General Zoology Unit Two
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Transcript of General Zoology Unit Two
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General General Zoology Unit Zoology Unit
TwoTwo
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Eukaryotic, unicellular Eukaryotic, unicellular organismsorganismsMany have cell wallsMany have cell walls
Intracellular specialization (division Intracellular specialization (division of labor)of labor)Simple reflexesSimple reflexes
Autotrophic or Autotrophic or heterotrophicheterotrophic
Found wherever life existsFound wherever life existsAsexual reproduction and Asexual reproduction and conjugationconjugation
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Protist Protist TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - ProtistaKingdom - Protista
Phylum - Chlorophyta Ex. Phylum - Chlorophyta Ex. VolvoxVolvoxPhylum - RetortamonadaPhylum - RetortamonadaClass – Diplomonadea Ex. Class – Diplomonadea Ex. GiardiaGiardia
Phylum - AxostylataPhylum - AxostylataClass – Parabasalea Ex. Class – Parabasalea Ex. TrichomonasTrichomonasPhylum - EuglenozoaPhylum - EuglenozoaClass – Euglenoidea Ex. Class – Euglenoidea Ex. EuglenaEuglenaClass – Trypanosomatidea Ex. Class – Trypanosomatidea Ex. TrypanosomaTrypanosoma
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Protist Protist TaxonomyTaxonomy
Eimeria, Eimeria, ToxoplasmaToxoplasmaExs. Exs. Paramecium, Stentor, Paramecium, Stentor, VorticellaVorticella
Phylum - CiliophoraPhylum - Ciliophora
Phylum - ApicomplexaPhylum - ApicomplexaClass – Coccidea Exs. Class – Coccidea Exs. Plasmodium,Plasmodium,
Amebas – no longer a single taxonomic Amebas – no longer a single taxonomic groupgroup Exs. Exs. Amoeba, DifflugiaAmoeba, Difflugia
Exs. Exs. Zooxanthella, Ceratium, Zooxanthella, Ceratium, NoctilucaNoctiluca
Phylum - DinoflagellataPhylum - Dinoflagellata
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Unicellular & Unicellular & multicellular algaemulticellular algae
Individual & Individual & colonial speciescolonial speciesMove with flagellaMove with flagella
Have Have chloroplasts, chloroplasts, therefore therefore autotrophsautotrophs VolvoxVolvox
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Class - DiplomonadeaClass - DiplomonadeaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals
Move with several Move with several flagellaflagellaMany are intestinal Many are intestinal parasites, others live parasites, others live in anoxic conditionsin anoxic conditions
No mitochondria or No mitochondria or Golgi bodiesGolgi bodies
GiardiaGiardia
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Class - ParabasaleaClass - ParabasaleaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals
Move with several Move with several flagellaflagellaHave an axostyleHave an axostyle
Have Golgi bodies, Have Golgi bodies, but no mitochondriabut no mitochondria
TrichomonasTrichomonas
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Class - EuglenoideaClass - EuglenoideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals
Move with a single Move with a single flagellaflagellaHave contractile Have contractile vacuoles & stigmavacuoles & stigma
Have a pellicleHave a pellicle
EuglenaEuglena
Autotrophs that can Autotrophs that can be heterotrophicbe heterotrophic
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Class - Class - TrypanosomatideaTrypanosomatideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals
Move with a single Move with a single flagellaflagellaAll members are All members are parasiticparasitic
Have a pellicleHave a pellicle
TrypanosomaTrypanosomaTrypanosomaTrypanosoma causes causes sleeping sickness sleeping sickness (vector - tsetse flies)(vector - tsetse flies)
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Class - CoccideaClass - CoccideaUnicellular individualsUnicellular individuals
No structure for No structure for locomotion locomotion Have rhoptriesHave rhoptries
All members are All members are parasiticparasitic
PlasmodiumPlasmodium
PlasmodiumPlasmodium causes malaria causes malaria (vector – (vector – AnopholesAnopholes))EimeraEimera infects fowl, infects fowl, resulting in coccidiosisresulting in coccidiosisToxoplasmaToxoplasma infects infects mammalsmammals
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Unicellular Unicellular individualsindividualsHave a pellicleHave a pellicle
Have two nucleiHave two nuclei
Cytoplasm made up Cytoplasm made up of ectoplasm & of ectoplasm & endoplasmendoplasm
ParameciumParamecium
Have contractile Have contractile vacuolesvacuolesHave digestive Have digestive complexitycomplexityHave structures for food Have structures for food gathering and protection gathering and protection Most free living, some Most free living, some parasitesparasites
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Unicellular individualsUnicellular individualsMove with two flagellaMove with two flagellaSome autotrophic, Some autotrophic, some heterotrophicsome heterotrophicForm the producing Form the producing base for planktonbase for plankton
