annual Energy / Theoretical Maximum Annual Energy
– 31,540 MWhr/yr / (8.1 MW x 8,760 hr/yr) = 45%
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Small Hydro – Overview
Considerations for hydro site selection
Hydrology
– Low elevation with winter flow
– Lake in upper watershed Infrastructure
– Existing roads
– Close to grid Location
– Not in recreation park or special area
– Proximity to town
– Geotechnical conditions Environment
– Fish, anadromous and resident
– Rare plant or animal species
– Other users
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Small Hydro – Overview
Hydrology - Watershed
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Small Hydro – Overview
Hydrology – Synthetic Flow Record
REAL TIME FLOW DATA
OVERLAPPING PERIOD WITH LONG TERM FLOW DATA
DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCURRENT DATA
APPLY RELATIONSHIP TO LONG TERM FLOW DATA
SYNTHETIC FLOW STRING
Average daily flows in m3/sec
1 year real time data – minimum
20 year synthetic flow string - minimum
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Small Hydro – Overview
Hydrology
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May Jun Jun Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec
FLO
W (cm
s)
Average Baseline Flow
Average Scenario Flow
MAD
Power Flow = River Flow – IFR
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Small Hydro – Overview
Main Components - Intake
Functions
– Direct water into penstock
– Allow instream flow release (IFR), surplus water to pass downstream
– Allow debris to pass downstream
– Allow fish to pass upstream, downstream
– Keep air, fish and debris out of penstock Parts
– Weir – sluicegate and spillway
– Headpond
– Trashrack, intake chamber and bellmouth, gate
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Small Hydro – Overview
Main Components – Rubber Dam Intake
Rutherford Creek Hydro ProjectInnergex Renewable Energy Inc.
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Main Components – Coanda Intake
Small Hydro – Overview
Brandywine Creek Hydro ProjectRun of River Power
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Main Components – Penstock
Small Hydro – Overview
Materials
– Low Pressure: HDPE, Steel, Other
– High Pressure: Steel
Buried
– Safe and unobtrusive
– Trenching may be difficult
– Drainage
Surface
– Requires anchor blocks and pedestals
– Creates a barrier
– May be easier to install
Highest Cost – Highest risk component of a run of river hydro project
Sechelt Creek Hydro ProjectRegional Power
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Main Components – Turbines
Small Hydro – Overview
High Head - Low Flow Pelton
Low Head – High Flow Francis Kaplan
Smaller Units Turgo Crossflow
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Main Components – Pelton Turbine
Small Hydro – Overview
High Head - Low Flow
Relatively Flat Efficiency Curve
Instantaneous Flow Bypass
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Main Components – Pelton Turbine
Small Hydro – Overview
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Main Components – Francis Turbine
Small Hydro – Overview
Low Head - High Flow
Peaked efficiency curve
High maximum efficiency
Flow bypass valve required
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Main Components – Francis Turbine
Small Hydro – Overview
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Main Components – Powerhouse
Small Hydro – Overview
House turbines, generators and ancillary equipment
Control System
Tailrace returns water to river
Good road access required
Soo River Hydro ProjectSummit Power Corp.
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Main Components – Sub-Station and Transmission Line
Small Hydro – Overview
Beside powerhouse
Step-up transformer
Circuit breaker
Transmission line to point of interconnection
Typical Voltages 25 kV, 69 kV, 138 kV
Doran-Taylor ProjectSummit Power Corp.
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Control System
Small Hydro – Overview
Highly automated
– Remote monitoring and control
– Daily site visits
PLC controlled in powerhouse
– Inputs/Outputs from intake, turbine, generator, BC Hydro and others
– Grid connected no load following
Turbine speed constant
Generator voltage and frequency constant
River flow varies
– River flow – IFR = Power flow
– As river flow increases, power flow increases to design maximum
– Power and energy are dictated by river flow
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Small Hydro – Development Basics
Questions?
