General Orientation Birth of the Social Sciences Thinking Sociologically Sociological Methods...
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Transcript of General Orientation Birth of the Social Sciences Thinking Sociologically Sociological Methods...
![Page 1: General Orientation Birth of the Social Sciences Thinking Sociologically Sociological Methods Sociological Theory & Theorists.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082518/5697bfca1a28abf838ca93d0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
General Orientation
•Birth of the Social Sciences•Thinking Sociologically•Sociological Methods •Sociological Theory & Theorists
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Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills) •Understand Human Behavior in Terms of
the Intersection of:▫Social Structure (& Culture)▫History▫Biography
•Personal Troubles v. Public Issues
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Modern Society
•Three Great Revolutions▫Political▫Scientific
(Both were Result of Philosophical/Cultural Developments)▫Industrial
•Population Growth
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Population Growth
1/1/0001 1/1/1000 1/1/1750 1/1/1850 1/1/1950 1/1/1960 1/1/1970 1/1/1980 1/1/1990 1/1/2000 1/1/20050
1,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
3,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
5,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
200,000,000
275,000,000700,000,000
1,200,000,000
2,550,000,000
3,000,000,000
3,700,000,000
4,500,000,000
5,300,000,000
6,100,000,0006,450,000,000
Year
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Sociological Theory & Methods of Research•(Natural) Scientific Method Applied to
Society ▫Focus on Aggregates/Patterns (v.
Individual) •“Social Facts” (Emile Durkheim [1855-
1917]) ▫External to Individual▫Coercive Over Individual
•Durkheim: study patterns (social structures) + relate them to other patterns
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Sociological Theory & Methods of Research•Scientific Method (Durkheim)
▫Systematic Observation▫Hypothesis
Testing Verification/Falsification
▫Data are quantitative Aggregate Patterns Variations (Variables & relationships) Descriptive Statistics, then correlation,
causation
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"Interpretive" Sociology •Focus is on definitional processes and
interaction▫occurs at the symbolic level
at the level of meaning•Field work
▫Direct observation Participant observation; ethnography
•Data are qualitative▫"microcosmic“ (vs. aggregate or “macro”)
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Major Theoretical Approaches & Theorists in Sociology •Conflict Theory: derived from Karl Marx
(1818-1883)▫Scarce resources are unevenly distributed
among different social groups▫source of conflict = inequality
•Economy is the most important sector of society▫and the chief source of conflict▫owners of means of production in
conflict with workers
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Functionalism•Focus on relations between a social whole
(groups/ societies) and its parts ▫Group members▫“Institutional spheres": areas of social action
family, economy, etc.
•“Function“: purpose that some action or part of society serves to maintain the whole
•Emile Durkheim (1855-1917)▫Crime and “Deviance" ▫plays a role in maintaining group
identity and solidarity
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Interpretive Approach
•Max Weber (1864-1920)•Weber: "verstehen“ (“Understanding”)
▫Intersubjectivity▫People act on the basis of meanings ▫How we define social situations
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Interpretive Approach
•George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) •Symbolic interaction
▫The social processes involved in creating and maintaining a given reality
▫Especially the creation of the social self (identity)