NoctilucaNoctilucaForm important Form important symbiotic symbiotic relationships relationships
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Unicellular Unicellular individualsindividualsNot a monophyletic groupNot a monophyletic group
AsymmetricalAsymmetrical
Cytoplasm made up Cytoplasm made up of ectoplasm & of ectoplasm & endoplasmendoplasm
AmoebaAmoeba
Have contractile Have contractile vacuolesvacuolesMove with Move with pseudopodspseudopodsSome have tests, Some have tests, others are nakedothers are nakedMost free living, some parasitesMost free living, some parasites
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Autotrophs – produce their Autotrophs – produce their own foodown foodHeterotrophs – two typesHeterotrophs – two types
Phagotrophs Phagotrophs (holozoic)(holozoic)Osmotrophs Osmotrophs (saprozoic)(saprozoic)
Phagosome – a food vacuolePhagosome – a food vacuoleContractile vacuole – water Contractile vacuole – water excretionexcretion
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Surface area increases in multiples of two (L Surface area increases in multiples of two (L x W)x W)Volume increases in multiples of three (L x Volume increases in multiples of three (L x
W x D)W x D)Therefore the volume will increase quicker Therefore the volume will increase quicker than the surface area during cell growththan the surface area during cell growth
A high SA/V ratio means a cell can more A high SA/V ratio means a cell can more easily maintain itself, can grow larger and easily maintain itself, can grow larger and
become more complexbecome more complexThe danger of a high SA/V ratio is that The danger of a high SA/V ratio is that
substances dangerous to the cell can more substances dangerous to the cell can more easily get ineasily get in
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Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction
Asexual reproduction involves Asexual reproduction involves only one parentonly one parentIt has advantages in that it It has advantages in that it does not require a mate and does not require a mate and the organism can exploit the organism can exploit good environmental good environmental conditionsconditions
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Asexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction
These advantages enable the These advantages enable the organism to use its energy organism to use its energy resources most effectively on resources most effectively on reproductionreproductionThe major disadvantage is The major disadvantage is the lack of genetic diversity, the lack of genetic diversity, possibly leading to decreased possibly leading to decreased fitnessfitness
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Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction
Sexual reproduction involves Sexual reproduction involves two parentstwo parentsIts primary advantage is the Its primary advantage is the genetic diversity it produces genetic diversity it produces and the resulting increase in and the resulting increase in fitness fitness
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Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction
The primary disadvantage of The primary disadvantage of sexual reproduction is the sexual reproduction is the inefficient use of energy in inefficient use of energy in seeking and competing for seeking and competing for matesmatesThis strategy many times This strategy many times does not allow for the best does not allow for the best exploitation of ecological exploitation of ecological resourcesresources
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Binary Binary fissionfission* asexual * asexual
reproductionreproduction* one individual splits * one individual splits into twointo two* cell division due to low * cell division due to low SA/V ratioSA/V ratio
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SchizogoSchizogonyny* asexual * asexual
reproductionreproduction* one individual splits * one individual splits into manyinto many* * Plasmodium Plasmodium carries out carries out schizogonyschizogonyBuddingBudding* asexual * asexual reproductionreproduction* a tiny cell grows (buds) * a tiny cell grows (buds) from the side of the parentfrom the side of the parent
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* no new individuals * no new individuals produced, but two are produced, but two are changed geneticallychanged genetically
ConjugatiConjugationon* two individuals exchange * two individuals exchange genetic materialgenetic material
* a process in which genes * a process in which genes are recombinedare recombined
a
aa
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AutogamAutogamyy * asexual * asexual
processprocess* similar to * similar to conjugationconjugation* * individual self fertilizesindividual self fertilizes
SyngamySyngamy* a sexual * a sexual processprocess* fertilization of a gamete * fertilization of a gamete by anotherby another
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TrypanosomaTrypanosoma Sleeping Sleeping sicknesssickness
GiardiaGiardia Beaver Beaver feverfever
TrichomonasTrichomonas VaginitisVaginitis
BalantidiumBalantidium Colon Colon
perforationsperforations
PlasmodiumPlasmodium MalariaMalariaAmoeba Amoeba
DysenteryDysentery
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DefinitioDefinitionsns
Metazoans – multicellular Metazoans – multicellular animalsanimalsCell aggregates – metazoans Cell aggregates – metazoans with no tissueswith no tissues
Eumetazoans – metazoans with Eumetazoans – metazoans with tissuestissues
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Three Hypotheses for the Three Hypotheses for the Evolution of MetazoansEvolution of Metazoans
Syncytical Ciliate Hypothesis – Syncytical Ciliate Hypothesis – metazoans originated from ciliatesmetazoans originated from ciliates
Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis – Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis – metazoans originated from metazoans originated from colonial flagellatescolonial flagellatesPolyphyletic Origin Hypothesis – Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis – metazoans originated from several metazoans originated from several sourcessources
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Eukaryotic, metazoansEukaryotic, metazoansCell aggregatesCell aggregates
All aquatic, most marineAll aquatic, most marineAsymmetricalAsymmetrical
No true tissues or organsNo true tissues or organs
Body covered in poresBody covered in pores
Asexual and sexual Asexual and sexual reproductionreproduction
Made up of several types of Made up of several types of independent cellsindependent cellsSkeleton of spicules, spongin and Skeleton of spicules, spongin and collagencollagenAll are sessileAll are sessile
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Poriferan Poriferan TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - PoriferaPhylum - PoriferaClass – Calcarea (calcium Class – Calcarea (calcium carbonate spicules) carbonate spicules)
Class – Hexactinellida (silicon based Class – Hexactinellida (silicon based spicules)spicules)
Class – Demospongiae (spongin)Class – Demospongiae (spongin)
Ex. - Ex. - SyconSycon
Ex. - Ex. - EuplectellaEuplectella
Ex. – Ex. – Spongilla, Spongilla, ClionaCliona
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Archaeocytes differentiate into Archaeocytes differentiate into other cells that produce the other cells that produce the sponge skeleton (spicules, sponge skeleton (spicules,
collagen and spongincollagen and spongin)
Mesohyl
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Sponge Body Forms
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Filter feeding organismsFilter feeding organisms
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Have calcium Have calcium carbonate spiculescarbonate spiculesAll asconoid forms All asconoid forms are in this classare in this classSome syconoid forms Some syconoid forms are in this classare in this classMost members of this Most members of this class is of the class is of the leuconoid formleuconoid form
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Have silicon based Have silicon based spiculesspiculesSometimes Sometimes referred to as referred to as glass spongesglass spongesAll are deep sea All are deep sea formsforms
EuplectellaEuplectella
Some members are Some members are of the syconoid form of the syconoid form while others have while others have the leuconoid formthe leuconoid form
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Skeleton mainly Skeleton mainly spongin, with spongin, with silicon spicules in silicon spicules in somesome95% of all extant 95% of all extant sponges are in sponges are in this classthis classAll members of this All members of this class are of the class are of the leuconoid formleuconoid form
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DefinitionDefinitionss
Monoecious (one house) – both Monoecious (one house) – both sexes in one individual sexes in one individual (hermaphroditic)(hermaphroditic)Dioecious (two house) - Dioecious (two house) - separate sexes housed in separate sexes housed in different individualsdifferent individualsGemmules – internal buds Gemmules – internal buds formed during adverse formed during adverse conditionsconditions
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Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction
Most sponges are monoeciousMost sponges are monoecious
Asexual reproduction – budding Asexual reproduction – budding (external buds), gemmules and (external buds), gemmules and
fragmentationfragmentation
Sexual reproduction – sperm released Sexual reproduction – sperm released from individuals and eggs retainedfrom individuals and eggs retained
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DefinitionDefinitionssDiploblastic – having two germ Diploblastic – having two germ
layers from which tissues and layers from which tissues and structures arisestructures ariseEctoderm – outer germ layer Ectoderm – outer germ layer that gives rise to tissues and that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the structures that cover the outsideoutsideEndoderm – inner germ layer Endoderm – inner germ layer that gives rise to tissues and that gives rise to tissues and structures that cover the insidestructures that cover the insideMesoglea – jelly-like substance Mesoglea – jelly-like substance found between the inner and found between the inner and outer layersouter layers
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Eukaryotic, eumetazoansEukaryotic, eumetazoansDiploblasticDiploblastic
All are marineAll are marineRadially symmetrical (no Radially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)
Have true tissues, but no Have true tissues, but no organsorgans
Polymorphic – two forms (polyp & Polymorphic – two forms (polyp & medusa)medusa)
Asexual and sexual Asexual and sexual reproductionreproduction
Cnidocytes – stinging cellsCnidocytes – stinging cellsHave a nerve netHave a nerve netPolyps are sessile, while medusae Polyps are sessile, while medusae can movecan move
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Cnidarian Cnidarian TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - CnidariaPhylum - CnidariaClass – HydrozoaClass – Hydrozoa
Class – Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)Class – Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
Class – CubozoaClass – Cubozoa
Ex. – Ex. – Physalia, Obelia, Hydra, Physalia, Obelia, Hydra, GonionemusGonionemus Ex. – Ex. – Aurelia, Aurelia, CassiopeiaCassiopeiaEx. – Ex. – CarybdeaCarybdea
Class – AnthozoaClass – AnthozoaEx. – Ex. – Metridium, Gorgonia, Metridium, Gorgonia, TubiporaTubipora
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Cnidarian PolymorphismCnidarian Polymorphism
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Polyp AnatomyPolyp Anatomy
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GonionemusGonionemus
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AureliAureliaa
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CnidocCnidocyte yte
AnatoAnatomymy
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Most are marine and Most are marine and colonial in formcolonial in formMost forms exhibit Most forms exhibit alternation of alternation of generations between generations between asexual polyps and asexual polyps and sexual medusae, but sexual medusae, but some have only one some have only one or the other formor the other form Hydr
aObeliaPhysaliPhysaliaa
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Referred to a the true Referred to a the true jellyfishjellyfishAll are solitaryAll are solitaryPolyp stage is much Polyp stage is much reduced or absentreduced or absent
AureliaAurelia
Main body is cup Main body is cup shapedshaped
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Most are relatively small Most are relatively small in sizein sizeAll are solitaryAll are solitary
Polyp stage is much Polyp stage is much reducedreduced
CarybdeaCarybdea
Main body is cube Main body is cube shapedshaped
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Polyp form Polyp form predominant, no predominant, no medusa stagemedusa stageSome are solitary, Some are solitary, while others are while others are colonialcolonialMany form Many form zooxanthellae zooxanthellae relationship with algaerelationship with algae
Metridium
Most ecologically Most ecologically important group due to important group due to reef buildingreef building GorgoniaTubiporaTubipora
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Alternation Alternation of of
generationsgenerations
PlanulaPlanula
BuddingBudding
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Alternation of Alternation of generationsgenerations
PlanulaPlanula
BuddingBudding
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Eukaryotic, eumetazoansEukaryotic, eumetazoansDiploblasticDiploblastic
All are marineAll are marineBiradially symmetrical (no Biradially symmetrical (no cephalization)cephalization)
Have true tissues, but no Have true tissues, but no organsorgans
Rows of comb platesRows of comb plates
Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction
Tentacles with colloblastsTentacles with colloblastsHave a nerve netHave a nerve netExhibit bioluminescenceExhibit bioluminescence
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Ctenophore Ctenophore TaxonomyTaxonomy
Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - CtenophoraPhylum - CtenophoraClass – Tentaculata Class – Tentaculata
Class – NudaClass – Nuda
Ex. – Ex. – Pleurobrachia, Pleurobrachia, Cestum, Cestum, Coeloplana, Coeloplana, MnemiopsisMnemiopsis Ex. – Ex. – BeroeBeroe
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Pleurobrachia
Cestum
Mnemiopsis
Beroe
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Ctenophore AnatomyCtenophore Anatomy